UNIT-2

CloudComputing

Virtualization-

Virtualization in cloud computing is a fundamental technology that

enables the efficient utilization of physical hardware resources by

creating multiple virtual instances of servers, storage, networks, and

other computing resources. These virtual instances, often referred to

as virtual machines (VMs),are isolated from each other and from the

underlying physical hardware, allowing multiple workloads to run

concurrently on the same physical infrastructure .The machine on

which the virtual machine is going to create is known as Host

Machine and that virtual machine is referred as a Guest Machine

Here's howvirtualization is usedin cloudcomputing:

Resource Multiplication: Virtualization allows cloud providers to maximize

the utilization of physical servers by running multiple virtual machines

on a single physical server. This helps in efficient resource utilization

and cost reduction.

Isolation: Each virtual machine is isolated from other virtual machines

running on the same physical server. This ensures that the resources
 allocated to one virtual machine do not interfere with or impact the

performance of other virtual machines.

Flexibility and Scalability: Virtualization provides the flexibility to easily

create, deploy, and manage virtual machines on-demand. This enables

rapid scalability, allowing businesses to quickly scale up or down

based on demand without the need for additional physical hardware.

Resource Optimization: Virtualization enables the allocation of resources

such as CPU, memory, and storage dynamically based on workload

requirements. This ensures optimal resource utilization and

performance efficiency.

Fault Isolation and Recovery: Virtualization helps in isolating faults within

individual virtual machines, preventing them from affecting other

virtual machines or the underlying physical infrastructure. It also

enables easy backup, migration, and recovery of virtual machines in

case of failures or disasters.

Hardware Independence: Virtualization abstracts the underlying hardware

from the virtual machines, allowing applications to run on a variety of

hardware platforms without modification. This provides flexibility and

portability, making it easier to migrate workloads between different

environments.
Virtualization in Cloud Computing and Types

Host Machine: The machine on which the virtual machine is going to be

built is known as Host Machine.

Guest Machine: The virtual machine is referred to as a Guest Machine.

Work of Virtualization in Cloud Computing:-

Virtualization has a prominent impact on Cloud Computing. In the case

of cloud computing, users store data in the cloud, but with the help of

Virtualization, users have the extra benefit of sharing the infrastructure.

Cloud Vendors take care of the required physical resources, but these
cloud providers charge a huge amount for these services which

impacts every user or organization. Virtualization helps Users or

Organisations in maintaining those services which are required by a

company through external (third-party) people, which helps in reducing

costs to the company. This is the way through which Virtualization

works in Cloud Computing.

Benefits of Virtualization

More flexible and efficient allocation of resources.

Enhance development productivity.

It lowers the cost of IT infrastructure.

Remote access and rapid scalability.

High availability and disaster recovery.

Pay per use of the IT infrastructure on demand.

Enables running multiple operating systems.

Drawback of Virtualization

High Initial Investment: Clouds have a very high initial investment, but it is

also true that it will help in reducing the cost of companies.

Learning New Infrastructure: As the companies shifted from Servers to

Cloud, it requires highly skilled staff who have skills to work with the

cloud easily, and for this, you have to hire new staff or provide

training to current staff.

Risk of Data: Hosting data on third-party resources can lead to putting

 the data at risk, it has the chance of getting attacked by any hacker or

cracker very easily.

CharacteristicsofVirtualization

Increased Security: The ability to control the execution of a guest

program in a completely transparent manner opens new

possibilities for delivering a secure, controlled execution

environment. All the operations of the guest programs are generally

performed against the virtual machine, which then translates and

applies them to the host programs.

Managed Execution: In particular, sharing, aggregation, emulation, and

isolation are the most relevant features.

Sharing: Virtualization allows the creation of a separate computing

environment with in the same host.

Aggregation: It is possible to share physical resources among several

guests, but virtualization also allows aggregation, which is the

opposite process.

