Q.1 Explain about region based segmentation.
Ans.. The objective of segmentation is to partition an image into regions. We approached this problem
by finding boundaries between regions based on discontinuities in gray levels, whereas
segmentation was accomplished via thresholds based on the distribution of pixel properties, such
as gray-level values or color.
Q.2 What is image restoration?
Ans. Image Restoration refers to a class of methods that aim to remove or reduce the degradations that
have occurred while the digital image was being obtained. All natural images when displayed have
gone through some sort of degradation.
Q.3 Explain a Model of the Image Degradation/Restoration Process.
Ans. The degradation process is modeled as a degradation function that, together with an additive
noise term, operates on an input image f(x, y) to produce a degraded image g(x, y). Given g(x, y),
some knowledge about the degradation function H, and some knowledge about the additive noise
term η(x, y), the objective of restoration is to obtain an estimate f(x, y) of the original image. the
estimate should be as close as possible to the original input image and, in general, the more we know
about H and η, the closer f(x, y) will be to f(x, y).
The degraded image is given in the spatial domain by
g (x, y) = h (x, y) * f (x, y) + η (x, y)
where h (x, y) is the spatial representation of the degradation function and, the symbol * indicates
convolution. Convolution in the spatial domain is equal to multiplication in the frequency domain,
hence
G (u, v) = H (u, v) F (u, v) + N (u, v)
where the terms in capital letters are the Fourier transforms of the corresponding terms in above
equation.
model of the image degradation/restoration process.
Q4. What is color model? Explain different types of color models.
Ans 1. A color model is an abstract mathematical model that describes
how colors can be represented as a set of numbers (e.g., a triple in
RGB or a quad in CMYK). Color models can usually be described using
a coordinate system, and each color in the system is represented by a
single point in the coordinate space.
For a given color model, to interpret a tuple or quad as a color, we can
define a set of rules and definitions used to accurately calibrate and
generate colors, i.e. a mapping function. A color space identifies a
specific combination of color models and mapping functions.
Identifying the color space automatically identifies the associated
color model. For example, Adobe RGB and sRGB are two different
color spaces, both based on the RGB color model.
RGB
RGB color model stores individual values for red, green, and blue.
With a color space based on the RGB color model, the three primaries
are added together to create colors from completely white to
completely black.
The RGB color space is associated with the device. Thus,
different scanners get different color image data when scanning the
same image; different monitors have different color display results
when rendering the same image.
There are many different RGB color spaces derived from this color
model, standard RGB (sRGB) is a popular example.
HSV
HSV (hue, saturation, value), also known as HSB (hue, saturation,
brightness), is often used by artists because it is often more natural to
think about a color in terms of hue and saturation than in terms of
additive or subtractive color components.
The system is closer to people’s experience and perception of color
than RGB. For example, in painting terms, hue, saturation, and values
are expressed in terms of color, shading, and toning.
The HSV model space can be described as an inverted hexagonal
pyramid.
The top surface is a regular hexagon, showing the change in hue in
the H direction, from 0 ° to 360 ° is the entire spectrum of visible
light. The six corners of the hexagon represent the positions of the six
colors of red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and magenta, each of which is
60 ° apart.
The saturation S is represented by the S direction from the center to
the hexagonal boundary, and the value varies from 0 to 1. The closer
to the hexagonal boundary, the higher the color saturation. The color
of the hexagonal boundary is the most saturated, i.e. S = 1; the color
saturation at the center of the hexagon is 0, i.e. S = 0.
The height of the hexagonal pyramid (also known as the central axis)
is denoted by V, which represents a black to white gradation from
bottom to top. The bottom of V is black, V = 0; the top of V is white, V
= 1.
3. CMY color model The CMY color model is closely related to the RGB model. Its primary colors are
C (cyan), M (magenta), and Y (yellow). I.e. the secondary colors of RGB are the primary colors of
CMY, and vice versa.
The scale of C, M and Y also equals to unit: C, M, Y .The CMY color system is used in offset printing in
a subtractive way, contrary to the additive nature of RGB. A pixel of color Cyan, for example, reflects
all the RGB other colors but red. A pixel with the color of magenta, on the other hand, reflects all other
RGB colors but green. Now, if we mix cyan and magenta, we get blue, rather than white like in the
additive color system.
