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 ME 3101: Mechanics of Machinery
Turning Moment Diagram & Flywheel

Prepared by
Muhammad Ifaz Shahriar Chowdhury
Lecturer, MPE Dept
4 Engine Starting System
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 Turning Moment
Force on Piston Torque on Crank

Piston Crank
Combustion
Moves Rotates

 In a crank and connecting-rod mechanism operated by a piston, the

axial force on the piston induces a force at the crank pin,
perpendicular to the crank
 The product of this force and the crank radius is termed the crank
effort or turning moment
 This turning moment or torque varies on such factors as the crank
position, the pressure in the cylinder, and the inertia of the moving
parts

4-Stroke Single Cylinder SI Engine

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 Turning Moment Diagram
The turning moment diagram (also known as the crank effort
diagram) is the graphical representation of the turning
moment or crank effort for various positions of the crank.
Turning moment in Y-axis, Crank angle in X-axis.
for a
. We know that in a 4-stroke cycle internal
combustion engine, there is one working stroke after the
crank has turned through two revolutions, i.e. 720° (or 4 π
radians).
 In the suction stroke, Pr inside the engine cylinder is less
than atm. Pr therefore a negative loop is formed
 During the compression stroke, the work is done on the
gases, therefore a higher negative loop is obtained.
 During the expansion or working stroke, the fuel burns and
the gases expand, therefore a large positive loop is obtained.
 During the exhaust stroke, the work is done on the
gases, therefore a negative loop is formed.
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Turning Moment Diagram for a Single Cylinder Double-Acting Steam Engine

 The curve abc in represents the turning moment diagram for

outstroke. The curve cde is the turning moment diagram for instroke
and is somewhat similar to the curve abc
 Since the work done is the product of the turning moment and the angle
turned, therefore represents
the
 In actual practice, the engine is assumed to work against the mean
resisting torque, as shown by a horizontal line AF. The height of the
ordinate aA represents the mean height of the turning moment diagram
 Since it is assumed that the work done by the turning moment per
revolution is equal to the work done against the mean resisting torque,
therefore the area of the rectangle aAFe is proportional to the work
done against the mean resisting torque
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Turning Moment Diagram for a Single Cylinder Double-Acting Steam Engine

When the turning moment is positive (i.e. the engine torque is more
than the mean resisting torque) as shown between points B and C (or
D and E) in Fig., the crankshaft accelerates and the work is done by
the steam.
 When the turning moment is negative (i.e. the engine torque is less
than the mean resisting torque) as shown between points C and D in
Fig., the crankshaft retards and the work is done on the steam.
 If T = Torque on the crankshaft at any instant, and Tmean = Mean
resisting torque. Then accelerating torque on the rotating parts of
the engine = T – Tmean
 If (T –Tmean) is positive, the flywheel accelerates, and if (T – Tmean) is
negative, then the flywheel retard
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 Turning Moment Diagram for a Multi-cylinder Engine
N.B. The first cylinder is the high-pressure cylinder, second
cylinder is the intermediate cylinder and the third cylinder is
the low-pressure cylinder

For multi-cylinder engines, the total torque for any

crankshaft position is the algebraic sum of the torques
exerted by the various cranks

Turning moment diagram for a compound steam engine

having three cylinders and the resultant turning moment
diagram is shown in figure

Resultant turning moment diagram

=
Sum of turning moment diagrams for the three cylinders

The cranks, in the case of three cylinders, are usually

placed at 120° to each other
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 Flywheel
Energy Reservoir like battery, capacitor etc.
Stores energy when the supply of energy is more than the requirement, so its speed increases
Flywheel
Releases energy when the requirement of energy is more than the supply, so its speed decreases
Does not maintain a constant speed, it simply reduces or controls the fluctuation of
speed caused by engine
In case of steam engines, internal combustion engines, reciprocating
compressors and pumps, the engine is to run for the whole cycle on the energy
produced during this power stroke.

The excess energy developed

during power stroke is absorbed
by the flywheel and releases it to
the crankshaft during other
strokes in which no energy is
developed, thus rotating the
crankshaft at a uniform speed.

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 Fluctuation of Energy
 The variations of energy above and below the mean resisting torque line are called fluctuations of energy
 The difference between the maximum and the minimum energies is known as the maximum fluctuation of energy
AG = Mean torque line (MTL)
a1, a3, a5 areas above the mean torque line
a2, a4, a6 areas below the mean torque line
Energy in the flywheel at A = ξ
Let’s assume greatest of these energies is at B and least at E
Over a complete cycle,
Σ Areas of the loops above MTL = Σ Areas of the loops below MTL
Energy at B = ξ + a1
Energy at C = ξ + a1– a2
Energy at D = ξ + a1– a2 + a3
Energy at E = ξ + a1 – a2 + a3 – a4
Energy at F = ξ + a1 – a2 + a3 – a4 + a5 Turning moment diagram for a multi-cylinder engine
Energy at G = ξ + a1 – a2 + a3 – a4 + a5 – a6 = Energy at A (i.e. cycle repeats after G)
Assuming, Maximum energy in flywheel = ξ + a1
Minimum energy in the flywheel = ξ + a1 – a2 + a3 – a4
Maximum fluctuation of energy, ∆ξ = Maximum energy – Minimum energy
= (ξ + a1) – (ξ + a1 – a2 + a3 – a4) = a2 – a3 + a4 13
 Fluctuation of Energy
Excess energy available between the points of minimum speed and maximum speed
Fluctuation of Energy
Difference between the Kinetic Energies of the system at these points

ω = mean angular speed

ω1 = maximum angular speed
ω2= minimum angular speeds
I = moment of inertia of the rotating parts
Work done per cycle = area of the rectangle below the mean torque line
Tmean = Mean torque
θ = Angle turned (in radians), in one revolution {= 2π for steam engine & 2-stroke IC engines}, { = 4π, for 4-stroke IC engines}

Fluctuation of energy U during the cycle,

𝑼 = ½ 𝑰 𝝎𝟏 𝟐 – ½ 𝑰 𝝎𝟐 𝟐

𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆, 𝑾 = 𝑻𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 × 𝜽

𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓, 𝑷 = 𝑻𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏 × 𝝎
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 Coefficient of Fluctuation of Speed

The difference between the maximum and minimum speeds during a cycle is called the
maximum fluctuation of speed (𝝎𝟏 −𝝎𝟐 ).