Types of Virtualization
Application Virtualization

Network Virtualization

Desktop Virtualization

Storage Virtualization

Server Virtualization

Data virtualization

Hardware virtualization

1. Application Virtualization: Application virtualization helps a user to

have remote access to an application from a server. The server stores

all personal information and other characteristics of the application

but can still run on a local workstation through the internet. An example
of this would be a user who needs to run two different versions of the

same software. Technologies that use application virtualization are

hosted applications and packaged applications.

2. Network Virtualization: Network Virtualization is a process of logically

grouping physical networks and making them operate as single or

multiple independent networks called Virtual Networks.

General Architecture Of Network Virtualization

Tools for Network Virtualization:

Physical switch OS–

It is where the OS must have the functionality of network virtualization.

Hypervisor–

It is which uses third-party software or built-in networking and the

functionalities of network virtualization.

The basic functionality of the OS is to give the application or the

executing process with a simple set of instructions. System calls that

are generated by the OS and executed through the libc library are

comparable to the service primitives given at the interface between the

application and the network through the SAP (Service Access

Point).The hypervisor is used to create a virtual switch and configuring

virtual networks on it. The third-party software is installed onto the

hypervisor and it replaces the native networking functionality of the

hypervisor. A hypervisor allows us to have various VMs all working

optimally on a single piece of computer hardware.

Functions of Network Virtualization:

It enables the functional grouping of nodes in a virtual network.

It enables the virtual network to share network resources.

It allows communication between nodes in a virtual network

without routing of frames.

It restricts management traffic.

It enforces routing for communication between virtual networks.

Network Virtualization in Virtual Data Center:

1. Physical Network

Physical components: Network adapters, switches, bridges ,repeaters,

routers and hubs.

Grants connectivity among physical servers running a hypervisor,

between physical servers and storage systems and between physical

servers and clients.

2. VMNetwork
Consists of virtual switches.

Provides connectivity to hypervisor kernel.

Connects to the physical network.

Resides inside the physical server.

Network Virtualization In VDC

Advantages of Network Virtualization:

Improves manageability–

Groupingandregroupingof nodesareeased.

Configuration of VM is allowed from a centralized management

workstationusingmanagementsoftware.

Reduces CAPEX–

The requirement to set up separate physical networks for different

nodegroupsisreduced.

Improvesutilization –

Multiple VMs are enabled to share the same physical network which

enhances theutilizationof networkresource.

Enhances performance–

Network broadcastisrestrictedandVMperformanceis improved.

 Enhances security–

Sensitivedata isisolatedfromoneVMtoanother VM.

Accesstonodesisrestrictedin aVMfromanother VM.

DisadvantagesofNetworkVirtualization:

It needstomanageITintheabstract.

It needstocoexistwithphysical devicesina cloud-integratedhybrid

environment.

Increasedcomplexity.

Upfrontcost.

Possiblelearningcurve.

ExamplesofNetworkVirtualization:

VirtualLAN(VLAN)–

The performance and speed of busy networks can be improved by

VLAN.

VLANcan simplify additions or anychanges tothenetwork.

NetworkOverlays–

A framework is provided by an encapsulation protocol called VXLAN

for overlayingvirtualizedlayer2networks over layer3networks.

The Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation protocol (GENEVE)

provides a new way to encapsulation designed to provide

control-planeindependencebetweentheendpointsof thetunnel.

NetworkVirtualizationPlatform:VMwareNSX–

VMware NSX Data Center transports the components of networking

and security such as switching, firewalling and routing that are defined

andconsumedin software.

It transports the operational model of a virtual machine (VM) for the

network.

Applicationsof Network Virtualization :

Network virtualization may be used in the development of application

testingtomimicreal-worldhardwareand systemsoftware.

It helps us to integrate several physical networks into a single network

orseparatesinglephysical networksintomultipleanalytical networks.

In the field of application performance engineering, network

virtualization allows the simulation of connections between

applications, services, dependencies, and end-users for software

testing.

It helps us to deploy applications in a quicker time frame, thereby

supportingafastergo-to-market.

