EST! Module - I JON WHAT IS AN ESTIMATE... PURPOSE OF ESTIMATIN( > Before taking up any work for its execution, the owner or builder should have a thorough knowledge about the volume of work that can be completed within the limits of his funds or the probable cost that may be required to complete the proposed work > It is therefore necessary to prepare the probable cost or estimate for the proposed work from its plan and specification > Otherwise, it may so happen that the work has to be stopped before its completion due to the shortage of funds or of materials. > Besides the above , an estimate for any public construction work is required to be prepared and submitted beforehand so that sanction of necessary funds may be obtained from the authority concerned 9 Thus an estimate for any construction work may be defined as the process of calculating the quantities and costs of the various items required in connection with the work ¥ It is prepared by calculating the quantities, from the dimensions on the drawings for the various items required to complete the project and multiplied by unit cost of the item concerned. ¥ To prepare an estimate , drawing consisting of the plan , the elevation and the section through important points, along with a detailed specification giving specific description of all workmanship , properties and proportion of materials , are required, > To ascertain the necessary amount of money required by the owner to complete the proposed work . For public construction work, estimates are required in order to obtain admnistrative approval , allotment of funds and technical sanction, > To ascertain quantities of materials required in order to programme their timely procurement. To procure controlled materials, if any, like cement , steel, etc. quantities of such materials are worked out from the estimate of the work and attached with the application for verification.<4 ¥ the work and attached with the application for verification. To calculate the number of different categories of workers that is to be employed to complete the work within the scheduled time of completion To assess the requirements of tool , plants and equipment required to complete the work according to the programmed. To fix up the completion period from the volume of works involved in the estimate. To draw up a construction schedule-and programmed and also to arrange the funds required according to the programming To justify the investment from benefit cost ratio.(for ideal investment this ratio should be more than one) To invite tenders and prepare bills for payment. An estimate for an existing property is required for valuation TYPES OF ESTIMATE v v ¥ v y v = ROUGH COST ESTIMATE PLINTH AREAESTIMATE CUBICAL CONTENT ESTIMATE A QUANTITY ESTMATE APPROXIMATE QUANTITY METHOD DETAILED OR ITEM RATE ESTIMATE REVISED ESTIMATE SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATE REPAIR AND MAINTENANCEESTIMATE ACOMPLETE ESTIMATE ROUGH COST ESTIMATE IT is prepared to decide the financial policy matter.it is prepared on basis of> These estimates are also referred to as rom estimate and are useful for go Ino kind decision making which essential refers to whether the project should or should not be pursued > Some of the methods they can be useful for such estimates are investment per annual capacity turnover and capital ratio . PLINTH AREA ESTIMATE > IT Is prepared on the basis of plinth area of the building multiplied by plinth area rate prevalent in the region > Plinth area rates are fixed from the cost of similar buildings constructed In the locality having similar finishing’s and amenities > The cost of construction is determined by multiplying plinth area with plinth are rate, The area is obtained by multiplying length and breadth (outer dimensions of building). In fixing the plinth area rate, careful observation and necessary enquiries are made in respect of quality and quantity aspect of materials and labor, type of foundation, neight of building, roof, wood work, fixtures, number of stores ete CUBICAL CONTENT ESTIMATE > This estimate is worked out on the basis of the cubical contents of proposed building to be constructed and then applying to it the rate per cubic meter. > This is more accurate than plinth area estimate, > The cubic content rates are deduced from the cost of similar buildings constructed in the same locality > This methed is generally used for multi-storied buildings. It is more accurate that the other two methods viz., plinth area method and unit base method > The cost of a structure is calculated approximately as the total cubical contents (\olume of buildings) multiplied by Local Cubic Rate: > The volume of building is obtained by Length x breadth x depth or height. The length and breadth are measured out to out of walls excluding the plinth off setA QUANTITY ESTIMATE OR QUANTITY SURVEY > This is complete estimate or list of quantities for all items of work required to complete the concerned project. > The quantity of each individual items of work is worked out form respective dimensions on the drawing of the structure to find the cost of an iter in quantity is multiplied by the rate per unit from that item, > The purpose of the bill quantity ie. to provide a complete list of quantities necessary for the competition of any engineering project and when price given to the estimated cost of the project. APPROXIMATE QUANTITIES, > Regarded as the most reliable and accurate method of estimating, provided that there is sufficient information to work on. Depending on the experience of the surveyor, measurement can be carried out fairly quickly using composte rates to save time. The rules of measurement are simple, although it must be said; they are not standardized and tend to vary slightly from one surveyor to another. One approach involves grouping together items corresponding to a sequence of operations and relating them to a common unit of measurement; unlike the measurement for a bill of quantities, where items are measured separately Composite rates are then built up from the data available in the office for that sequence of operations All measurements are taken as gross over all but the very large openings Initially, the composite rates require time to build up, but once calculated they may be used on a variety of estimating needs Reasonably priced software packages are now available. An example for a composite is shown below for substructure: This is an approximate estimate to find out an approximate cost in the short time and thus enable the authority concemed to consider the financial aspect of the scheme for according sanctioned the same. ‘Such an estimate is framed after knowing the rates of similar works and form practical knowledge in various ways for various types of work such as v e vv F = Plinth area or square meter method. Cubic rate or cubic meter method.* Approximate quantities with bill method, * Cost comparison method "Cost from materials and labor. DETAILED OR ITEM RATE ESTIMATE > This estimate is an accurate and is based on the plan and sanctions of the building > The quantity of items under each sub head of work are calculated from the dimensions taken from drawing and then total cost is worked out in a form called abstract of cost > This include the detailed particulars for the quantities ,rate and cost of all the items involved for satisfactory completion of a project > Quantities of all items of work are calculated from their respective dimension on the drawing on a measurement sheet .multiplying these quantities by their respective rate in separate sheet, the cost of all items of work are worked out individually and then summarized > A detail estimate is accompanied by = Report "Specification + Detailed drawing showing plane Design data and calculation * Basis of rates adopted in the estimate REVISED ESTIMATE > IT Is also a detailed estimate and is prepared a fresh when the original sanctioned detailed estimate exceeds by 10% or more ,either due to rates being found insufficient or due to some other reasons > tis always possible that in spite of all precaution in the planning stages it becomes clearly during execution the actual cost of a project will exceed the original estimate now generally @ certain cushion of the cost is available ,if the exceedance is higher > It is prepared on the basis on estimate on which sanction was obtained showing the existing sanction and the progress made up to date > The revised estimate should be accompanied by comparative statement showing the original and revised rate and quantity SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATE > This is a fresh detailed estimate of the additional work in additional work in addition to the original one and is prepared