The ratio of the maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean speed is called the coefficient
of fluctuation of speed (Cs).
𝝎𝟏 − 𝝎𝟐
𝑪𝒔 =
𝝎

N.B. The reciprocal of the coefficient of fluctuation of speed is known as the coefficient of
steadiness (m).

𝟏
𝒎=
𝑪𝒔
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 Coefficient of Fluctuation of Energy
Ratio of the maximum fluctuation of energy to the work done per cycle is called coefficient of fluctuation of
energy
𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
𝑪𝑬 =
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆

𝟏
𝑰 𝝎𝟐𝟏 − 𝝎𝟐𝟐
𝑪𝑬 = 𝟐
𝑾

Here, 𝑼 = ½ 𝐼𝝎𝟏 𝟐 – ½ 𝐼𝝎𝟐 𝟐

𝑼 = ½ 𝐼 (𝝎𝟏 + 𝝎𝟐 ) (𝝎𝟏 – 𝝎𝟐 )
The fluctuation of speed (ω1 – ω2) is small in comparison with the mean speed ω and, assuming the variations above
and below the mean speed are equal,
𝝎𝟏 + 𝝎𝟐 ≅ 𝟐ω
𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜, 𝝎𝟏 – 𝝎𝟐 = 𝑪𝒔 𝝎
1
𝐼. 2𝝎. 𝑪𝒔 . 𝝎
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑪𝑬 = 2
𝑊
𝑰𝝎𝟐
𝑪𝑬 = 𝑪𝒔
𝑾 16
 Problem

The torque exerted on the crankshaft of an engine is given by the equation

𝑇(𝜃) = 10500 + 1620 sin 2𝜃 – 1340 cos 2𝜃 (Nm)
where 𝜃 is the crank-angle displacement from the inner dead centre
Assuming the resisting torque to be constant, determine
(a) The power of the engine when the speed is 150 𝑟𝑒𝑣/min ,
(b) The moment of inertia of the flywheel if the speed variation is not to exceed 0.5% of the mean speed, and
(c) The angular acceleration of the flywheel when the crank has turned through 30 from the inner dead centre.

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 Solution

Crank Effort Diagram

14000
13000
12000
Torque (N-m)
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Crank Angle (deg)

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 Solution
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Now, Engine torque = Mean torque

2𝜋 10500 + 1620 sin 2𝜃 − 1340 cos 2𝜃 = 10500

= න (10500 + 1620 sin 2𝜃 − 1340 cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃 = 19.79°, 109.79°, 199.795°
0

= 21000𝜋 𝑁𝑚 109.79°
𝑈=න 𝑇𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑇𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝜃
1 19.79°
𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = × 21000𝜋 = 10500 𝑁𝑚
2𝜋 109.79°
𝑃 = 𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 × 𝜔 ⇒𝑈=න 1620 sin 2𝜃 − 1340 cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 2102.37
19.79°
⇒ 𝑃 = 165 𝑘𝑊 (𝑨𝒏𝒔. )
Again,
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝜔 = 5𝜋 199.795°
𝑠 𝑈=න 𝑇𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑇𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝜃
109.79°
201 𝜋
𝜔1 =
40 199.795°
⇒𝑈=න 1620 sin 2𝜃 − 1340 cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = −2102.37
199 𝜋 109.79°
𝜔2 =
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 Solution

Thus,
𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2102.37

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⇒ 𝐼 𝜔12 − 𝜔22 = 2102.37
2
⇒ 𝐼 = 582.05 𝑘𝑔 𝑚2 (𝑨𝒏𝒔. )
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝜃 = 30°
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 1620 sin 2𝜃 − 1340 cos 2𝜃 = 732.96 𝑁𝑚

𝑇𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝛼= = 0.8602 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −2 (𝑨𝒏𝒔. )
𝐼

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 Problem

The turning moment diagram for an engine is given by: 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 (𝑁 − 𝑚) = 2100 sin 𝜃 + 900 sin 2𝜃 for values of 𝜃,
the crank angles, between 0 and 𝜋, and by: 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 (𝑁 − 𝑚) = 375 sin 𝜃 for values of 𝜃 between 𝜋 and 2𝜋. This is
repeated for every revolution of the engine.
The resisting torque is constant and the speed is 850 𝑟𝑝𝑚. The total moment of inertia of the rotating parts of the
engine and the driven member is 270 𝑘𝑔 − 𝑚2. Determine:
(i) The power;
(ii) The fluctuation in speed;
(iii) The maximum instantaneous angular acceleration of the engine, and the value of 𝜃 at which it occurs.

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 Solution

Crank Effort Diagram

3000

2500

2000

1500
Torque, Nm

1000

500

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

-500

-1000

Crank Angle, 𝜽 (Deg)

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Solution

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Solution

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Solution

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 Solve by Yourself

Book: Theory of Machine by R S Khurmi

Chapter 16

Example: 16.5,16.7,16.10,16.13
Exercise: 7, 8,10,11,12

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