Network virtualization helps the software testing teams to derive

actual results with expected instances and congestion issues in a

networkedenvironment

3. Desktop Virtualization: Desktop virtualization allows the users’ OS

to beremotely stored on a server in thedata center. It allows the user to

accesstheirdesktopvirtually, fromanylocation by adifferentmachine.

Users who want specific operating systems other than Windows

Server will needto havea virtual desktop. Themain benefits of desktop

virtualization are user mobility, portability, and easy management of

softwareinstallation,updates, andpatches.

4. StorageVirtualization: Storagevirtualizationisan arrayof servers that

are managed by a virtual storage system. The servers aren’ t aware of

exactly wheretheir data isstoredandinsteadfunctionmorelikeworker

bees in a hive. It makes managing storage from multiple sources be

managed and utilized as a single repository. storage virtualization

software maintains smooth operations, consistent performance, and

a continuous suite of advanced functions despite changes, breaks

down, anddifferencesintheunderlyingequipment.

5. Server Virtualization: Server Virtualization is most important part of

Cloud Computing. So, Talking about Cloud Computing, it is composed

of two words, cloud and computing. Cloud means Internet and

computing means to solve problems with help of computers.

Computing is related to CPU & RAM in digital world. Now Consider

situation, You are using Mac OS on your machine but particular

application for your project can be operated only on Windows. You can

eitherbuynewmachinerunningwindowsorcreatevirtual environment

in which windows can be installed and used. Second option is better

because of less cost and easy implementation. This scenario is called

Virtualization. In it, virtual CPU, RAM, NIC and other resources are

provided to OS which it needed to run. This resources is virtually

provided and controlled by an application called Hypervisor. The new

OS running on virtual hardware resources is collectively called Virtual

Machine(VM).

AdvantagesofServerVirtualization:

Each server in server virtualization can be restarted separately

without affectingtheoperation of other virtual servers.

Server virtualization lowers the cost of hardware by dividing a single

serverintoseveral virtual privateservers.

Oneof themajorbenefitsof servervirtualizationisdisasterrecovery.

In server virtualization, data may be stored and retrieved from

 any location and moved rapidly and simply from one server to

another.

It enables users tokeeptheir privateinformationin thedata centers.

DisadvantagesofServerVirtualization:

The major drawback of server virtualization is that all websites that

are hosted by the server will cease to exist if the server goes

offline.

Theeffectiveness of virtualizedenvironments cannot bemeasured.

It consumesa significantamount of RAM.

Settingit upandkeepingit uparechallenging.

Virtualization is not supported for many essential databases and

apps.

6. DataVirtualization: Thisisthekindof virtualization inwhich thedata is

collected from various sources and managed at a single place without

knowing more about the technical information like how data is

collected, stored & formatted then arranged that data logically so that

its virtual view can be accessed by its interested people and

stakeholders, and users through the various cloud services remotely.

Many big giant companies are providing their services like Oracle, IBM,
Atscale, Cdata, etc.

UsesofVirtualization

Data-integration

Business-integration

Service-orientedarchitecturedata-services

Searchingorganizational data

7.servicevirtualization-

servicevirtualizationin cloudcomputingrefers to thepracticeof

simulatingthebehaviorof components or services in acloud

environment. It allowsdevelopersandtesters tocreatevirtual

instances of servicesorcomponentsthat maybeunavailable,

expensive,ordifficulttoaccess duringdevelopment, testing,or

integration phases.

Here's howittypicallyworks:

CreatingVirtualInstances: Developersortesters usespecialized

toolstocreatevirtual instancesof servicesorcomponents.

Thesevirtual instances mimicthebehavioroftheactual services

orcomponents.
 Isolation: Virtual instancesareisolatedfromtheactual services or

components. This ensuresthat anytestingor development

activitiesperformedonthesevirtual instances do not affectthe

real servicesorcomponents.

TestingandDevelopment: Developersand testerscanusethese

virtual instancestoperformvarioustasks such astesting

applicationfunctionality,conductingperformancetests, or

simulatingdifferent scenarios withoutrelyingontheactual

services.

