QUESTION

Page 5 1. Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper

Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2015 0478 12

4 (a) Any one from:

− secure sockets layer

− encrypts data being transmitted
− use of https
− use public and private keys
[1]

(b) 1 mark for each number in the correct order, next to the correct stage.

Sequence
Stage
number

the encrypted data is then shared securely between the web browser and the
6
web server

the web browser attempts to connect to a web site which is secured by SSL (1)

the web server sends the web browser a copy of its SSL certificate 3

the web browser requests the web server to identify itself 2

the web server will then send back some form of acknowledgement to allow the
5
SSL encrypted session to begin

the web browser checks whether the SSL certificate is trustworthy; if it is then
4
the web browser sends a message back to the web server

[5]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

 Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2015 0478 12

5 (a) 1 mark per correctly placed tick

Received byte Byte transmitted correctly Byte transmitted incorrectly

11001000

01111100

01101001

[3]

(b) (i) byte number: 7

column number: 6
[2]

(ii) Any two from:

− letter “A”(byte 7) transmitted as odd parity (three 1s)

− column 6 has odd parity (seven 1s)
− intersection of byte 7 and column 6 indicates incorrect bit value
[2]

(c) 190
[1]

(d) Any one from:

− 2 bits interchanged (e.g. 1 → 0 and 0 → 1) that won’t change parity value

− even number of bits/digits are transposed
− If there are multiple errors in the same byte/column, that still produce the same parity bit,
the error will not be detected
[1]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

 Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2015 0478 12

6 (a) 1 mark per correct logic gate, correctly connected

C X

[5]

(b)

G C L Workspace X

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0
] 1 mark
0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0
] 1 mark
1 0 0 1

1 0 1 1
] 1 mark
1 1 0 1

1 1 1 0
] 1 mark

[4]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2015

QUESTION
Page 4 2.CambridgeMark Scheme
IGCSE – May/June 2016
Syllabus
0478
Paper
11

4 (a) (i) serial [1]

(ii) Any three from:

– automatically detects the hardware/installs drivers
– plug only goes in one way/can’t connect incorrectly
– supports different data transmission speeds/a range of data transmission speeds
– has become the industry standard/universally used
– backwards compatible (with earlier versions of USB ports) [3]

(iii) interrupt [1]

(b) 1 mark each use of printer, max 1 mark per printer.

inkjet printer – (small quantities of) documents

– photographs

3D printer – (physical) prototype (from CAD)

– (physical) model (from a blueprint) [2]

(c) 1 mark for naming printer + 1 mark for description + 1 mark for application

Laser printer

– uses toner/powder ink

– uses (positive and negative) charged drums // rotating drum
– uses static charge
– no moving head
– faster at printing
– high volume output/high speed
– producing flyers/leaflets/magazines [3]

This is an example, other types of printers can be credited.

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

 Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper
Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0478 11

5 (a) 1 mark for each correct gate, with correct source of input(s)

[6]

(b)
D S T Working Space X
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

4 marks for 8 correct X bits

3 marks for 6 correct X bits
2 marks for 4 correct X bits
1 mark for 2 correct X bits [4]

© Cambridge International Examinations 2016

0478/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2017
PUBLISHED
QUESTION 3.
Question Answer Marks

5(a) 1 mark per correct tick 3

corrupted not corrupted

during during
Received byte
transmission transmission
(9) (9)
10110100 9
01101101 9
10000001 9

5(b) Four from: 4

• Uses acknowledgement and time out
• Check performed on received data // error is detected by e.g. parity
check, check sum
• If error detected, request sent to resend data // negative
acknowledgment is used
• If no acknowledgement is sent that data is received // positive
acknowledgement is used
• Data is resent / Resend request repeated, till data is resent correctly «
• « or request times out // limit is reached

Question Answer Marks

6 1 mark for correct bus name and up to 2 further marks for appropriate 6
purpose.

Address (bus)
Two from:
• Carries / transports an address / location «
• « of the next item to be fetched
• Data travels one way (unidirectional)

Data (bus)
Two from:
• Carries / transports data / example of data ...
• « that is currently being processed // that will be / has been processed
• Data can travel in both directions (bidirectional)

Control (bus)
Two from:
• Carries / transports signals
• Control / directs the actions of the CPU / processor
• Can be either Unidirectional or Bidirectional

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QUESTION 4.
Question Answer Marks

7(a) 1 mark for correct arrow(s), one mark for correct description 6

OR

(Direction of data is) one way only // unidirectional

(Direction of data is both ways) at same time / simultaneously / concurrently

AND

(Direction of data is both ways) but at different times / not at the same time /
not simultaneously / not concurrently

