**Detailed Summary of "Methods of Data Collection" by SMS Kabir**
This chapter offers an in-depth look at various methods of data collection used in research, essential for
generating reliable and valid data to address research questions.
---
**1. Concept of Data Collection**
Data collection is the systematic process of gathering information for research purposes. It is crucial for
ensuring the integrity and validity of research findings. Proper planning, sampling, and instrument selection
are essential.
---
**2. Types of Data**
- **Qualitative Data**: Non-numerical, descriptive data gathered through open-ended methods like interviews
and focus groups. It captures emotions, behaviors, and experiences but is time-consuming and
non-generalizable.
- **Quantitative Data**: Numerical data that can be statistically analyzed. It uses structured methods such as
surveys, experiments, and standardized observations. It is more generalizable and cost-effective but may
lack depth.
---
**3. Primary Data Collection Methods**
- **Questionnaire Method**: Involves structured sets of questions. Types include open-ended, closed-ended,
dichotomous, and Likert-scale. Modes include face-to-face, paper-pencil, and online.
- **Interviews**:
- *Structured*: Fixed questions, suitable for comparison.
- *Semi-structured*: Some flexibility, combines structure with open discussion.
- *Unstructured*: Open, in-depth discussions without fixed questions.
- *Informal*: Casual, part of participant observation.
- **Focus Group Discussion (FGD)**: Guided group discussions that encourage participants to explore topics
in depth. Useful for understanding group dynamics and shared experiences.
- **Observation Method**: Involves systematically watching behaviors in natural or artificial settings. Can be
participant or non-participant.
- **Other Methods**: PRA, RRA, diaries, case studies, activity sampling, process analysis, link analysis, time
and motion studies, experimental methods, and statistical approaches.
---
**4. Secondary Data Collection**
Secondary data is collected from existing sources like books, journals, records, databases, and government
statistics. It is cost-effective and time-saving but may be outdated or less accurate.
**Advantages**:
- Easily accessible
- Less costly
- Useful for trend analysis
**Disadvantages**:
- Potential bias
- May not align with current study objectives
- Possible authenticity issues
---
**5. Mixed Methods Approach**
Combines qualitative and quantitative techniques to enhance research comprehensiveness. Ideal for
complex research questions. It improves data validity through triangulation but can be time and resource
intensive.
---
**6. Ethical Considerations in Data Collection**
- **Honesty and Objectivity**: Report data truthfully without fabrication.
- **Integrity and Carefulness**: Avoid errors and maintain thorough records.
- **Openness and Respect for Intellectual Property**: Share data and credit sources.
- **Confidentiality and Responsible Publication**: Protect subjects' privacy and avoid unnecessary
publication.
- **Mentoring and Social Responsibility**: Guide junior researchers and aim for social good.
- **Non-discrimination and Competence**: Uphold fairness and maintain expertise.
- **Human and Animal Rights**: Minimize harm and follow ethical protocols.
Ethical norms support collaboration, public trust, and the protection of participants, promoting the broader
goals of science and society.
---
This document is a comprehensive resource for understanding the theoretical and practical aspects of data
collection in research across disciplines.