CostandAccessibility: Servicevirtualization helpsinreducingcosts

associatedwith testinganddevelopment by eliminatingthe

needfor accessingexpensiveorthird-party services. It also

improvesaccessibilitybyprovidingdevelopersandtesters with

on-demandaccess tovirtual instances.

IntegrationTesting: Servicevirtualization isparticularlyuseful for

integration testing,wheremultiplecomponentsorservices need

tointeractwitheach other. Virtual instances allowdevelopersto

simulatedifferent integration scenarios andensurethatthe

systembehaves asexpected undervarious conditions.

Virtualizationmanagement-
 Virtualizationmanagementrefers totheset of tools, processes,and

policiesusedtocontrol, monitor,andoptimizevirtualized

infrastructure.Virtualizationitself involvescreatingvirtual versions of

computingresources such asservers,storage, networks,oroperating

systems. Thesevirtual resourcescanthenbeefficientlyutilized,

shared, andmanagedacross multipleapplicationsorusers.

Virtualizationmanagementincludes varioustasks such as:

ResourceAllocation: Ensuringthat virtualizedresourcesareallocated

efficientlytomeet thedemandsof applicationsoruserswhileavoiding

resourcecontention.

PerformanceMonitoring: Monitoringtheperformanceof virtualized

resources toidentifybottlenecks,optimizeresourceutilization,and

ensureadequateperformancefor applications.

CapacityPlanning: Predictingfutureresourcerequirementsbasedon

historical usagepatternsandgrowthprojections toensurethat

sufficientresourcesareavailabletomeetfuturedemands.

SecurityManagement: Implementingsecurity measurestoprotect

virtualizedenvironmentsfromthreatssuchas malware,unauthorized

access,ordatabreaches.

Automation: Automatingroutinetaskssuchasprovisioning, deployment,

andscalingof virtualizedresources toimproveefficiencyand reduce

 manual intervention.

BackupandDisasterRecovery: Implementingbackupanddisasterrecovery

solutionstoensuredataintegrityandavailabilityin virtualized

environments.

PolicyEnforcement: Enforcingpolicies relatedtoresourceusage,access

control,andcomplianceto ensurethat virtualized environments

adheretoorganizational requirements andstandards.

Integration: Integratingvirtualization managementtoolswith otherIT

management systems such asITservicemanagement(ITSM)

platformsorcloudmanagementplatformsfor centralizedcontrol and

visibility.

Overall,effectivevirtualization management is essential for

maximizingthebenefitsof virtualization, including costsavings, agility,

scalability,andresourceoptimization,whileminimizingrisksand

ensuringthestabilityandsecurityof ITenvironments.

Virtualizationtechnologies

In cloudcomputingplay acrucial rolein enablingtheefficient

utilization of resources,scalability, andflexibilityofcloud

environments. Herearesomekeyvirtualization technologies

commonlyusedincloudcomputing:
Hypervisor-BasedVirtualization: Alsoknownas hardware

virtualization,thistechnology allowsmultiplevirtual machines

(VMs) torunon asinglephysical machine(host).A hypervisor,or

virtual machinemonitor (VMM), manages theallocationof

physical resourcessuchas CPU,memory, andstoragetoeach

VM. Examples of hypervisors includeVMwarevSphere,

Microsoft Hyper-V,and KVM(Kernel-basedVirtual Machine).

Containerization: Containers providealightweightformof

virtualizationthat allowsapplicationstobepackagedalongwith

their dependencies andrun in isolatedenvironmentscalled

containers.UnlikeVMs, containers sharethehostoperating

systemkernel,which makesthemmoreresource-efficientand

fastertostartcompared to VMs. Popular containerization

technologies includeDocker andKubernetes.