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Question Answer Marks

7(b) 1 mark each use, must be different. 2

Simplex e.g.:
Microphone to computer
Sensor to computer
Computer to printer
Computer to speaker
Computer to monitor
Webcam to computer
Sending data to a device // sending data from a device

Duplex e.g.:
Telephone call
Voice over IP
Computer to printer (only award once)
Instant messaging
Broadband connections
Video conferencing
Sending data to and from devices e.g wireless technology
Computer to modem

7(c) 2 marks for IC, 2 marks for USB 4

IC
• parallel transmission // description of parallel
• for sending data internally

USB
• serial transmission // description of serial
• for sending data externally (to and from peripherals / between
devices)

Question Answer Marks

8(a) 2 marks for SSL, 2 marks for Firewall 4

SSL protocol
Two from:
• uses encryption
• encryption is asymmetric / symmetric / both
• makes use of (public and private) keys
• data is meaningless (without decryption key / if intercepted)

Firewall
Two from:
• helps prevent unauthorised access // helps prevent hacking
• checks that data meets criteria // identifies when data does not meet
criteria
• acts as a filter for (incoming and outgoing) data // blocks any
unacceptable data //allows acceptable data through

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 0478/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
QUESTION 5. PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

10(a) Any four from: 4

− Structure and presentation are defined using (mark-up) tags
− Structure and presentation dictate the appearance of the website
− Structure is used for layout
− Example of structure
− Presentation is used for formatting / style
− Example of formatting
− Separate file / CSS can be used for presentation content

10(b)(i) 1 mark for each correct part 2

− domain (name)
− file name/webpage name

10(b)(ii) Any two from: 2

− Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure // it is the access protocol // It is a protocol
− It means the website uses SSL/TLS
− It means data sent (to and from the webserver) is encrypted

10(c) Any two from e.g. : 2

− To store items that a customer has added to an online shopping basket
− To store a customer’s credit card details
− To store log-in details
− To track what product a customer browses // Track music preferences
− Targeted advertising // making recommendations
− Personalises/customises the experience
− Shows who are new and returning customers
− To speed up log-in times
− To speed up/allow single click purchases
− Improves the experience

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Question Answer Marks

10(d) Any four from: 4

− Prevents direct access to the webserver // Sits between user and webserver
− If an attack is launched it hits the proxy server instead // can be used to help prevent DDOS // help prevent
hacking of webserver
− Used to direct invalid traffic away from the webserver
− Traffic is examined by the proxy server // Filters traffic
− If traffic is valid the data from the webserver will be obtained by the user
− If traffic is invalid the request to obtain data is declined
− Can block requests from certain IP addresses

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 0478/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
QUESTION 6. PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

3 2 marks per issue from: 6

Phishing
– Legitimate looking emails sent to use
– When user clicks on attachment / link sent to fraudulent website
– Asked to reveal/designed to steal sensitive information

Pharming
– Malicious code loaded on user hard drive
– Will redirect URL requests to fraudulent website
– Asked to reveal/designed to steal sensitive information

Spam
– Junk / unwanted email
– Sent to large numbers of people
– Used for advertising / spreading malware
– Fills up mail boxes

Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) Received Byte Transmitted Transmitted 4

correctly incorrectly
(9) (9)
10001011 9
10101110 9
01011101 9
00100101 9

4(a)(ii) One from: 1

– ARQ
– Check Sum

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0478/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
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Question Answer Marks

4(b)(i) – Multiple bits / byte(s) sent at the same time 2

– Using multiple wires

4(b)(ii) Any one from e.g.: 1

– Integrated Circuits
– Any appropriate CPU buses
– Any suitable device connection that uses parallel

4(b)(iii) Two from: 2

– Bits remain synchronised
– reducing data errors

– Only single wire is required

– more cost effective to install/manufacture

4(c)(i) – Encrypted text is meaningless 2

– Need the key to decrypt the text

4(c)(ii) – Increase length / more bits used for key 2

– will generate more possibilities for key / less chance of decryption by brute force method

Question Answer Marks

5(a) (0)1101011 1

5(b) 000 100101100 2

1 mark for three leading zeros, 1 mark for correct binary number

5(c) B3 2
1 mark for each correct character

6(a) Any two from: 2

– A signal sent from a device / software
– Requests processor time // Processor stops to service interrupt
– Interrupts have different priorities

© UCLES 2018 Page 6 of 12

 0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2020
QUESTION 7. PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