when additional work is required to supplement the original work > There is always a like hood that while executing a certain project it may be considered worthwhile to carry out additional work ,which was not foreseen in initial stages and therefore not actual for the preliminary estimateconsidered worthwhile to carry out additional work which was. not foreseen in initial stages and therefore not actual for the preliminary estimate > Execution of such work required drawing up and approval of supplementary estimate and the exercise is essential similar to that of drawing up the estimate for the main work it is naturally expected that the cost of additional work will be much smaller than the main work > In case where a substantial section of a project in abandoned or where material deviation from the original proposals are expected to result in substantial savings the estimate is revised by the department and intimated to engineer in charge for execution of work But in case where the saving is due toa material deviation of structural nature from the design originally approved supplement estimate is prepared for a revised technical sanction > The method of preparation of supplementary estimate is the same as that of detail estimate and it should be accompanied by full report of the circumstances which render it necessity >» The abstract must show the amount of original estimate and the total of sanctioned required including the supplementary amount. vi REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE ESTIMATE > In order to keep the structure roads ete in proper condition annual repairs and carried out annually for which an estimate is prepared. The estimated amount should not be more than 1.5%of the capital cost of work There are more than 10,000 maintenance, repair and preventive maintenance tasks for all types of facilities. With advances in telecommunications, computers and other workplace technologies, the list is growing rapidly. In a downsized, fiscally conservative environment, facilities are seen as vital capital assets that affect employes productivity. The demands for technical expertise and cost- effective plant operations have increased dramatically. > After completion of a work it necessary to maintain the same for the proper function and for the same an estimate is prepared for items which required renewal, placement, repairs, etc in form of detailed estimate For building, such items of work like white washing, color and painting of doors and windows etc. quantities are based on the previous measurement recorded in measurement book as standard measurement books for pretty works such as replacement of glass panes, repairs of floors patch repairs to cement plaster walls and changing roof tiles or similar natural works > The total estimate coat of maintenance of structural is generally kept within the prescribe limits on percentage basis of the cost of the construction of the structure and its imp. > The total estimated cost of maintenance of structure is generally kept within v v the prescribed limits on percentage basis (Variable according to the agestructure and its importance COMPLETE ESTIMATE > This is an estimated cost of all items which are related to the work in addition to main contractor to the detailed estimate > One may think that an estimate of a structure includes only the cost of land and the cost items to be included. Most of people think that rhe estimate of a structure includes cost of land, cost of materials and labour, But many other direct and indirect costs included andis shown below, The Complere Estimate Cost of land Psand Legalexpenses Cost of Structure contingencies ——_erween owner a1 S% and contractor Achial Cost of — Costof ——_—Brochormge | Cost of |] Permit fEes for costof Surveying Verification if any labour | constrution water. land of deeds and electricity fiom execution of concerned autorities deeds costof Consulting matenals Engineers fees, cost for cot ot preparation supervision of plan, estimate and designINTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNIT The Traditional Metric System (MKSA system)- Metre, Kilogram, Second, Ampere System) does not include the unit of Thermodynamic temperature and the unit of Luminous intensity. The International Conference adopted the International System of Units (SI) which includes six basic units. The six basic units with their symbols are- Metre(M) for length, Kilogram(Kg) for mass, Second(S) for time, Ampere(A) for electric current, Degree Kelvin(k) for thermodynamic temperature and Candela(Cd) for luminous intensity. The SI unit covers the co-herent units of the system (the basic units, supplementary units and the co-herent derived units and decimal multiples and sub-multiples of the units formed by the uses of the prefixes. The co-herent units only are designated SI units, A system of unit is co-herent if the product or quotients of any two units Quantities in the system is the unit of the resultant quantity ~ for example, in ay co- herent system, unit of area results when the unit length is multiplied by unit length; unit velocity when the unit length is divided by unit time; and unit force when the unit mass is multiplied by unit acceleration etc.. Whatever be the system of units, the magnitudes of some physical quantities must be arbitrarily selected and declared to have unit value. The magnitudes form a set of standard and are called “basic unit’. All other units are derived units related to the basic units by definition. Basic SI Units > Units of Lergth- Metre(M)- The metre is the length equal to 1650673.73 wave lengths in vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the levels 2 p ;oand 5 ds of the Krypton 86 atom. > Unit of Mass-Kilogram (Kg)- The kilogram is the unit of mass and is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the Kilogram. > Unit of Time- Second(s)- The second is the duration of 9192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the hyperfine levels of the ground state of the Cesium 133 atom. » Unit of Electric Current- Ampere(A)- The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of indefinite length, of negligible circular cross-section and placed one metre apart in_vacuum, would produce between these conductors of force equal to 2 x 10” Newton per unit lencth. Unit of Thermodynamic Temperature- Kelvin (K)-The Kelvin unit of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. Kelvig may be used for expressing a temperature interval. The degree Celsius (‘C) is a unit of ‘the International practical Temperature scale on which the thermodynamic rature of zero point is 273.16K. The degree Celsius is equal to Kelvin (1°C-1K). The degree Celsius may also be used for expressing a ee interval cc> Unit of Luminous Intensity- Candela (cd)- The candela is the luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction of a surface of 1/600,000 square metre of a black body at the temperature of freezing platinum, under a pressure of 101.325 Newton's per ‘square metre Supplementary Units. in the International System of units, the quantities, plane angle and solid angle are treated as independent quantities with SI units radian (rad.) and steradian (sr.) respectively. ‘One radian is the angle between two radii of a circle which cuts off on the circumference an equal in length to the radius. - One steradian is the solid angle which having its vertex in the centre of a sphere cuts of an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. Derived Units- The expressions for the derived SI units are stated in terms of the basic units as the SI units for velocity is metre per second (mls). For some of the derived units, special names have been adopted together with special letters symbols, as the SI unit for force is Newton (N), for energy is (J), for power is Watt(W), etc.. Some derived SI Units are also expressed in terms of the units from which they are derived as the SI unit for area is square metre (m’) for volume is cubic metre(m’) for density is kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m) etc.. |METHOD OF ESTIMATING The quantities like earth work, foundation conerete, brickwork in plinth and super Structure etc., can be workout by any of following two methods: a) Long wall - short wall method +b) Centre line method, ©) Partly centre line and short wall method. LONG WALL-SHORT WALL METHOD: In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to be long wall while {he wall perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall. To get the Measurement of Materials and Works length of long wall or short wall, calculate first the centre line lengths of individual walls. Then the length of long wall, (out to out) may be calculated after adding half breadth