ServerlessComputing: Serverlesscomputingabstracts awaythe

underlyinginfrastructureandallows developers tofocuson

writingcodewithout worryingabout provisioningor managing

servers. Under thehood,serverlessplatformsusevirtualization

technologies todynamically allocateresourcestorun code

snippetsorfunctionsinresponsetoevents. Examplesof
 serverlessplatformsincludeAWSLambda, GoogleCloud

Functions, andAzureFunctions.

NetworkVirtualization: Networkvirtualization allowsthecreation of

virtual networks thatoperateontopof physical network

infrastructure.Itenablestheisolation,segmentation,and

customization of networkresourcestomeet thespecific

requirements of differentapplications or tenants. Technologies

suchas Virtual LANs(VLANs),Virtual PrivateClouds (VPCs), and

Software-DefinedNetworking(SDN) arecommonlyusedfor

networkvirtualization in cloudenvironments.

StorageVirtualization: Storagevirtualization abstractsphysical

storageresourcesfromtheunderlyinghardware,allowingthem

tobepooled,managed, andallocated dynamically. Itenables

featuressuchas datareplication,snapshotting, andtiering,

whilealsoimproving scalabilityandperformance. Technologies

likeStorageArea Networks (SANs), Network-AttachedStorage

(NAS),andsoftware-definedstoragesolutionsprovidestorage

virtualizationcapabilitiesinthecloud.
Whatisahypervisor
Ahypervisor, alsoknown asa virtual machinemonitororVMM.The

hypervisorisa pieceof softwarethatallows ustobuildandrunvirtual

machines whichareabbreviatedas VMs.

Ahypervisor allowsasinglehost computer tosupportmultiplevirtual

machines (VMs)bysharingresourcesincludingmemory and

processing.

Whatistheuseofahypervisor?

Hypervisors allowtheuseof moreof asystem's availableresources

andprovidegreater ITversatilitybecausetheguestVMsare

independentof thehost hardwarewhichisoneof themajor benefitsof

theHypervisor.

In otherwords, thisimplies thattheycanbequicklyswitchedbetween

servers. Sinceahypervisor withthehelpofitsspecial feature,itallows

several virtual machines tooperateon asinglephysical server. So,it

helpsustoreduce:

TheSpaceefficiency

TheEnergy uses

TheMaintenancerequirementsof theserver.
Kindsof hypervisors

Therearetwo typesof hypervisors: "Type1"(alsoknown as"bare

metal") and"Type2"(alsoknown as"hosted").Atype1hypervisor

functionsas alight operating systemthatoperates directlyonthe

host's hardware,whilea type2hypervisor functionsasa softwarelayer

ontopofanoperatingsystem, similartoothercomputerprograms.

Sincetheyareisolatedfromtheattack-proneoperatingsystem,

bare-metal hypervisors areextremelystable.

Furthermore,theyareusuallyfasterandmorepowerful than hosted

hypervisors. For thesepurposes,themajorityof enterprisebusinesses

opt forbare-metal hypervisorsfortheirdatacentercomputing

requirements.
Whilehostedhypervisors runinsidetheOS,theycanbetoppedwith

additional (anddifferent) operatingsystems.

Thehostedhypervisorshavelonger latencythan bare-metal

hypervisorswhich isa very majordisadvantageof theit. Thisisdueto

thefact thatcontactbetween thehardwareandthehypervisormust go

throughtheOS'sextra layer.

TheType1hypervisor

Thenativeor baremetal hypervisor,theType1hypervisor is known by

both names.

It replacesthehostoperatingsystem,andthehypervisor schedules

VMservicesdirectlytothehardware.

Thetype1hypervisorisverymuch commonlyused in theenterprise

datacenterorotherserver-basedenvironments.

It includesKVM, MicrosoftHyper-V, andVMwarevSphere. If weare

runningtheupdatedversionof thehypervisorthenwemusthave

alreadygottheKVMintegratedintotheLinuxkernel in 2007.

TheType2hypervisor

It is alsoknown asa hostedhypervisor,Thetype2hypervisorisa

softwarelayerorframeworkthatruns on atraditional operating

system.