7(a)(i) − 12 (ignore leading zeros) 1

7(a)(ii) − 198 (ignore leading zeros) 1

7(a)(iii) − 1217 1

7(b) One mark per each correct hex value in correct order 3
− 0E9

Question Answer Marks

8(a) Any three from: 3

− It is a universal standard
− It can’t be inserted the wrong way around
− Supports different transmission speeds
− Automatically detects if correct driver installed

8(b) Two marks for benefits, one mark for drawback 3

Benefits:
− Faster speed of printing
− Can print duplex / on both sides
− Many letters can be printed from one toner cartridge
− Can print in high volumes
Drawback
− Toner cartridge more expensive to buy
− More time to warm-up
− Larger footprint

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Question Answer Marks

8(c)(i) Any two from: 2

− Paper jam
− Out of paper
− Out of toner/ink
− Buffer full
− Awaiting input
− Print complete
− Printer ready

Award any other valid example

8(c)(ii) Any one from: 1

− Operating system
− Interrupt handler
− Interrupt service routine

Question Answer Marks

9(a) 6
HDD SSD
Statement
() ()

It has a limited number of read/write cycles 

It uses magnetic properties to store data 

It has moving parts 

It is non-volatile storage  

It can be used as an external storage device to back-up data  

It uses flash memory to store data 

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 0478/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2020
QUESTION 8. PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

9 − 1 4
− 0
− 1
− 1

Question Answer Marks

10(a) Any four from: 4

− Example of spyware e.g. Keylogger is used
− Spyware is downloaded without knowledge (by example)
− Spyware records key presses / screen clicks / screen activity
− Data is relayed back to third party
− Data is analysed // Patterns in data could reveal log-in details …
− … details can then be used to log into the laptop (remotely)

10(b) − Biometric device 1

− Two step authentication

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QUESTION
Page 8 9. Mark Scheme
Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2016
Syllabus
0478
Paper
11

9 Any six from:

– infrared / motion / pressure (sensor) // sensor detects movement/pressure

– signals/data sent (continuously) to microprocessor
– converted from analogue to digital (using ADC)
– microprocessor compares value with those stored in memory
– if sensor value does not match the stored value(s) …
– … signal sent to switch on the light
– … signal sent to keep the light on
– … light remains on for a period of time (30 seconds)
– if sensor value matches the stored value(s) …
– … light will remain off
– … will turn off after period of time (30 seconds)
– works in a continues loop [6]

10 (a) (i) 2 marks for 3 correct binary conversions, 1 mark for 2 correct binary conversions [2]

0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1

(ii) 1 mark for each correct hex value converted

1AF [3]

(b) 2 marks for working + 1 mark for correct answer

Working
– 1200 × 8 = 9600 (bytes)
– 9600/1024 or 9600/1000

Answer
– 9.4 or 9.6 kilobytes [3]

(c) Any one from:

MAC address

– Media Access Control (address)

– unique number that identifies a device (connected to the Internet)
– address is made up of manufacturer id + serial number of device
– address is allocated by the manufacturer

Any one from:

IP address

– Internet Protocol (address)

– location/address of a device on the Internet
– address is unique for given Internet session
– address is supplied when a device connects to the Internet
– address is allocated by the network [2]

© UCLES 2016
 0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November
QUESTION 10. PUBLISHED 2017
Question Answer Marks

3(b) Five from: 5

• Correct column headings / place holders by example
• Correctly place a 1 or a 0 for each column
• Identify the columns to be added
• Add together the (denary) values identified «
• « this will give a total which is the denary number/answer
• Answer is 10

Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) Method 1 Tick (9) Method 2 Tick (9) 2

Serial 9 Simplex
Parallel Half-duplex
Duplex 9

4(a)(ii) Any four from (Max 3 for serial): 4

• Serial has less/lower interference
• Serial is (more) reliable/accurate over distances
• In serial the bits won’t be skewed
• In serial it is easier to collate the bits together again after transmission

• Duplex transmits data in both directions at the same time

• simplex/half-duplex/remaining methods won’t allow read and write at same time

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Question Answer Marks

4(b) 1 mark for error checking method, 2 marks for description: 6

Checksum
• A value is calculated from the data // Description of calculation
• Value is transmitted with data
• Value is recalculated after transmission
• If the values match the data is (more likely to be) accurate

Parity check
• A parity bit is transmitted with each byte of data
• Odd or even (parity can be used)
• Counts / checks number of 1’s // counts / checks to see if 1’s are even // counts / checks to see if 1’s are odd
• (Each byte is) checked after transmission to see if it matches the odd/even parity used

Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)