at each end to its centre line length. Thus the length of short wall measured info in and may be found by deducting half breadth from its centre line length at each end. The length of long wall usually decreases from earth work to brick work in super structure while the short wall increases, These lengths are multiplied by breadth and depth to get quantities, B) CENTRE LINE METHOD: This method is suitable for walls of similar cross sections. Here the total centre line length is multiplied by breadth and depth of respective item to get the total quantity at 2 time. When cross walls or partitions or verandah walls join with main all, the centre line length gets reduced by half of breadth for each junction. such junction or joints are studied carefully while calculating total centre line length. The estimates prepared by this method are most accurate and quick C) PARTLY CENTRE LINE AND PARTLY CROSS WALL METHOD: “Method is adopted when external (ie., alround the builcing) wall is of one Kness and the internal walls having diferent thicknesses. n such cases, centre thod is applied to extemal walls and long wall-short wal method is used to walls, This method sults for diferent thicknesses walls and dtferent level of 1S. Because of this reason, all Engineering departments are practicing this “ARE A DETAILED ESTIMATE. Estimate:The unit-quantity method is followed to prepare adetailed estimate.in this method the rates per unit work of one item including profit are considered first and the total cost for the item is found, by multiplying the cost per unit of rate by the number The procedure for the preparation of a detailed estimate is divided into 2 parts: DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES MEASUREMENT FORM: = | Descriptic a Content; | or Height or or |tone_| tele |No__| tong | preven} Pot | any | Remar | t j Apstract of estimate form ae Description [Sino spa cuaty, Unt [ato | Amount L 1 Functions of an abstract of estimate The main functions of an abstract of estimate are: > The total estimated cost and the different items of works required to complete project can be known. > Basis on which % rate tenders are called after excluding the amount for contingency and work-charged establishment, > Apart of tender document and a contractor can arrive at his own rates from the schedule of work described in the description column > This is the basis on which bills are prepared for payement. Comparative costs of different items of works can be known. Data required for preparing detailed estimate DRAWING SPECIFICATIONS(both general and detailed) RATES UPDATED MODE OF MEASUREMENT STANDING CIRCULARS FACTORS CONSIDERED DURING DETAILED ESTIMATION (a) Quantity of materials (b) Availability of materials(c) Transportation of materials (d) Location of site (e) Local labour charges Principle of Units for Various Items Of Works The units of different works depend on their nature, size and shape. In general, the units of different items of work are based on the following principle:- i) Mass, voluminous and thick works shall be taken in square unit or volume. The measurement of length and breadth or height shall be taken to compute the volume or cubic contents. i) Shallow, thin and surface works shall be taken in square units or in area. The measurement of length and breadth or height shal be taken to compute the area iil) Long and thin work shall be taken in linear or running unit, and linear measurement shall be taken. iv) Piece work, job work, etc.,shall be taken in number. The units of payments and measurement of various items of work in metric system are same except for earthwork. Earthwork is measurement in cu m but payment is made per 100 cu m(per % cu m).TH E UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS AND PAYMENTS FOR VARIOUS ITEMS OF WORK AND MATERIALS 7 —Tnits of | Units | Unita of | measurements in j payment in | payment in Fi 1 | PS: | MKS __ || MKS: er __|Earthwork-___ + Earthwork in excavation in | ordinary soil earthwork in mixed | | soil with kankar |_1._|bajiete.earthwo | 2. [Rock excavat ~ Earth filling in a. [foundation _cum | ("a [Eert filing in foundation wrenches) — cum Per “5._|Earth filing in plinth fama ieee ee r. | Earthwork banking etteain ber sout_| 6,_| road and irrigation b) Short walls [24.192 2 | C.C.(1:4:8) bed for foundation a) Long walls 2 |62 oo {0.3 |3.348 b) Short walls 2 |34 [09 |0.3 [1.836 5.184 [ms 3 | R.R.Masonry in CM (1:6) for a) Footings i) Long walls 2 |59 |o6 jos |3.54 340.340.35.9 ii) Short walls 2 |37 |oe |o5 |222 3-03.03 = 37 b) Basement 06 Le §.3+0.225+0.225= i) Long walls 2 |5.75)0.45 06 |3.105 |5.75 ii) Short walls 2 |3.85) 0.45 2.079 | L=4.3-0.225-0.225 =3.85 Tora [10.94 |" 7 | Brick masonary with cM (1:6) for super structure a) Long Walls 2 |5.6 |0.30 |3.90 | 10.08 5.340.15+0.15=5.6 b) Short walls 2 |40 |0.30|300 |7.20 3-0.15-0.15=4.0 ) for parapetwall aa a) Long Walls 2 |s6 loz |o7, \188 b) Short walls 2 |44 |02 1.32 Deductions for openings a)Doors 1 |10 |o3 |21 }063 b) Windows 3 [15 jos |1.2 |1.62 Net Brick Masonry Total | 18.03 | ms 6 | R.C.C. (17:24) for a) Roof slab 1 |56 |46 |o.12 }3.090 b) Lintels over i) Doors 4 |4.2 }o3 }0.15 ]0.054 ii) Windows 3 15 ]0.3 {0.15 0.202 c) Beams. i) Long beams 2 |5.6 0.3 {0.3 |1.008 ii) short beams 2 |40 [0.3 [0.3 10.720__|Total|5.074 ms "| Sandfilling for basement 1 48 |8.96 — 1=5.0-0.075-0.075=4.85 7 C.C(7:4:8) for q 4.85/3.85 [0.7 1.86 }=4,0-0,075-0.075= 3.85 flooring . 8 | Flooring with Mosaic] 1 {5.0 [4.0 |~ [200 |m S | Plastering with CM (1:6)for super structure Inside 1 J18.0|-- |30 |54.0 For walls Qut side For walls 1 |20.4 Basement outside 1 21.6 Parapet wall a) Inside 1 18.8] -- b) top 1 |iaslo2 |- Deductions for gpeinings Doors 1x2 42 Windows 3x2 108 Net Plastering 134.18] m2. 10 Plastering for Ceiling [7 50 [40 |= 20.0 |m:z With CM(1:5) 71 | White Washing with 751.16 Two coats with cement Same as quantity of plastering for walls and 3.87 |61.2 06 | 12.96 14.4 3.92 as =~ ceilin FE | Colour washing wih TST. 16] (=131. 18+20= 151. 18) two coats Same as quantity of plastering for walls and ceiling 73 | Supply & Fixing of best country wood for a) Doors 4 1 No. b) Windows 3 3No 14 _| Painting with ready mixed synthetic enamel paits with two coats over primary coat for new wood for a) Doors 2x1 b) Windows 2%x3 4.725 12.15 =~ iTotal | 16.875) m2 15] Petty supervision and contingencies at 4% and rounding off b) centre line method ‘SI. | Particulars of TNo. JL BH Q Explanation | No. | Items | | 1. Earth Work T=263+4.3)=19.2 exevation 1 19.2 |0.9 |1.4 24.192] ms for foundation 2 [C.C.t4: foundation 1 _|192 |o9 |o3 [5.184 |ms 3 |R-R.Masonry in CM (1:8) for a) Footings 1 |192 Jos Jos |5.76 b) Basement 1 |192 Jo4s}o6 |5.184 Total | 10.944 4 | Brick masonry with CM(1:6)for — super- structure 1 19.2 |0.3 |3.0 17.28 For parapet wall 1 |20.0 Jo2 Jo75 |3.00 |ms Deductions for openings a)Doors 1 |10 Jo3 }21 Joes b) Windows 3 |15 Jo3 |12 [162 Net Brick Masony =| 18.03 |ms 8 | R.C.C. (1:2:4) for a) roof slab 1 |56 |46 }o12 |3.090 b) Lintels over i) Doors 1 |1.2 |03 0.15 |o.054 ii) Windows 3 15 Jo3 ]015 |o.202 c) beams 1 |192]13 Jo3 }1.728 Total | 5.074 | ms 6 _| Sandfilling for T [485 [385/048 [8.96 [i=s0-v07E-0.07s=a85 basement 7 | C.C.(4:4:8) for 7 4.85 [3.85/07 1.86 |B=4.00.075-0.075=3.85 flooring @ | flooring with Mosaic|7 [5.0 |40 20.0 tiles @ | Plastering with CM (1:6)for super \ structure 1 |180|- |3.0 |540For walls 1 20.4 |-- 3.87 [61.2 Basement outside ~ [os | 12.96 Parapet wall a) Inside 1 |1g8|—- Jo.75 | 141 b) top 1 |196 Jo2 |-- |3.92 Deductions for Doors 1x2. |1.0 |~ Jor faz Windows 3x2 | 15 42 \t08 Net Plastering = 431.18] m Plastering for Celing]? | 5.0 [40 [= [20.0 [mz With CM(1:5) ‘White Washing with 751.16] m2 ‘two coats with cement (131.18+20=151.18) Same as quantity of plastering for walls and ceiling Colour washing with 151.18] m2 two coats (131.18#20=151.18) Same as quantity of plastering for walls and ceiling Supply & Fixing of best country wood for a) Doors 1 1 No. b) Windows, 3 3No Painting with ready mixed synthetic enamil paints with two coats over primary coat for new wood for a) Doors 2x1 O J [24 14.725 b) Windéws 2x3) 1.5 a [1.2 |12.15 Total_| 16.875] mz Peity supervision and contingencies at 4% and rounding offAbstract estimate of single roomed building (load bearing structure) S.No] Description of item Quantity [Unit | Rate Per Amount 7. [Earth work excaation (24.192 [ms [465 Toms | 1125.00 2. | Cement concrete(1:4:8) |5.184 — |ms | 4545 1ms | 8009.30 3. | RRmasonry in C.M.(1:5) 10.94 [ms | 1391 ms. —_ | 15217.50 4, | Sand filling in basement | 8.96 m. 195.20 |10ms | 175.00 5. | Brick masonry in country |18.03 |m» | 2291 m | 41306.73 bricks of standard size in CM(1:8) 6. |RCLC. (1:2:4) forlintels, [1.984 fm» [6030 [ms | 11963.52 beams etc. 7. |R.C.C.