It operatesbyseparatingtheguestandhost operatingsystems. The

hostoperatingsystemschedulesVMservices,whicharethen

executedon thehardware.

Individual userswhowish tooperatemultipleoperatingsystemsona

personal computershoulduseaform2hypervisor.

Benefitsof hypervisors

Usingahypervisor tohost several virtual machines hasmany

advantages:
 Speed: Thehypervisorsallowvirtual machinestobebuilt instantly

unlikebare-metal servers. This makes provisioningresources

for complexworkloads much simpler.

Efficiency: Hypervisors thatrun multiplevirtual machines on the

resources of a singlephysical machineoften allowfor more

effectiveuseof a singlephysical server.

Flexibility: Sincethehypervisordistinguishes theOSfromthe

underlyinghardware, theprogramnolongerreliesonparticular

hardwaredevicesordrivers,bare-metal hypervisorsenable

operatingsystems andtheir relatedapplicationstooperateona

varietyof hardwaretypes.

Portability: Multipleoperatingsystemscanrunonthesame

physical serverthanks tohypervisors(host machine). The

hypervisor's virtual machinesareportablebecausetheyare

separatefromthephysical computer.

WhatisKVM?

Kernel-basedVirtual Machine(KVM) isa softwarefeaturethatyou

caninstall onphysical Linuxmachinestocreatevirtual machines.

Avirtual machineisa softwareapplicationthat acts asan

independentcomputerwithin another physical computer. It

sharesresourceslikeCPUcycles,network bandwidth,and
 memory withthephysical machine. KVMis aLinuxoperating

systemcomponent thatprovidesnativesupportforvirtual

machines on Linux.Ithas been availablein Linuxdistributions

since2007.

WhyisKVMimportant?

Kernel-basedVirtual Machine(KVM) canturn anyLinuxmachineinto

abare-metal hypervisor. Thisallowsdeveloperstoscale

computinginfrastructurefordifferentoperatingsystemswithout

investingin newhardware. KVMfrees serveradministratorsfrom

manuallyprovisioningvirtualizationinfrastructureandallows

largenumbersof virtual machinestobedeployedeasily in cloud

environments.

Businesses useKVMbecauseof thefollowingadvantages.

Highperformance-KVMisengineeredtomanagehigh-demanding

applicationsseamlessly. All guestoperatingsystems inheritthe

highperformanceof thehostoperatingsystem— Linux. TheKVM

hypervisoralsoallows virtualization tobeperformedas closeas

possibletotheserverhardware, whichfurtherreduces process

latency.

Security-Virtual machines runningonKVMenjoysecurityfeatures

nativetotheLinuxoperatingsystem,including
 Security-EnhancedLinux(SELinux).Thisensures thatall virtual

environments strictlyadheretotheirrespectivesecurity

boundariestostrengthendata privacyandgovernance.

Stability-KVMhas beenwidely usedin businessapplications formore

than adecade. It enjoysexcellentsupportfromathriving

open-sourcecommunity.ThesourcecodethatpowersKVMis

matureandprovides astablefoundationforenterprise

applications.

Costefficiency-KVMisfreeandopen source,which means

businessesdonothavetopay additional licensingfeestohost

virtual machines.

Flexibility-KVMprovidesbusinessesmanyoptionsduring

installations,as itworks withvarioushardwaresetups.Server

administratorscan efficientlyallocateadditional CPU,storage,or

memory toavirtual machinewithKVM.KVMalsosupportsthin

provisioning,which onlyprovidestheresourcestothevirtual

machinewhen needed.

Xen
xenis anopen-sourcehypervisorusedforvirtualization. Itisknownfor

itsefficiency,scalability, androbustness. Originallydevelopedatthe

University of Cambridge,Xenhasbecomea popularchoicefor

virtualizationinbothenterpriseandcloudcomputingenvironments.

Herearesomekey features andcharacteristicsof Xen:

Para-virtualization: Xen initially introducedpara-virtualization,a

techniquewheretheguest operatingsystemsaremodifiedtobe

awareofthehypervisor. Thisallows formoreefficient

communication betweentheguestOSandthehypervisor,

resultinginbetterperformancecomparedtofull virtualization

techniques.