• Uses acknowledgement and timeout
• When a device detects an error in data transmission it asks for the packet to be resent / no error detected, positive
acknowledgment sent
• The sending device resends the packet after the request to resend/ timeout received
• This process is continuous until the packet received is correct/until the ARQ limit is reached

Echo (check)
• Copy of data is sent back to sender
• Data is compared to see if it matches
• If it does not match error detected

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PUBLISHED 2017
Question Answer Marks

5(a) Any four from: 4

• Data / files
• Stored in a text file
• Downloaded to a user’s computer when a website is visited // webserver sends to web browser
• Stored on a user’s computer
• Stored by a browser
• Detected by the website when it is visited again

5(b) Any two from: e.g. 2

• To store personal information/data
• To store login details
• To save items in an online shopping basket
• To track/save internet surfing habits // to track website traffic
• To carry out targeted advertising
• To store payment details
• To customise a webpage // to store user preferences
• Store progress in online games/quizzes

Question Answer Marks

6 1 mark for each correct term, in this order: 4

• Interrupt
• Compiler
• ALU/Arithmetic and Logic Unit
• ARQ/Automatic repeat request

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 0478/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November 2018
QUESTION 11. PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

7(a) 1 mark for each correct answer: 2

• uses several/multiple wires
• transmits multiple bits at a time

7(b) Benefit 2
1 mark for:
• quicker/faster data transfer

Drawback
One from:
• More chance of data being skewed due to bits being sent simultaneously/out of order // less safe transmission as bits
are sent simultaneously/out of order
• More expensive as requires more/several/multiple wires
• More chance of interference as more/several/multiple wires are used (than can create crosstalk)

7(c) One from: 1

• Used in integrated circuits
• Used in RAM
• Used in connections to peripheral devices (e.g. printer)

Question Answer Marks

8 1 mark for each correct answer, in the given order: 6

• browser
• webpages
• Internet Service Provider (ISP)
• Internet
• protocol
• IP address

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Question Answer Marks

9 Five from: 5
• The data is sent to the microprocessor
• The analogue data is converted to digital (using ADC)
• The microprocessor compares the data to a stored value of 5 kg
– If the value is greater than 5 kg
– a counter is added to/incremented
• The process is continuous

Question Answer Marks

10 Four from: 4
• It performs a number of basic tasks, including controlling hardware/file handling (any other suitable examples)
• It allows the user to communicate with the computer using hardware // without it the user would not be able to
communicate with the computer using hardware
• It provides the user with a user interface // without it the user would not have a user interface to use
• PC’s are often used to perform many complex tasks at a time
– the OS is needed to handle this multitasking
– therefore, it provides the ability to handle interrupts

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 0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November 2018
QUESTION 12. PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

8 Four from: 4
• Used to attend to certain tasks/issues
• Used to make sure that vital tasks are dealt with immediately
• The interrupt/signal tells the CPU/processor (that its attention is required)
• A signal that can be sent from a device (attached to the computer)
• A signal that can be sent from software (installed on the computer)
• The interrupt will cause the OS/current process to pause
• The OS/CPU/ISR will service/handle the interrupt
• They have different levels of priority
• After the interrupt is serviced, the (previous) process is continued
• It enables multi-tasking to be carried out on a computer
• A valid example of an interrupt e.g. ‘out of paper’ message for a printer

Question Answer Marks

9(a)(i) Two from: 2

• Data is transmitted one bit at a time
• Data is transmitted using a single wire
• Bits arrive in order/sequence

9(a)(ii) Two from: 2

• Data is transmitted multiple bits at a time/simultaneously
• Data is transmitted using multiple wires
• Bits may arrive out of sequence/skewed (and are reordered)

9(a)(iii) 1 mark for each: 2

• Data is transmitted in both directions
• « at the same time/simultaneously

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Question Answer Marks

9(b) Maximum of three marks per error detection method. 9

1 mark for naming the method, 2 marks for describing it.
Parity (check)
• Odd or even parity can be used
• Bits are added together // 1 bits are counted
• Parity bit added (depending on parity set)
• Parity checked on receipt
• If parity bit is incorrect an error is detected

Checksum
• Calculation performed on data (to get the checksum)
• Checksum sent with data
• Checksum recalculated after transmission
• Comparison made between checksum before and checksum after transmission
• Error detected if checksums are different

Automatic repeat request (ARQ)

• Uses acknowledgement and timeout
• Request is sent (with data) requiring acknowledgement
• If no response/acknowledgment within certain time frame data package is resent
• When data received contains an error a request is sent (automatically) to resend the data
• The resend request is repeatedly sent until packet is received error free/limit is reached/acknowledgement received