(1:2:4) for slabs, | 3.09 ms }6030 |ms —_ | 18633.00 8. | Cement concrete (1:5:10) | 1.86 ms |1452 [me — | 2700.72 for flooring 3. [Supplying and fixing of [2.7 m [1650 [me | 3465.00 country wood for doors. 10. | Supplying and fixing of | |5.4 m: |2300 |me — | 12420.00 country wood for windows and ventilators. 11. |Plastering to all exposed |151.18 [me | 562 10m: | 8798.70 surfaces of brick work and basement with C.M (1:5) 42 |White washing with best }151.18 [me | 116 10mz | 1753.68 shell ime 13 | Flooring with spartek tiles | 20 me {4230 10m: | 8460.00 set in C.M (1:3) 14. | Painting with ready mixed] 16.875 [me | 335 10m: | 565.31 enamel paint Total | 134593.46) 15. | Povision for water supply 16824.18 and sanitary arangements @12.5% 16 | Provision for electrification 10094.50 @75% 17. | Povision for architectural 2691.86 appearance @2% 18 | Provision for unforeseen 2691.86 items 2% 19. | Provision for P.s.and 5383.73 contingencies @4% Grand Total Rs. [172279.65Culvert and Bridge According to I.R.C. specification, a culvert is one which has a liner waterway upto 6m and structures having a linear waterway above 6m but below 30m are Minor Bridges and structures havings a linear waterway of 30m or more are Major Bridges. As a general rule, a minimum of 6m of linear waterway should be provided per 15.km of the road for efficient drainage. Some Common terms — (a) Abutment :- It is a masonry or oriented concerned will that constitutes the end support of bridges or similar structures by which it joins the bank of waterway. (b) Wing wall - Wing wall is a retaining wall which sustains the embankments of the approaches where they join the bridge. (c) Return wall:- A return wall is retaining wall built parallel to the centre line of a Toad to retain the embankment. (@) Curtain walls :- Cross walls are built across the stream on the up-stream or down- stream in order to protect the structure from erosion due to strong current of water induced by the restriction of free passage of water through the water way. Process of calculations of earth work for (1) Abutment, (2) Wing and (3) Curtain walls (when provided) :- (1) Abutments 2nos. = 2 x Area ABCD x depth of excavation (2) Wing walls 4nos. = 4 x Area BEFG x depth of excavation (3) Curtain walls 2nos, = 2 x Area MNPQ x depth of excavation. Curtain walls at the two ends of Abutment walls are not always provided. Process of calculations to estimate quantities of earthwork, concrete work and masonry work for (1) Abutments, (2) Wing walls and (3) Return walls of a splayed Culvert or Bridge :- (4) Abutments :- For each or concrete work :-(@) Length = Road width+2 (parapet thickness + one side end efforts). End offsets for one end = Summation of inner foundation offsets * offset due to inner battering if any. (b) Breadth and depth are shown in the section of the abutment. For Masonrywork below G.L. (a) Length = Same as concreteework as above ~ 2 x offset of concrete. Length for each individual offset differ and should be calculated individually by deduction of the projections from the each end. (b) Breadth and depth for each individual offset are shown in the section of the abutment. For masonrywork above G.L. (i) With vertical inner face :- (a) Length = Roadwicth + 2parapet thickness (outer face battering should not be accounted if any). (b) Breadth and depth are as shown in the section (ji) With battered inner face > When the inside the face of Abutment is continued to wing wall the extra bottom length due to batter may be considered as if included in the wing wall ie. the two walls join on a vertical plane. (a) Length = Road width + 2 parapet thickness When the width of Abutment at the ends is not equal to the inclined width of the wing wall joining with abutment-1s as shown in fig 10-28. Length = % (Top length + Bottom length. FIG. 10-28 Bottom length ~ Top length + 2 x offset due to inner batter face of Abutment ickness and height ofthe wall is maximum at the junction with its abutment (2) Wing walls :- The ‘and both the dimensiors are gradually reduced to the section as that at return wall with which it joins.For earth or correct work Following Fig, 10-29 consider the end of excavations is up to the line R.S. We have to find out the quantity for the are ADSR. (a) Length = Y + offsets from the outer edge of return wall (b) Breadth = % + (AD+RS); AD is the inclined trench width of wing wall parallel to the centre line of the road and generally the trench width of the abutment. If not equal, the offset (as ‘shown in Fig. 10-28) is mentioned. ABUTMENT; LEFT ENO oF ROAD WIOTH MAXMUM SECTION OF WING WALL AT A BUIMENT RETURN MALL ©LANOF EXCAVATION INSERTING THE TOP OF WALLS. FIG. 10-29RS = Inclined foundation trench width of Return wall parallel to the centre line of the road, = Foundation width of Retum wall x yS'sq.0f prop.of splay. Usually, the proportion of splay X : Y = 1:1 (for 45°) Vsq-0f of splay = 17+ V1? ‘Thus when the ratio X : Y= 1:1/2 then the multiplying factor = VIZ 1.5? = 1.80 Depth = usually the same depth of excavation as that of abutment is provided. Deduction for end offset of Abutment During excavation for Abutment the portion ABCD (see fig. 10-29) has already been excavated. Therefore, the volume of work for this portion should be deducted from the volume of work for the wing wall : Now AD = Foundation width BC = AD-CE; CE-DE x X/Y . Deduction for Abutment offset = % + [trench width + (trench width — offset x X/Y)] xdepth. For conerete work the depth of concrete instead of depth earthwork shall be considered, For masonry work below G.L. (a) Length = Y + offset of masonry in foundation of return wall (b) Breadth = same process as that of earthwork (c) Depth = thickness of the footing. The construction of wingwall may be with its battered inner and ‘outer faces starting from the top of the foundation concrete up to top. In such cases the whole mass shell be calculated in one operation considering this as Frusta of Pyramid, erected vertically on AD as base.Volume =" (A.A, + JA,Az) where A, and A, are areas of ends, ie. vertical sectional area. At Abutment and at the end ; h is the measurement of Y. Deduction for end offiets of Abutment :- Following the same procedures asin the case of earthwork deduction for Abutment offset for the corresponding footing of wing wall ~ % x [width of Abut. Footing + (width of Abut Footing — projection x X/Y] x depth. The projection is form top face of the Abutment up to the edge of the corresponding footing For masonrywork above G.L. Wing walls above G.L. may have the following shapes :- (i) Inside face vertical or battered but at the outer face with offsets; (i) Both the faces are battered. @w Inside face vertical with offsets at the outer face :- Before starting the estimate, let us clarify how offsets are provided at the outside face of the wing wall. Let the top plan of wall is ABCD with three offsets, Dy D, Ey E and Fy F of lengths L1, Lz and Ls respectively as shown in Fig . 10-30. ance BPR Ay B ft ul 4 MI Ly ly | Lo ELLE CA 2 | TOP VIEW hy by LAA 5 & | Lf. 4 1 " oats eee a n.teo8 The height of the wingwall is hy at the end and hz at Aoutment. The top of ABCD of the wing wall is sloped downward uniformly from AB to DC. To have a clear picture regarding the shape of the outside offsets suppose we are to reach the inclined level AF of the from the left side ground level. For this purpose three numbers steps ADD}, AEE; and AFF, are constructed with uniform rise hy, when hg = 4hy The second step AEE; is constructed over the first step ADD; and similarly the thirdstep AFF, over AEE}, Now by crossing the three steps from the left wehave reached to the height of F = 3hy. The difference of level between the points F and A is also hy But, actually these triangular steps are known as offsets of the wing wall. The projections are shown on plan and height on elevation drawn by the side of section of the Abutment. The purpose of these offset is to strengthen the core part ABCD of the wing wall Masonrywork above G.L. excluding offsets but including inside batter :~ Considering the mass as Frusta of Pyramid, V = 2( A, +42 + JAyAa) The notations are same as given before. When there be no battered at the inside face, the volume for the rectangular mass within the same inclined width through its length shall be calculated for different height at the ends by ordinary method, i.e., average depth x inclined breadth x straight length. Vol. of Ist offset = LyX AD, Xt, LX AE, X hyand Vol. of 2nd offset = 3 Vol. of 3rd offset =% LyX AF, X hy Deduction of Abutment offset When the width of Abutment at the ends is not equal to the inclined width of the wing wall as the well as the inside face of the Abutment is battered then the length of the Abutment includes the offsets at the end. In this case deduction for the offset projection is made from the volume of wing wall. Return wall :- Length = Average length for the RMNL = % (RM#+NL) RM =MS NL = RM + MN x-. MN is the trench width.in Culverts and bridges Estimation of materi CG, SLAB CULVERT 180 m SPAN wih standatd modula BaadDetails of Measurements and Calculation of Quantities. ‘S.No, Particulars of Items No.