Q.
6 ***) Use COCOMO model to calculate i) Effort ii) Development time iii) Average staff size
iv) Productivity if estimated size of project is 800 KLOC using embedded mode.
Step 1: Effort (E) Calculation
Formula:
E=a×(KLOC)bE = a \times (KLOC)^b
Where:
a=3.6a = 3.6
b=1.20b = 1.20
KLOC=800KLOC = 800
Calculation:
E=3.6×(800)1.20=10,965 person-monthsE = 3.6 \times (800)^{1.20} = 10,965 \,
\text{person-months}
Step 2: Development Time (T) Calculation
Formula:
T=c×(E)dT = c \times (E)^d
Where:
c=2.5c = 2.5
d=0.38d = 0.38
E=10,965E = 10,965
Calculation:
T=2.5×(10,965)0.38=85.73 monthsT = 2.5 \times (10,965)^{0.38} = 85.73 \,
\text{months}
Step 3: Average Staff Size (S) Calculation
Formula:
S=ETS = \frac{E}{T}
Where:
E=10,965E = 10,965
T=85.73T = 85.73
Calculation:
S=10,96585.73=127.90 peopleS = \frac{10,965}{85.73} = 127.90 \, \text{people}
Step 4: Productivity (P) Calculation
Formula:
P=KLOCEP = \frac{KLOC}{E}
Where:
KLOC=800KLOC = 800
E=10,965E = 10,965
Calculation:
P=80010,965=0.073 KLOC per person-monthP = \frac{800}{10,965} = 0.073 \,
\text{KLOC per person-month}
Summary of Results:
Effort (E) = 10,965 person-months Development Time (T) = 85.73 months Average
Staff Size (S) = 127.90 people Productivity (P) = 0.073 KLOC per person-month
**** a) Recognize requirement for following modules of hospital
management software:
i) Customer module
ii) Administrator module
iii) Account module
i) Customer (Patient) Module – Requirements:
This module handles all patient-related activities and data.
Patient Registration: Collect personal info (name, age, gender, contact, etc.)
Appointment Booking: Schedule visits with doctors.
Medical History Access: View diagnoses, prescriptions, test results.
Notification System: Reminders for appointments, medicine schedules, etc.
Billing View: Access to bill summaries and payment history.
Feedback System: Submit complaints or service reviews.
ii) Administrator Module – Requirements:
Used by hospital admins to manage system-wide activities and users.
User Management: Add/edit/delete patients, doctors, staff, and their roles.
Resource Allocation: Manage room availability, equipment, and beds.
Report Generation: Create reports for patients, finance, staff, etc.
Access Control: Set permissions for various roles.
Monitoring: Track hospital operations, appointments, and system performance.
System Configuration: Configure software settings, backup, and updates.
iii) Account Module – Requirements:
Manages all financial transactions and reports.
Invoice/Billing: Generate patient bills, lab charges, consultation fees.
Payment Handling: Manage cash, card, and insurance payments.
Salary Management: Process staff salaries and compensation.
Financial Reports: Daily/Monthly income, expenses, and balance sheets.
Insurance Claims: Submit and track health insurance claims.
Audit Trail: Log of all financial transactions for accountability.
**Sketch use-case diagram for library management with minimum four use-cases and two
actors.
***Describe a cocomo and cocomo-II models
✅ COCOMO (1981)
Purpose: Estimates effort, cost, and time based on project size in KLOC.
Types:
Organic: Small, simple systems
Semi-Detached: Medium complexity
Embedded: Complex, real-time systems
Formula:
E=a×(KLOC)bE = a \times (KLOC)^b
Effort based on constants (a, b) depending on project type.
✅ COCOMO II (1990s)
Purpose: Updated for modern software practices like OO, agile, reuse.
Models:
Application Composition
Early Design
Post-Architecture
Formula:
E=A×(Size)B×∏EMiE = A \times (Size)^B \times \prod EM_i
Includes scale factors and effort multipliers.
✅ Key Differences:
Feature COCOMO COCOMO II
Based on KLOC KLOC / FP
Project Modes 3 fixed modes Multiple stages
Cost Drivers 15 17 + 5 scale
Modern Support No Yes
**Draw use-case diagram for ATM system with minimum four use cases and two
actors.
** Use COCOMO model to calculate i) Effort ii) Development time if estimated size of project
is 500 KLOC using organic, semi-detached, and Embedded mode.
COCOMO Basic Formulas
1. Effort (E):
E=a×(KLOC)bE = a \times (KLOC)^b
2. Development Time (T):
T=c×(E)dT = c \times (E)^d
Project size = 500 KLOC 1. Organic Mode
Effort:
E=2.4×(500)1.05≈2.4×661.04=1586.5 person-monthsE = 2.4 \times (500)^{1.05} \approx 2.4
\times 661.04 = 1586.5\ \text{person-months}
Development Time:
T=2.5×(1586.5)0.38≈2.5×15.48=38.7 monthsT = 2.5 \times (1586.5)^{0.38} \approx 2.5 \times
15.48 = 38.7\ \text{months}
2. Semi-Detached Mode
Effort:
E=3.0×(500)1.12≈3.0×948.27=2844.8 person-monthsE = 3.0 \times (500)^{1.12} \approx 3.0
\times 948.27 = 2844.8\ \text{person-months}
Development Time:
T=2.5×(2844.8)0.35≈2.5×17.54=43.9 monthsT = 2.5 \times (2844.8)^{0.35} \approx 2.5 \times
17.54 = 43.9\ \text{months}
3. Embedded Mode Effort:
E=3.6×(500)1.20≈3.6×1380.38=4969.4 person-monthsE = 3.6 \times (500)^{1.20} \approx 3.6
\times 1380.38 = 4969.4\ \text{person-months}
Development Time:
T=2.5×(4969.4)0.32≈2.5×19.41=48.5 monthsT = 2.5 \times (4969.4)^{0.32} \approx 2.5 \times
19.41 = 48.5\ \text{months}
**Draw and explain conceptual data model with E-R diagram for employee
management system.