Question Answer Marks

10 Five from: 5
• The sensor sends data to the microprocessor
• The analogue data is converted to digital (using ADC)
• The microprocessor compares the reading to the set range/stored values/stored data (6 to 8) «
– « If the reading is >8 or <6 / outside range «
o « the microprocessor sends a signal to output the alert
• The process is continuous/repeated

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 0478/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November 2018
QUESTION 13. PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

4(a) 1 mark for each correct conversion 3

01101010 11111111 00001000 10010011

4(b) • Computers use switches / logic gates 2

• Only uses 2 states / On or Off / 1 or 0

Question Answer Marks

5(a) • Bits sent one at a time 2

• Uses a single wire

5(b) USB / SATA / Wifi /PCI Express / Any appropriate serial device 1

5(c) • Data is transferred in two directions 2

• Data is sent in only one direction at a time

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Question Answer Marks

6 1 mark for method name, 1 mark for description e.g. 6

Backups
• Make a copy of the data
• Copy stored away from main computer
• Data can be restored from backup

Anti-virus
• Scans computer for viruses
• Software to detect/remove viruses
• Can prevent data being corrupted by viruses

Firewall
• Hardware or software that monitors network traffic
• To help prevent hackers gaining access / deleting data

Password/Biometrics
• To help protect files / computer from unauthorised access

Restricted access
• To stop users downloading/installing software that could harm

Verification
• Message e.g. to ask if definitely want to delete

Physical methods
• Locks/alarms/CCTV to alert/deter unauthorised access

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 0478/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November 2019
QUESTION 14. PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks

5(a) • Data is sent down a single wire « 4

• « one bit at a time
• Data is sent in both directions «
• « but only one direction at a time

5(b) One mark for correct byte 4

(Byte) 2 // 01010100

Three from:
• Added up / counted the 1s / 0s
• Even parity used // 3 bytes are even
• Byte 2 uses odd parity // 1 byte is odd

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Question Answer Marks

6(a)(i) One from: 1

• Code will run without the need of an interpreter
• (Object) Code is platform independent
• Source code not available / cannot be modified

6(a)(ii) One from: 1

• Source code not available / cannot be modified
• Comments, etc. not visible
• Future changes will require code to be recompiled

6(b)(i) One from: 1

• Protocol is HTTPS
• Padlock icon is locked
• Can view website certificate

6(b)(ii) Five from: 5

• Browser / client sends request to webserver to request identification
• Web server sends its digital / security certificate
• Browser authenticates certificate «
• « if authentic connection, is established
• Any data sent is encrypted «
• « using public and private keys

6(c) Four from: 4

• A type of software licence
• Free of charge
• Normally distributed without the source code
• Can legally share / copy
• Cannot legally modify code
• Cannot resell

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 0478/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November 2019
QUESTION 15. PUBLISHED

Question Answer Marks

10(a) Four from: 4

• Validation method
• Used to check data entry
• Digit is calculated from data // by example
• Digit is appended / added to data
• Digit is recalculated when data has been input
• Digits are compared
• If digits are different, error is detected // If digits match, no error is detected

10(b) Six from (maximum three marks per security method): 6

• Firewall «
• « Monitors the traffic
• « Blocks any traffic that doesn’t meet the criteria / rules

• (Strong) password // biometric «

• « Data cannot be accessed without the use of the password / bio data
• « Prevent brute force attacks

• Encryption «
• « Data will be scrambled
• « Key is required to decrypt the data
• « If data is stolen it will be meaningless

• Physical security methods «

• « The physical security will need to be overcome
• « This can help deter theft of the data

• Antispyware «
• « will remove any spyware from system
• « will prevent data being relayed to a third party

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Question Answer Marks

11(a) RAM 3
• To store the data / instructions / parts of OS that are currently in use
ROM
• To store the firmware / bootup instructions / BIOS
SSD
• To store files / software // by example

11(b) Two from: 2

• It is more durable // it has no moving parts
• It has a faster read / write / access speed
• It is more compact / light weight / smaller / portable
• It uses less energy // battery will last longer
• It is quieter
• Not affected by magnetic forces
• It runs at a cooler temperature
• Less latency // takes less time to warm up

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 0478/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November 2019
QUESTION 16. PUBLISHED

Question Answer Marks

5 One mark for each correct parity bit 3

Parity
bit
Register A 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

Register B 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

Register C 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Question Answer Marks

6(a) • Free software 1

6(b) • Freeware 1

6(c) • Shareware 1

6(d) • Plagiarism // Intellectual property theft 1

6(e) • Copyright 1

© UCLES 2019 Page 11 of 14

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