Name: SALAM SODIQ

Matric no: 2021/1/81914CM

Department: Telecommunication engineering
department
Course title:Assembly language
Course code: CPE411

Federal University of Technology Minna

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

Merits:

 Simplicity: RISC has a small set of instructions that are simple and easy to decode, making it
faster and easier for the CPU to execute.

 Efficiency: Due to the reduced number of instructions, RISC processors tend to have faster
clock speeds and can execute instructions in a shorter time.

 Pipelining: RISC architectures support pipelining efficiently, allowing multiple instructions to

be processed simultaneously.

 Low Power Consumption: Simpler instructions often lead to lower power consumption
compared to more complex instruction sets.

 Optimized Compiler Support: Since instructions are simpler, compilers can be better
optimized to generate efficient machine co

Demerits:

 Increased Memory Usage: Because each instruction is simple, it may take multiple
instructions to perform a task, leading to higher memory usage.
 Limited Instruction Set: RISC processors may lack specialized instructions for certain tasks,
requiring additional software solutions.
 Larger Programs: Programs written for RISC architectures may need more lines of code to
accomplish the same task as a CISC processor, resulting in potentially larger programs.

CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)

Merits:

 Fewer Instructions: CISC processors can perform complex operations with fewer instructions,
which can lead to more compact programs.
 Rich Instruction Set: CISC architectures have a wide variety of instructions, allowing more
tasks to be performed in a single instruction.
 Better for Complex Tasks: For certain complex tasks, CISC can be more efficient as fewer
instructions might be needed compared to RISC.
 Reduced Program Size: With more powerful instructions, CISC programs tend to have fewer
lines of code, which can save memory.

Demerits:

 Complexity: The complex instructions are harder to decode and require more cycles, which
can reduce performance.
 Slower Execution: Since CISC instructions vary in length and complexity, it often leads to
slower execution times and inefficient pipelining.
 Higher Power Consumption: The complexity of decoding and executing CISC
instructions tends to result in higher power consumption compared to RISC.
 Complicated Hardware Design: CISC processors require more complex hardware to
implement the wide variety of instructions.

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer):

RISC architectures utilize a simplified set of instructions, each designed to execute in a single clock
cycle. This simplicity allows for efficient pipelining and high performance. RISC processors
typically have a large number of general-purpose registers and employ a load/store model, where
memory access is separate from computation.

Applications of RISC:

 Mobile Devices: RISC processors, such as ARM, are prevalent in smartphones and tablets due
to their low power consumption and efficient performance.
 Embedded Systems: Devices like routers, printers, and automotive control systems often use
RISC processors for their simplicity and cost-effectiveness.
 High-Performance Computing: Some supercomputers and servers leverage RISC
architectures for tasks requiring high computational power.

CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer):

CISC architectures feature a rich set of instructions, some capable of performing complex
operations in a single instruction. This design aims to reduce the number of instructions per
program, potentially leading to more compact code. However, the complexity of decoding and
executing these instructions can result in longer execution times.
 Applications of CISC:

 Personal Computers: Historically, x86 processors, a CISC architecture, have been dominant
in desktop and laptop markets.
 Servers: Many server systems utilize CISC processors for their compatibility with a wide
range of software applications.
 Legacy Systems: Older computing systems and certain specialized applications continue to
use CISC processors due to established software ecosystems.

A micro controller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern specific operations in

embedded systems. It typically includes a processor, memory, and input/output (I/O) peripherals on
a single chip, enabling it to perform dedicated tasks efficiently. cite turn0search2

Applications of Micro controllers:

 Home Appliances: Micro controllers are integral to the operation of devices such as washing
machines, refrigerators, and toasters, enabling automation and control.

 Consumer Electronics: They are used in products like televisions, video game consoles, and
digital cameras to manage various functions.
 Medical Devices: Micro controllers control devices like pacemakers, insulin pumps, and
diagnostic equipment, ensuring precise operation.
 Industrial Automation: Micro controllers are used in robotics, conveyor systems, and process
control systems to enhance efficiency and precision.

A microprocessor is a general-purpose central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip, capable of

executing a wide range of tasks. Unlike micro controllers, microprocessors typically require
external components like memory and I/O devices to function.

Applications of Microprocessors:

 Personal Computers: Microprocessors serve as the core of desktops and laptops, handling
complex computations and multitasking.
 Servers: They manage data processing and storage in data centers, supporting applications
ranging from web hosting to cloud computing.
 Embedded Systems: While micro-controllers are more common in embedded systems,
microprocessors are used in applications requiring higher processing power, such as advanced
robotics and complex industrial machines
 References

Merit and demerit of CISC and RISC

 Hennessy, J. L., & Patterson, D. A. (2019). Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach

(6th ed.). Morgan Kaufmann.
 Stallings, W. (2018). Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for Performance
(10th ed.). Pearson Education.

RISC and CISC meaning

 A Beginner's Guide to RISC and CISC Architectures:(Article)cite turn0search0

RISC and CISC Application

 RISC and CISC Architecture - Working & Their Applications:(Article)

cite turn0search2

Micro_processor and micro_controller meaning

 Hennessy, J. L., & Patterson, D. A. (2019). Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach

(6th ed.). Morgan Kaufmann.

Application of micro_processor and micro_controller

 Application of micro-processor and micro-controller: cite ( geek for geeks)