Hardware-assistedVirtualization: Xen alsosupports

hardware-assistedvirtualizationtechnologies such asIntel VT-x

andAMD-V.Withhardwaresupport,Xen can rununmodified

guest operating systems,providinggreater flexibility and

compatibility.

ResourceIsolationandManagement: Xen provides strong isolation

between guestdomains,ensuringthatactivitieswithinone

domain donot impactothers. It alsooffersadvancedresource

management features,allowingadministratorstoallocateCPU,

memory, andother resourcestodifferentdomainsbasedon their

requirements.
 LiveMigration: Xensupports livemigration,allowingrunningvirtual

machines tobemovedbetween physical hosts withoutdisrupting

serviceavailability. Thisfeatureisessential forworkload

balancing,hardwaremaintenance,anddisasterrecovery.

CommunityandEcosystem: Xenhasavibrant communityof

developersanduserswhocontributetoitsdevelopmentand

maintenance. Itisalsosupportedbyvariousvendorsand

organizations, including Citrix, AmazonWebServices(AWS),and

others.

CloudIntegration: Xenis widelyusedincloudcomputingplatforms

andInfrastructure-as-a-Service(IaaS) offerings. Itprovidesthe

foundationfor virtual machinedeploymentandmanagementin

cloudenvironments, offeringscalability, reliability, and

performance.

VMware
VMwarehypervisorrefers to VMware's suiteof virtualization products,particularly

VMwarevSphere Hypervisor, formerlyknownas VMware ESXi. VMwareis a

leading provider of virtualization and cloud computing solutions,and itshypervisor

is oneof themost widely used in enterprise environments.

Herearesome key featuresand characteristics of VMwarehypervisor(vSphere

Hypervisor):

Type-1 Hypervisor: VMwarevSphere Hypervisoris a type-1 hypervisor,alsoknown

as a bare-metal hypervisor. It runs directlyon the physical hardware of theserver

withouttheneed for aseparateoperating system. This architectureprovides

betterperformance and resourceutilization compared totype-2 hypervisors.

High Performance:VMware hypervisoris optimized forperformance and

scalability,allowing organizations torundemanding workloads and applications

with minimaloverhead. Itprovides efficient resource allocation,memory

management,and I/O handling to maximizesystem performance.

vSpherePlatform:VMwarevSphere Hypervisor is part of thebroaderVMware

vSphereplatform,which includes additional features and components for

virtualization management, such as VMwarevCenterServer,VMwarevSphere

Client,and VMware vSphereWeb Client. These tools provide centralized

management,monitoring,and automation of virtualized environments.

Hardware Compatibility: VMwarehypervisorsupports a wide rangeof hardware

configurations,making it suitable for deploymentin various IT environments,from

small businesses tolargeenterprises. It is compatiblewithservers from leading

hardware vendors, including Dell,HP,Cisco, and others.

Virtual Machine Management: VMware hypervisor allows administrators to create,

deploy, and managevirtualmachines (VMs) with ease. Itoffers features such as

livemigration (vMotion), high availability (HA),distributed resource scheduler

(DRS),and fault tolerance (FT) to ensuretheavailability and performanceof

virtualized workloads.

Security: VMwarehypervisor includes built-in security features toprotect

virtualized environments from threats and vulnerabilities. Itprovides features such

as secure boot,virtualTPM (Trusted Platform Module),vSphereSecurity Modules,

and vSphere Encryptiontosafeguard virtual machines and data.

Ecosystem: VMwarehas a vast ecosystem of partners,vendors,and third-party

developers that offer complementary products and solutions forVMware

hypervisor deployments. This ecosystem includes software vendors,hardware

manufacturers,serviceproviders,and consultants who specializein VMware

technologies.