[e |e _|H a Explanation | 7 Earthwork in excavation in foundation Abutments 2 5.10 |0.70 |0.60 |4.28 Wing walls 4 | 1.20 |0.70 }0.60 |2.02 Total |6.30_| m= Z| Cement conerete 7:36 (12) a In foundation with stone) earthwork in| ballast- Abutments 2 |s.10 |0.70 |0.30 |2.14 | excavation in Wing walls 4 |1'20 |0.70 |0.30 | 1.01 | itern 1 Total [3.15_|m* 3 [relass brickwork in 7 cement mortar ‘Abutments 2 |a8 jos \15 |5.76 eet ie Wing walls 4 |12 |o4 |15 [2.88 | (above Ree sat) Parapets up to kerb 2 |47 |o4 [03 [1.13 | uptoker) TParapets above kerb 5147-03 J05 [147 | Above — ker) Parapets coping 2 |49 |o4 |0.1 ]0.39_ | excusing coping.) Total | 11.87 Deduct Bearing of R.C.C. slab in}2 |48 03 02 [0.57 abutment Total |11.00 | ry Co work 1:2:4 In Tae aT [02 [2076 |ne Siab excluding steel and_ its mo deduction ‘for bending centering shuttering volume of ste! and binding steel 31 Steel bar including bending ange in RCC work- moos: “20 20 mm dia, Bars- dexter) 18x200m) 20mm ent bars 30 cmcle| 17 2.38 |-- |~- | 40.48 | 33m, Haasy one dept, 16 {No= (4.8/0.30) +1=17} m_ | emtortwobentups Py 98+0,16=254m Main bentup bars 30 cmclc|16 |254|- | |40.64 {No. = (4,80/0.30)=16} m | Lessozend coves 4omm Dia. Bars- shoe = 4 SE ee ombare 259 [4.90 |— |- [44.10 | Extention em cle m — |n#eon Distributing top bars 4 |4ao0|- |- |19.80 m Total 63.70m @ 0.62kg= 39.49 kg }-e—Tcement concrete 1241 4.00 ]2.30 0.10 [092 [in between) wearing coat cum_| parapets [7 [Cement pointing 1:2 iwalls- Face wall from 40 cm below GL. up to }2 |4.70|~ 2.10 | 19.74 bottom of copping inner side of parapet excluding copping| 2 [4.70 |~- |o.80 |7.52 | Ht=(20+10+50 )=0.80 Coping(inner edge, top, outer]2 |4.90|.70 |- | 6.86 | B=(10+40+10+ edge and outer end side) 410)em=.70m Ends of parapet 4 |~ |.40 20 |.32 | Upto kerb. Ends of parapet 4 30 |50 |.60 | Above kerb End of coping 4 40 |.20 |.32 | Edge and under} side Deduct- Total (35.35 Rectangular opening 2 |1.50 Including 10cm 1.30_|3.90_| below G.L. and edge of RCC slab Triangular portion below earth] 2. |xis |X1.3 1.69 slope Tota |Dedu |N5.59 lof _|etion Net |Total |29.77 | Sqm Abstract of Estimated cost of Bridge [S.No] Description of item Quantity Unit [Rate ]Per [Amount Rs. P. | Earthwork in excavation in foundation | 60 Cum_[ss000_[ Com [22.05 ‘Cement concrete 7:3:6 in foundation | 3.1! Tum |400.00 [Cum | 1260.00 with stone ballast 3 ease brickwork in 14 coment morar| 11.00 [Cum _[s6500__[ Cum [4075.09 4 TREC Won T24In slab excluding [201 —[Cum 77500 [Cum] 1562.40 steel and its bending but including centering, shuttering and binding steel Serta Retudng bending in RCC [250 —| CURT | S150 —| CuITal | T2STS work 6 “Cement concrete 1:2:4 in wearing coat | 0.92. Cum [480.00 [Cum [414.00 7__[ Cement pointing 1:2 in wall 28.77 Sqm [560 [Sqm | 166.71 Total [8675.13 Tad 5%4(a% for contingencies and 2% for work-charged Establishment) | 433.75 Grand Total {9108.88Module-ll WHAT IS SPECIFICATION Exact statement of the particular needs to be satisfied, or essential characteristics that customer requires (in a good, material, method, process, service, system, or work) and Which @ vendor must deliver. Specifications are written usually in @ manner that enables both parties (and/or an independent certifier) to measure the degree of conformance. They are, however, not the same as control limits (which allow fluctuations within a range), and conformance to them does not necessarily mean quality (which is a predictable degree of dependability and uniformity) Specification for various types building works GENERAL SPECIFICATION OF A FIRST CLASS BUILDING Foundation and plinth foundation and plinth shall be of 1-class brick work in lime mortar or 1:6 cement mortar over lime conerete or 1:4:8 cement concrete Damp proof course D.CP shall be 2.5 cm thick cement concrete 1:1:3,mixed with one kg of imperious per bag of cement or other standard water proofing materials as specified and painted with two coats of bitumen Superstructure Superstructure shall be of 1-class brickwork with lime mortar or 1 6 cement mortar. lintels over doors and window shall be of R.C.C Roofing Roof shall be of R.C.C slab with an insulation layer and lime concrete terracing above, supported over R.S joist or R.C.C beam as required. Height of rooms shall not be less than 3,7m(12 feet) Flooring Drawing room and dining room floors shall be of mosaic. Bathroom and W.C floors and dado shall be mosaic. Floors of bedrooms shall be colored and polished of 2.5 cm cement concrete over7.5 cm lime concrete. Floors of other shall be of2.5 om cement concrete over 7.5 cm lime concrete polished.Finishing Inside and outside walls be of 12mm cement lime plastered 1:1:6.Drawing ,dining and bedrooms ~inside shall be distempered ,and other ~inside white washed 3 coats. Outside shall be colored snowcem washed two coats over one coat of white wash. Doors and windows chaukhats shall be seasoned teak wood. Shutters shall be teak wood 4.3 cm thick paneled glazed or parlly glazed as required, with additional wire gauge shutters. All ftings shall be of brass. Doors and windows shall be vamished or painted two coats with high class enamel paint over one coat of priming. Window shall be provided with iron gratings or grils. Miscellaneous Rain water pipes of cast iron or of asbestos cement shall be provided and finished painted. Building shall be provided with 1% class sanitary and water fittings and electrical installations.1 meter wide 7.5 cm thick C.C 1:3:6 apron shall be provided all all round the building General specifications of a second class Building Foundation and plinth-Foundation and plinth shall be of 1% class brickwork with lime mortar over lime concrete. Damp proof course-D.P.C. shall be of 2 c.m (3\4") thick cement concrete 1:2 mixed with 1 kg of imperious per bag of cement or other standard water proofing materials. Superstructures-Superstructures shall be of 2nd class brickwork in lime mortar. Lintels over doors and windows shall be of R.B. Roofing-Roof shall be R.B. slab with 7.5 cm lime concrete terracing above (or flat terraced roof supported over wooden battens and beams ,or Jack arch roof) Verandah roof may be of A.C. sheet or Allahabad tiles. Flooring-Floors shall be 2.5 cm (1°) cement concrete over 7.5 cm (3") L.C. Verandah floor shall be of brick tle or flag stone over lime concrete, finished cement painted Finishing-Inside ard outside walls shall be of 12 mm cement mortar plastered 1:6 ceiling shall be cement plastered 1:3 inside shall be white washed 3 coats, colour washed two coats over one coat of white wash. Doors and windows-Chaukhat shall be of R.C.C. or well seasoned sal wood shutters of shisham wood or deodar wood 4 cm(1 %4") thick, panelled, glazed or partly panelled and partly glazed as required, fitted with iron fittings with iron fittings. Doors and windows shall be painted two coats over one coat of priming,Miscellaneous-Rain water pipes shall be of cast iron finished painted. Electrification and sanitary and water fittings’ may be provided if required. GENERAL SPECIFICATION OF 3RD CLASS BUILDING. “+ FOUNDATION AND PLINTH: > Foundation and plinth shall be of 2" class brick work in lime mortar in a lime concrete, Damp proof course shall be 2cm thick cement mortar1:2 mixed with standard water proofing compound. ‘> SUPER STRUTURE: ‘Superstructure shall be second class brick work in mud mortar. Door and window opening shall be provided with arches of 2"? class brick work in lime mortar. ‘ROOFING: Roof shall be of mud over tiles or brick or G.! sheet or A.C. sheets sloping roof. FLOORING Floor shall be of brick-on-edge floor over well rammed earth. FINISHING Inside and outside wall shall be plastered with lime mortar and white washed three coat. DOORS AND WINDOWS ‘Chaukhat shall be salwood, and shuttered of chir mango or other country wood. ” SPECIFICATION OF 4TH CLASS BUILDING ‘FOUNDATION AND SUPER STRUCTURE: Foundation and superstructure shall be of sun-dried in mud mortar. Door and window opening shall be provided with arches of 2" class brick work in lime mortar or with wooden plank. ‘ROOFING Roofing shall be of tile roof over bamboo and wooden supports, ‘+ FLOORING Floor shall be kutcha or earthen floor finished with’gobri” washing. ‘DOOR AND WINDOW Door and window shall be chir or mango wood. % The detailed specification is a detailed description and expresses the requirements in detail. + The detailed specification of an item of work specifies the qualities andquantities of materials, the proportion of mortar, workmanship, the method of preparation and execution and methods of measurement. The detailed specification of different items of work is prepared separately, and describes what the works should be and how they shall be executed & constructed. % Detailed specifications are written to express the requirements clearly in a concise form avoiding repetition & ambiguity. + The detailed specification is arranged as far as possible in the same sequence of order as the work is carried out % The detailed specifications if prepared properly are very helpful for the execution of work. + The detailed specifications form an important part of contract document. % Every engineering departments prepares the detailed specifications of the various items of works, & get them printed in book form under the name’ Detailed specifications.’ ++ When the work , or a structure or project is taken up, instead of writing detailed specification every time, the printed Detailed Specifications are referred Earthwork in excavation in foundation > — Excavation: Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of foundation concrete & the sides shall be vertical. If the soil is not good & does not permit vertical sides, the sides should be sloped beck or protected with timber shoring, Excavated earth shall not be placed within 1m (3) of the edge of the trench. > Finish of trench: “The bottom of foundation trenches shall be perfectly levelled both longitudinally & transversely & the sides of the trench shall be dressed perfectly vertical from bottom up to the least thickness of loose conerete so that concrete may be laid to the exact width as per design. > Finds: ‘Any treasure & valuables or materials found during the excavation, shall be property of the government. > Water in foundation: Water, if any accumulates in the trench, should be bailed or pumped out without any extra payment & necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent surface water to enter into the trench.> Trench filling After the concrete has been laid masonry has been constructed the remaining portion of the trenches shall be filed up with earth in layers of *6em (6°) watered & well rammed . The earth filing shall be free from rubbish & refuse matters & clods shall be broken before filing, Surplus earth not required, shall be removed & disposed, & site shall be levelled & dressed >» — Measurement: the measurement of the excavation shall be taken in cu m(cu ft) as for rectangular trench bottom width of concrete multiplied by the vertical depth of founcation from ground level & multiplied by the vertical depth of foundation from ground level & multiplied by the length of trenches even though the contractor might have excavated with sloping side for his convenience. Rate shall be for complete work for 30m(100ft) lead & 1 50m(5‘)lift, including all tools & plants required for the completion of the works. For every extra lead of 30m & every extra lift of 1.5m separate extra is provided. > Excavation : Excavation in saturated soil or below sub soil water level shall be taken under a separate item & shall be carried out in the same manner as above. Pumping or bailing ‘out of water & removal of slush shall be included in the item. Timbering of the sides of trenches if required shall be taken under a separate item & paid separately. Detailed specification of lime concrete in foundation Definition ‘A concrete made from a mixture of lime, sand, and gravel is said to be as lime concrete. It was widely used before the lime was replaced by Portland cement. Lime as the first cement Since long, Lime has been used to make things like plaster and mortar. Lins ~ Usually made by burning of limestone. Chemically; lime itself is calcium oxide (CaO) ‘and is made by roasting calcite (CaCO3) to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) Lime is also called calx or quicklime. Quick Lime is very caustic and can even dissolve human bodies.‘When lime is mixed with water, lime slowly turns into the mineral portlandite (dense) in the reaction CaO + H20 a (OH)2. Lime is mixed with an excess of water so it stays fluid, this is called slaking and the lime resulting is called slaked lime. Slaked lime continues to harden over a period of weeks. Lime has to be mixed with sand and other ingredients to take form of slaked lime cement, that can be used as mortar between stones or bricks in a wall or spread over the surface of a wall There, over the next several weeks or longer, it reacts with CO2 in the air to form calcite again(artficial imestone) Concrete made with lime cement is well known from more than 5000 years old. It was widely used in all over the world. Sign of its usage can be found easily after surveying different archaeological sites. In dry conditions, it works extremely well, Manufacturing of lime Lime is usually manufactured by burning limestone, in the process driving off carbon dioxide leaving the clinker of calcium oxide and quick lime. When quick lime is slaked with water, it disintegrates into fine grained powder depending on the volume of water added. The pure slaked lime formed in this way is said to be as fat lime. It can be used for construction of masonry but it hardens quickly in air. Masonry buildings that were built in the past by with fat lime are now demolished as there strength is very less than the strength when lime concrete was placed Hydraulic lime is one of the advanced form of fat lime. It is manufactured by addition of fat lime with surkhi (clay rich in silicates).Hydraulic lime can be made into satisfactorily mortar that achieves strength similar to that of cement mortar. Preparation of lime concrete The main ingredient of this concrete is slaked lime as binding material. The slaked lime is obtained in various forms as hydrated lime powder, lime putty, slaked lime slurry that is prepared by grinding in suitable Grinding Mills. Slaked lime is first mixed with sand to prepare lime mortar which is then further mixed with coarse aggregates, in suitable proportion. For preparation of lime concrete, first hard impervious level base is prepared by stones or brick pitching. Then quantity of sand is spread as the horizontal base. Generally lime & sand are taken in ratio of 1:1 to 1:3 by volume, Measured quantity of slaked lime is then added to sand and then mixing is done. In this mixing, water is sprinkled continuously to make the whole mass plastic. Then the whole mass is allowed to mature for 1 to 3 days. After that coarse aggregates of desired type are used to lay on the prepared hard impervious level surface. After that lime mortar which is made with sand & lime is introduced into the base. Sufficient water is sprinkled over the base and it is cut into the layers and then is turned upside down with the help of spade or shovel until the whole assembly has become uniform. Lying of lime concrete The base where lime concrete is to be laid is prepared by cleaning, levelling andcompacting by ramming properly. The material is laid on prepared foundation bases and rammed manually with steel rammer. During ramming water may Pe sprinkled if concrete is dry and stiff. After that itis cured for 7 to 14 days: Properties of lime concrete Lime concrete provides good bases to bear the sufficient loads and also provide coral degree of flexibly. tt adjusts very well when it isin contact with surface. Lime ‘concrete also exhibits certain degree of water proofing property and thus prevents subsoil dampness floors and walls. Lime ceva alee exhibits volumetric stably. can be made easily and can be avaiable fat much cheaper rates. It also resists weathering effects and is very durable, Drawbacks of Lime concrete 4. Hydraulic lime usually gains strength in time greater than the time in which cement concrete gains same value of strength 2. Lime cement takes a long time to cure, and while the ancient world had lots of time, today time is money. 3, Lime cement does not harden in water but stays soft. So there are situations where it cannot be used. Uses and precautions 4. Lime concrete is very widely used for foundation bases of load bearing walls, columns, and under layers of floors. 