**Describe six sigma and state the phases of DMAIC and DMADV.
Six Sigma aims to improve process quality by identifying and eliminating defects, reducing
variation, and ensuring efficient, stable processes. It targets achieving a defect rate of 3.4 defects
per million opportunities (DPMO).
Phases of DMAIC:
1. Define: Identify the problem, set goals, and define scope.
2. Measure: Collect data, define KPIs, and establish a baseline.
3. Analyze: Identify root causes using data analysis.
4. Improve: Implement and test solutions to address root causes.
5. Control: Monitor performance, establish control systems, and ensure sustainability.
Phases of DMADV:
1. Define: Set project goals and customer requirements.
2. Measure: Measure CTQs (Critical to Quality) and performance goals.
3. Analyze: Identify design solutions through analysis and simulations.
4. Design: Design processes/products to meet customer needs.
5. Verify: Test and validate the design to ensure it meets goals.
***State requirements for given modules of online shopping system.
i) Order module
ii) Accountant module
iii) Categories module.
Order Module:
Order Placement: Customers browse products, add to cart, and place orders
with shipping and payment details.
Order Tracking: Customers can view order status and receive notifications.
Order Management: Admin can view and update order statuses, cancel
orders.
Payment Integration: Supports various payment gateways and secure
transactions.
Order History: Customers can view and reorder past purchases.
Accountant Module:
Invoice Generation: Auto-generate invoices with item details, costs, taxes,
and shipping.
Payment Management: Track payments, manage refunds, and
discrepancies.
Financial Reports: Generate daily/weekly/monthly income and tax reports.
Transaction History: Track all payments, refunds, and adjustments.
Account Reconciliation: Compare system records with bank statements.
Categories Module:
Category Management: Admin can manage categories and assign products.
Product Listing: Display products by category with filter options.
Subcategories: Support for subcategories (e.g., "Mobile Phones" under
"Electronics").
Category Sorting: Sort categories by popularity, price, etc.
Product Recommendations: Suggest related products based on customer
activity.
***c) Use COCOMO model to calculate:
i) Efforts
ii) Development Time
iii) Average staff size
iv) Productivity.
If estimation size of product is 400 KLOC using organic model.
COCOMO Model for Organic Mode:
Estimated size of project: 400 KLOC
Mode: Organic
COCOMO constants for Organic Mode:
o a = 2.4
o b = 1.05
o c = 2.5
o d = 0.38
o Effort (E):
The effort is calculated using the formula:
E=a×(KLOC)bE = a \times (KLOC)^bE=a×(KLOC)b
Where:
a=2.4a = 2.4a=2.4
b=1.05b = 1.05b=1.05
KLOC=400KLOC = 400KLOC=400
So:
E=2.4×(400)1.05E = 2.4 \times (400)^{1.05}E=2.4×(400)1.05
o Development Time (T):
The development time is calculated using the formula:
T=c×(E)dT = c \times (E)^dT=c×(E)d
Where:
c=2.5c = 2.5c=2.5
d=0.38d = 0.38d=0.38
EEE is the effort calculated in person-months.
o Average Staff Size (S):
The average staff size is calculated as:
S=ETS = \frac{E}{T}S=TE
Where:
EEE is the effort calculated in person-months.
TTT is the development time in months.
o Productivity (P):
Productivity is calculated as:
P=KLOCEP = \frac{KLOC}{E}P=EKLOC
Where:
KLOC=400KLOC = 400KLOC=400
EEE is the effort in person-months.
***Recognise requirements for following modules of banking
software:
i) Customer Module
ii) Loan Module
iii) Account Module.
i) Customer Module:
Registration: Account creation with personal details and document upload.
Account Management: Update personal info, change password, and
security settings.
KYC: Customer verification as per regulations.
Account Info: View balance, transaction history, and account type.
Communication: Notifications for transactions, promotions, etc.
Support: Request assistance or raise issues.
ii) Loan Module:
Loan Application: Apply for personal, home, or car loans.
Eligibility Check: Based on credit score, income, and liabilities.
Interest Calculation: Loan interest based on customer details.
Approval & Disbursement: Loan approval and disbursement to the
account.
EMI Management: Calculate EMI, provide schedule, and reminders.
Repayment History: Track loan repayment status.
Loan Closure: Full repayment and loan account closure.
iii) Account Module:
Account Creation: Create various account types (e.g., savings, current).
Deposits/Withdrawals: Handle transactions via ATM, branches, or apps.
Fund Transfer: Interbank and intrabank transfers (NEFT, IMPS, RTGS).
Transaction History: View and search transaction records.
Balance Inquiry: Display balance and account statement.
Security: Multi-factor authentication, PIN, encryption.