Overall, VMwarehypervisor (vSphereHypervisor) is a powerfuland feature-rich

virtualization platform thatenables organizationstoconsolidate servers,improve

resourceutilization, enhance scalability,and streamlineIT operations. Its

comprehensivesetof features,performance optimizations,and ecosystem

support makeit a popularchoice for virtualization in enterpriseenvironments.

Containerization

Containerization is a lightweight formof virtualization thatallows applicationsand

theirdependencies to be packaged togetherand run in isolated environments

called containers. Unliketraditionalvirtual machines (VMs),which virtualize the

entireoperating system, containers virtualizetheoperating systemat the

application level. This approachprovides several benefits for software

development, deployment,and management:

Portability:Containers encapsulateapplications and their dependencies,

making themhighly portable across different computing environments,

such as developmentlaptops,data centers,and cloud platforms. This

portability streamlines the process of deploying and scaling applications

acrossdiverse infrastructure environments.

Isolation: Each containerprovides a self-contained and isolated runtime

environmentfor anapplication. Containers sharetheunderlying host

operating systemkernel but remain isolated fromeach other,ensuring that

applications donotinterferewith oneanotherand providing a level of

security and stability.

Efficiency: Containers are lightweightand haveminimal overhead compared to

traditional VMs. They share the host operating systemkerneland only

include the necessary libraries and dependencies required torun the

application,resulting in faster startup times,efficient resource utilization,

and higherdensity of application instances on a singlehost.

 Consistency: Containers ensureconsistency between development,testing,

and productionenvironments by packaging applications and

dependencies intoa standardized format. This eliminates the "it works on

my machine"problemand helps ensurethatapplications behave

consistently across differentstages of thesoftwaredevelopmentlifecycle.

Scalability: Container orchestration platformssuch as Kubernetes enable

automated deployment, scaling,and management of containerized

applications. By leveraging containerorchestration, organizations can

easily scaletheir applicationsbased on demand,deployupdates

seamlessly,and maintain high availability and reliability.

MicroservicesArchitecture: Containerizationaligns well with the microservices

architecturalpattern,where applications arecomposed of small,

independently deployableservices. Each servicecan bepackaged and

deployed in its owncontainer,allowing for modular development,

deployment, and scalability of complexdistributed systems.

Popularcontainerizationtechnologiesinclude:

Docker: Docker isoneof the mostwidelyadopted containerization platforms,

providing tools for building,packaging,and running containers.

Kubernetes: Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform for

 automating thedeployment,scaling,and management of containerized

applications.

Containerd: Containerd is an industry-standard containerruntimethatprovides

corecontainerization functionality,used by platforms like Dockerand

Kubernetes.

WhatisDocker?
Dockeris a standard Platform as a Service (PAAS) that developers use to develop,

test,and deploy applications by using containers. It is anopen-sourceplatform

thatenables youtodisconnect your application fromthesysteminfrastructureand

runon the OS-level virtualenvironment. Dockerhas becomea standalone,

self-sufficient containermanagementplatform thatdevelopers blindly rely on to

handletheir complex containerization requirements.

It uses a REST API running in thebackground to managerequests and perform

operations,a process called theDockerdaemon (ordockerd).

FYI,the Dockerdaemon is single-handedly responsiblefor managing all the

containers on asingle host,including Docker images,networks,containers,and

storage.

HowDoesDocker Work?

Theheavy lifting for every Docker client is doneby thedaemon. Let me explain.

Dockerruns on client-serverarchitecture, whichmeans theclientinteracts with the

daemon to initiate creating,testing, and deploying containers. TheDocker client

can eitherrun on thesameOS with thedaemon or access itremotely. The

connection happens through CLI or REST APIs over aUNIX socketornetwork

interface.

What is Podman?

Podman is a container management toolthathas recently sprung out in the market.

Aproductof RedHat, Podman isan open-source,Linux-based tooluseful in

developing,managing,and running containers as per the Open Container Initiative

(OCI) standards. Itis oftenlabeled asuser-friendly and is the defaultcontainer

engineforRedHat 8 and CentOS 8.