2, Due 10 its flexibility it adjusts very well with the undemeath base ground and upper construction of cement base 3, For better quality of ime concrete it is important to compact & cure concrete properly. Lime causes rashes on human ski" So the persons which are dealing crpeoncrete should be provided with suitable rubber gloves 44, Persons should use oil on their skin to avoid rashes and cracking of their skin due to reaction of lime. 5. To achieve good quality lime concrete, certain admixtures, fibres etc. can be used. LIME CONCRETE IN ROOF TERRACING Materials:-All materials shall be of standard specifications Coarse aggregate shall be of well burnt or over burnt brick ballast of 25mm gatige It shall be deep cherry red or copper colour and shall be clean, free from dust ‘dirt and other foreign matters. It shall be homogeneous in texture and roughly cubical in shape. Fine aggregate shall be of surkhi, clean free from dust, dirt and foreign matters Surkhi shall be made from well burnt bricks or brick bats(not over bumtjand shall pass through a screen of 25 meshes per Sa em(144 meshes per sq in). Proportion::Concrete shall consist of tou ™ brick ballast,0.36cu m of surkhi and (0.18cu m white ime(proportion 100:36:18 by volume) Mixing:=It shall be similar to lime concrete in foundation.Laying and consolidation:- surface shall be lightly sprinkled with water and then concrete shall be laid slowly and gently (nay thrownhin layers s0 as to have the required slope and specified thickness after compaction The concrete shall then be lightly rammed with 6kg (12ibs) rammer’ and during preliminary ramming the surface shall then be perfectly levelled by means of trowel straight edge and spirit level. ‘The concrete shall then be kept future consolidated by 2 rows of labourers sitting close and beating the concrete with wo Olden ‘thapis’ and moving forward and backward covering the whole surface. The beating shall continue for at least 7days until the concrete is thoroughly compacted and until the ‘thapis' rebound from the surface when struck on the concrete. Special care shall be taken to consolidated to concrete properly with the at junction with the parapet wall and the junctions shall be rounded. When beating is in progtess, the surface of the concrete shall be frequently sprinkled with a mixture of eed evslasees and boil solution of ‘bale’ fruit for water proofing, Bale frut solution ghall be prepared by botling 2kg of bale fruit in 100 to 10 ters of water and fo this solution efter cooling &.8kq molasses(gur)and the required quantity of lime shall be mixed, Measurement-The measurement shall be taken for the finished work of superficial area in sq m (sq.ft) starting the average thickness. The average thickness shall be measured correct to 6mm and length and breadth shall be measured correct to TentNo deduction in measurement shall be made for opening up to 0.4 sq m and extra payment shall not be made for extra material or labour involved in forming such opening Instead of Bale fruit the solution of Terminally Chebula (kadvkai) may be used, as ised in south India, Dry nuts of kadukai shall be broken to small pieces, and allowed to soak in water, The solution be prepared to have a proportion of 600g of Kedukai200g of molasses and 40iits of water for 100sq m are of roof concrete, The solution is brewed for 12 to 24 hours, and the resulting liquor is decanted and used for the work NOTE- 4 tf kankar lime is used,0.45 cu m of kankar lime shall be mixed with tou m Brick ballast(proportion 45:100) 2. If stone ballast is used the proportion shall be 1cu m of stone ballast of 25 mmgauge ,0.5cu m of sand and 0.25cu m of white lime(proportion 1:2:3). 3. The finished thickness of lime concrete in roof terracing may be 7.5em to 12cm ("to 4.5") 4, The surface finishing may be taken in sq m under a separate itern Detailed specification of cement concrete 1:2:4 Material:- > Aggregate shall be of invert material & should be clean, dense, hard, sound, durable, non-absorbent & capable of developing good bond with mortar. > coarse aggregate shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust, dirt & other foreign matters. The stone ballast should be of 20mm(3/4")size & down & all should be retained in a mm square mesh(1/4" square) & well graded such that the voids do not exceed 42% (The gauge of stone ballast shall be as specified depending on the thickness of concrete & nature of work. For building work 20mm gauge & for road work & mass work 40 to 60mm gauge may be used. > Fine aggregate srall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp & angular grains & shall pass through screen of Smm(3/16") square mesh. Sand shall be of standard specifications clean & free from dust, dirt,& organic matters. Sea sand shall not be used (Fine aggregate may also be of cursed stone if specified), > Cement shall be fresh port-land cement of standard I.S.|. specifications, & shall have the required tensile & compressive stresses & fineness. > Water shall be clean & free form alkaline & acid matters & suitable for drinking purposes. Proportion:- > The proportion cf concrete shall be 1:2:4 as cement: sand: stone: ballast by volume unless otherwise specified, Minimum compressive strength of cOnorete of 1:2:4 proportion shall be 140kg per sq cm (20001bs/sq in)on Tdays. > Stone aggregate & sand shall be measured by volume with boxes. Cement need not be measured by box; one bag of cement (50kg) should be considered as 1/30 cu m (1.2 cu ft). Size of measured box may be 30cm*30cm*38em or 35cm*28cm equivalent to content of one bag of cement. All material shall be dry. If damp sand is used compensation shall be made byadding additional sand to the extent required for the bulking of damp sand. Mixing shall be of machine mixing. For small work hand mixing by batches may be allowed. Hand mixing:- > Mixing shall be done in masonry platform or sheet iron tray. For concrete of 1:2:4 Proportion first two boxes of sand & one bag of cement shall be mixed dry thoroughly & then this dry mix of cement & sand shall be placed over a stack of 4 boxes of stone aggregate & the whole mixed dry turning at least three times to have uniform mix. Water shall then be added slowly & gradually with a water-can while being mixed to the required quantity 25 to 30 liters (6 to 6 gallons) per bag of cement, to give a plastic mix of the required workability & water cement ratio. The whole shall be mixed thoroughly turning al least three times to give a uniform concrete, o Machine mixin: » Stone ballast sand & cement shall be put in to the cement concrete mixer to have the required proportion. For concrete of 1:2:4 proportion first four boxes of stone ballast, then two boxes of sand & then one bag of cement shall be put in to the C.C. Mixer the machine shall then be resolved to mix materials dry & then water shall be added gradually to the required quantity,25 to 30 liters(6 to 6 gallons)per bag of cement to have the required water cement ratio. The mixing should be thorough to have a plastic mix of uniform color. It requires 1% to 2 minutes rotation for thorough mixing. Mixed concrete shall be unloaded on a masonry platform or on a sheet iron. Output of concrete mixer is 15 to 20 mix per hour. Slump:- » Regular slump test should be carried out to control the addition of water & to maintain the required consistency. A slump of 7.5cm to 10cm(3" to 4") may be allowed for building work,& 4cm to 3cm(1 %" to 2") may be allowed for road work, Formwork:- > Formwork centering & shuttering shall be provide as required, as per standard specification before lying of concrete in position. The inner surface of shuttering shall be oiled to prevent concrete sticking to it. The base & formwork over which concrete to be laid shall be watered by sprinkling water before concrete is laid. Forms should not be removed before 14 days in general, side forms may however be removed after 3 days of concreting. Formworks shall be removed slowly & carefully without disturbing & damaging concrete.Laying:- > Concrete shall be laid gently(not thrown)in layers not 15cm(6") & compacted by pining with rods & tamping with wooden tampers or with mechanical vibrating machine until a dense concrete is developed.