PROCESS
1. Vocabulary and grammar
Vocabulary - Sequencing language
The proficient use of sequencing language - sequence description language - is
extremely important. The ability to use the language well will have a great effect in
improving not only the coherence & cohesion criteria but also the lexical resources
criteria.
The sequencing language used with the Process form is divided into 2 main types:
Type 1: Describe the before – after relationship:
• First(ly) – Then – Next -....- Final(ly)
- At the first stage of the paper-recycling process, recycled paper is collected.
- Then, some water is added and the mixture is left for an hour.
- Finally, the new paper is left to dry in a warm place for at least 24 hours.
• After/Before
- Some water is added and the mixture is soaked for an hour. After that, the mixture
is beaten for about 45 seconds until a pulp is formed.
- After being soaked for an hour, the mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds until a
pulp is formed.
- Before being beaten for about 45 seconds to form a pulp, the mixture is left for an
hour.
- The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards
Notes: afterwards (adv) can only be used at the end of the sentence and have the
same meaning as ‘after that’.
• Following/Followed by:
- The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards. At the
following stage, the pulp is poured into a shallow tray and some water is also added.
It is then mixed by hand.
- At the following stage, the pulp is poured into a shallow tray and some water is also
added. This is followed by a hand-mixing process.
Notes: ‘followed by’ can only be used with a noun behind.
• Once:
- The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards. Once
it is ready, the pulp is poured into a shallow tray.
• Subsequent/Subsequently:
- The mixture is soaked for an hour. Subsequently, the mixture is beaten for about 45
seconds until a pulp is formed.
- The mixture is soaked for an hour and is subsequently beaten for about 45 seconds
until a pulp is formed.
- At the subsequent stage of the process, the mixture is soaked for an hour
Type 2: Describe the simultaneous relationship:
• During:
- During its entire life cycle, salmon have lived in both freshwater and saltwater.
• Thereby:
- The rolling pin is used to atten the pulp, thereby forcing out any excessive water.
• While/at the same time:
- While the mixture of sand and soda is being heated, some other chemicals are
added to create various colors.
- The mixture of sand and soda is heated. At the same time, some other chemicals
are added to create various colors.
- Sand and soda are mixed and heated at the same time.
Grammar:
• Tenses: Depend on the task, mostly Present Simple
• Grammar structure: Passive Voice
2. Structure
• Introduction: same as other task 1 graph
• Overview:
Step 1: General process review
Example
The diagram below shows the process of waste paper recycling.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Define the number of steps/phases and the order. There are 6 steps in the above
process:
• Step 1: Waste paper collection
• Step 2: Sorting by hand
• Step 3: Transportation
• Step 4: Cleaning
• Step 5: De-inking
• Step 6: Paper making machine
Step 2: Detailed analysis and information synthesis (tổng hợp thông tin)
Overview:
- Show the number of steps
- Starting point of the process (start/begin/commence with)
- Ending point of the process (end with/culminating in)
Body: Splitting paragraphs based on the roles of the steps
• Body 1: describe the first three steps (collecting the paper resources)
• Body 2: describe the last three steps (recycling the paper)
Sample essay:
The diagram illustrates the process by which waste paper is recycled.
Overall, it can be seen the process involves six main stages, starting with the
collection of waste paper from various sources and ending with the reproduction of
usable paper.
The process of recycling used paper starts by collecting waste paper either from
public paper banks or from companies. This collected paper is then categorized by
hand according to its grade and during this process, unsuitable paper is removed. At
the following stage, sorted paper is delivered to a paper mill.
After being transported to the mill, the paper is then cleaned and turned into a pulp
mixture. Foreign matters such as staples are taken out during this cleaning process.
This is followed by another cleaning stage where ink and glue are removed. Finally,
the pulp is treated in a machine and the final product, usable paper, is made.