(for important work mechanical vibrating should be used, for thick or mass concrete immersion type vibrators & for thin concrete surface vibrators should be used for compacting concrete). Over- vibration which is will separate coarse aggregate from concrete should be used be avoided, After removal of the formwork in due time the concrete surface shall be free form honey combing, air holes or any other defect. > concrete shall be laid continuously, if laying is suspended for rest or for the {following day the end shall be sloped at an angle of 30 degree & made rough for further jointing. When the work is resumed, the previous sloped portion shall be roughened. Cleaned & watered & group of neat cement shall be applied & the fresh concrete shall be laid. For successive layer shall be laid before the lower has set. Curing:- After about two hours laying when concrete has begun to harden, it shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags or wet sand for 24 hours, and then cured by flooding with water making mud walls 7.5cm high or by covering with wet sand or earth & kept dam continuously for 15 days. If specified, curing may be done by covering concrete with special type of waterprOof paper as to peasant water escaping or evaporation. DETAILED SPECIFICATION of REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE (R.C.C)- “ STEEL- > Steel reinforcing bars shall be of mild steel or deformed steel of standard specifications and shall be free from corrosion, loose rust scale, oil, grease, paint, etc. > The steel bar shall be round and capable for being bent (doubled over) without fracture. Bars shall be hooked and bent accurately and placed in posiion as per design and drawing and bound together tight with 20 S.W.G annealed steel wire at their point of intersection > Bars shall be bent cold by applying gradual and even motion, bars of 40 mm(1 ¥%') diameter and above may be bent by heating to dull red and allow to cool slowly without immersing in water. Joints in the bars should be avoided as far as possible, when joints have to be made an overlap of 40 times diameters ofthe bar shall be given proper hooks at ends and joint should be staggered ® Bars shall be bent cold by applying gradual and even motion, bars of 40 mm(1 %) diameter and above may be bent by heating to dull red and allow to cool slowly without immersing in water. Joints in the bars should be avoided as far as possible, when joints have to be made an overlap of 40 times diameters of the bar shall be given proper-hooks at ends and joint should be staggered Bigger diameter bars should be joined by welding and tested before Placing in position. While concreting steel bar shall be given side and bottom covers of concrete by placing precast concrete blocks underneath of 1:2 of cement mortar 2.8 cm*2.5cm(1""1") in section and thickness of Specified covers.4 cm to 5 cm(1 %4" to 2") for beam and 1 cm to 2 cm( %" to %) for slab, ® During laying and compacting of concrete the reinforcing bars should not move from their positions and bars of the laid portions should not be disturbed. 2 ‘CENTERING AND SHUTTERING- Cantering and shuttering shall be made with timber or ‘Steel plate close and tight tc Prevent to leakage or mortar, with necessary props, bracing and wedges, sufficiently strong and stable and should not yield on laying concrete and made in ‘such @ way that they can be slackened and remove gradually without disturbing the concrete. * No plastering should be made on concrete surface. A coat of oil washing should be applied over the shuttering or paper should be spread to have a smooth and finished surface to prevent adherence of concrete. > For slab and beam small chamber should be given in centring, 1 ¢m per 2.5 om (1/2 per 10 ft.) with a maximum of 4 cm (1 %"). Centring and shuttering should not be removed before 14 days in general (4 days for R.C.C. columns, 10 days for roof slab , and 14 days for beam)The entring and shuttering shall be removed slowly and carefully so that no part is disturbed or damaged. ‘+ PROPORTION OF CEMENT CONCRTE. Cement concrete shall be of 1:2:4 proportions by volume for slabs, beams and lintels, and 1:1 %:3 proportion for columns unless otherwise specified. % MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE- » Coarse aggregate shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matters, The stone ballast shall be of 20m (3/4") size and down all should be retained in a 5 mm square mesh (1/4" ‘squre) and well graded such that the voids don't exceed 42 per cent, > Fine aggregate shall be coarse and consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and shall pass through screen of 5 mm (3/16") square mesh. Sand shall be of standard specification clean and free from dust, dirt, and organic matters. Sea and shall not be used. > Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard |.S.l. specification, and shall have the required tensile and compressive stresses and fineness. > The stone aggregate shall usually be 20 mm to 6 mm (3/4" to %') gauge unless otherwise specified. For heavily reinforced concrete member as in the case of ribs of main beams the maximum size of aggregate should usually be restricted to § mm less than the minimum cover to the reinforcement which- ever is smaller. Where the reinforcement is widely spaced, limitations of the size of the aggregate may not be so important. & MIXING- ++ HAND MIXING- > Mixing shall be done in masonry platform or sheet iron tray. For concrete of 4:2:4 proportion, first two boxes of sand and one bag of cement shall be mixed dry thoroughly and then this dry mix of cement and shall be placed Over a stack of 4 boxes of stone aggregate and the whole mixed dry turning at least three times to have uniform mix. Water shall then be added slowly and gradually with water- can while being mixed to the required quantity 25 to 30 litters (6 to 6 gallons) per bag of cement, to give @ plastic thix of the required workability and water cement ratio. The whole shall be mixed thoroughly turning at least three times to give a uniform concrete: “MACHINE MIXING- > Stone ballast sand and cement shall be put into the cement concrete mixer to have the required proportion. For concrete of 1:2:4 proportion first four boxes of stone ballast, then two boxes of sand and then bag of cement shall be put into the C.C. mixer, the machine shall then be resolved to mx materials dry and then water shall be added gradually to the required quantity, 25 to 30 litters (5 to 6 gallons) per bag of cement 0 have the required water cement ratio. The mixing should be through to have a plastic mix of uniform colour. It requires 1% to 2 minutes rotation for through mixing. Mixed concrete shall be unloaded on a masonry platform on a sheet iron. Output of concrete mixer is 15 to 20 miles per hour “+ LAYING- > Before laying the concrete, the shuttering shall be clean, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matters. The concrete shall be deposited (not dropped) in its final position. In case of columns and walls itis desirable to place conorete in full height if practical so as to avoid construction joints but the progress ofconcerting in the vertical direction shall be restricted to one meter per hour. > Care should be taken that the time between mixing and placing of concrete shall not exceed 20 minutes so that the initial setting process is not interfered with. During winters concreting shall rot be done if the temperature falls below 4° C . Concrete shall be protected by frost and concrete affected by frost shall be removed and work redone. > Concrete shall be compacted by mechanical vibrating machine until a dense concrete is obtained. The vibration shall continue during the entire period of placing concrete. Compaction shall be completed before the initial setting starts, i.e., within in 30 minutes of addition of waters to the dry mixture. > Over vibration which will separate coarse aggregate from concrete shall be avoided. After removal of the form work in due time, the concrete surface shall be free from honey combing, Air holes or any other defect. Conerete shall be laid continuously, if laying is suspended for rest or the following day, the ‘end shall be sloped at an angle 30° and made rough for future jointing. When the work is resumed, the previous sloped position shall be roughened, cleaned and watered and a coat of neat cement shall be applied and the fresh concrete shall be laid > For successive layer the upper layer shall be laid before the lower layer has set. Structures exceeding 45 meters in length shall be divided by one or more expansion joints. Structures in which plan dimension changes abruptly shall be provided with expansion joints at the section where such changes occur. > Reinforcement shall not extend across an expansion joint at the break between the section shall be complete. v ¥ “ CURING- > After about two hours’ laying when concrete has begun to harden, it shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags or wet sand for 24 hours, ‘and then cured by flooding with water making mud walls 7.5 cm(3") high or by covering with wet sand or earth and kept damp continuously for 15 days. If specified, curing may be done by covering concrete with special type of waterproof paper as to prevent water escaping or evaporating. 4 FINSHING- if specified the exposed surface shall be plastered with 1:3 cement sand mortar not exceeding 6 mm(1/4") thickness and the plastering shall be applied I} immediately after removal of the centring while the concrete is green Immediately before applying the plaster the surface of concrete shall be wetted and neat cement wash shall be given. “ MEASUREMENT-