Chapter
Cardiovascular System:
Heart and Blood Vessels
ﺎ ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﳎﺎﻧﺎ= ﺗﺴﺘﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﳓﻠﻞ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻯ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻲ112 ﺃﺣﻴﺎء ﲨ ـ ـ ــﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸــﻌﺮﺍﻭﻱ.ﺩ
Cardiovascular (circulatory) system
Made up of:
1) The heart pumps blood through blood vessels.
2) The blood vessels through which the blood flows
Functions of the cardiovascular system:
1.Transport:
– For oxygen, carbon dioxide, & other waste products, nutrients & hormones.
It brings nutrients to cells & helps get rid of wastes.
Exchange of substances occurs through interstitial fluid.
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2.Protection:
– cells of immune system are transported to help protect body from infection
3.Regulation:
– maintains homeostasis of a variety of the body’s conditions.
Ex. pH balance, electrolyte levels
Lymphatic system
assists the cardiovascular system by collecting excess tissue fluid and returning it to blood.
When fluid enters the lymphatic vessels, it is called lymph
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ﺎ ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﳎﺎﻧﺎ= ﺗﺴﺘﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﳓﻠﻞ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻯ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻲ112 ﺃﺣﻴﺎء ﲨ ـ ـ ــﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸــﻌﺮﺍﻭﻱ.ﺩ
Blood vessels
Three types: arteries, veins, & capillaries.
Artery
Carries blood away from heart.
have the thickest walls
high blood pressure
carry oxygen rich blood except pulmonary arteries
Their walls have 3 layers:
– Endothelium the thin, inner epithelium.
2
– Middle layer thick smooth muscle & elastic tissue
elastic tissue (expand to absorb pressure & recoil)
– Outer layer connective tissue.
Arterioles: Small arteries. are barely visible to naked eye.
– Middle layer has mostly smooth muscle.
– When contracts constrict vessel reducing blood
flow raising blood pressure.
– When relaxed the vessel dilates increasing blood
flow reducing blood pressure.
– Arterioles branch into capillaries
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ﺎ ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﳎﺎﻧﺎ= ﺗﺴﺘﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﳓﻠﻞ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻯ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻲ112 ﺃﺣﻴﺎء ﲨ ـ ـ ــﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸــﻌﺮﺍﻭﻱ.ﺩ
Veins
move blood toward heart.
Returns blood to Heart
is usually under low pressure
carry oxygen poor blood except pulmonary veins
have valves:
– that keep the blood flowing in one direction. Capillaries
– allow blood to flow only toward heart when open Exchange of substances.
– prevent backward flow of blood when closed the smallest of the blood vessels.
Are microscopic vessels between arterioles & venules 3
Its wall of is thinner (weak) than that of artery
– so they can expand to hold more blood are made only of endothelium (a single layer)
– they store 70% of the blood Form capillary beds where gas, nutrient, & waste
exchange occurs.
– veins act as a blood reservoir
The structure of a capillary is adapted for exchange
– If blood is lost (hemorrhage), nervous system of materials
only certain capillaries are open at same time
causes veins to constrict to increase blood volume
Have precapillary sphincters which control blood
Venules: flow through capillary bed.
– are small veins that drain blood from capillaries & – When closed, blood instead flows through an
then join to form a vein arteriovenous shunt
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ﺎ ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﳎﺎﻧﺎ= ﺗﺴﺘﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﳓﻠﻞ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻯ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻲ112 ﺃﺣﻴﺎء ﲨ ـ ـ ــﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸــﻌﺮﺍﻭﻱ.ﺩ
Heart
Surrounded by a sac called the pericardium
– which secretes pericardial fluid for lubrication.
Internally, the septum divides heart into right & left sides.
– Right side pumps blood to the lungs Arteries & Veins Associated with Heart
– Left side pumps blood to the rest of body. – Vena cava & pulmonary trunk are
attached to right side
Consists of 4 chambers:
– The aorta & pulmonary veins are
– 2 upper atria (right atrium & left atrium) thin walled
attached to left side
– 2 lower ventricles (right & left) thick-walled
Heart valves: - 2 types
– walls of left ventricle are thicker than right ventricle
A) Atrioventricular (AV) Valve 4
because it must pump blood to the entire body
between atria & ventricles
– The walls of atria are thinner than ventricles.
on right side is called tricuspid valve
Located between lungs points toward left side.
on left side is called mitral valve
Consists mostly of myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue)
B) Semilunar valves
Muscle fibers are branched is a cone-shaped, muscular organ between ventricles & their vessels
connected by intercalated disks, which contain gap junctions. – Pulmonary semilunar valve
– These allow cells to contract in unison (simultaneously) lies between right ventricle &
pulmonary trunk.
Also connected by desmosomes
– a type of cell junction that prevents overstretching by – Aortic semilunar valve
holding adjacent cells together. lies between left ventricle & aorta
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ﺎ ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﳎﺎﻧﺎ= ﺗﺴﺘﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﳓﻠﻞ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻯ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻲ112 ﺃﺣﻴﺎء ﲨ ـ ـ ــﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸــﻌﺮﺍﻭﻱ.ﺩ
Blood flow through the heart.
1) superior vena cava & inferior vena cava carry O2 -poor
(CO2 -rich blood from body to right atrium.
2) then through right AV (tricuspid) valve into right ventricle.
3) right ventricle pumps blood through pulmonary valve into
pulmonary trunk (which branches into right & left
pulmonary arteries to lungs.
4) The pulmonary veins carry O2 -rich (CO2 -poor) blood from
lungs to left atrium.
5) then through left AV (bicuspid) valve into left ventricle.
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6) left ventricle pumps blood through aortic valve into aorta.
7) Aorta branches into smaller arteries to arterioles then to
capillaries to venules to veins and back to vena cava.
Oxygen-poor blood never mixes with oxygen-rich blood
The Heart’s Blood Supply (coronary circulation)
myocardium receives oxygen & nutrients from coronary
heart attack
arteries. (first branches off the aorta)
Coronary artery disease
Coronary arteries supply myocardium with blood
blockage in coronary arteries causes a
Coronary veins drain it empty into the right atrium. myocardial infarction
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ﺎ ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﳎﺎﻧﺎ= ﺗﺴﺘﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﳓﻠﻞ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻯ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻲ112 ﺃﺣﻴﺎء ﲨ ـ ـ ــﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸــﻌﺮﺍﻭﻱ.ﺩ
Two cardiovascular pathways (circuits)
A) The Pulmonary Circuit
circulates blood through lungs Exchange of Gases
Right atrium pumps deoxygenated blood into right ventricle
right ventricle pumps blood into pulmonary trunk.
pulmonary trunk splits into right & left pulmonary arteries, which go to lungs.
In lungs, pulmonary arteries branch into arterioles, which lead to capillaries.
(Where gas exchange occurs)
B) The Systemic circuit 6
Circulates blood through body tissues exchanges with interstitial Fluid
The left ventricle pumps blood into aorta, which gives off artery branches to all tissues of body.
Arteries branch into (eventually) arterioles, which lead to capillaries.
Capillaries lead to venules, which drain into veins, which lead to superior & inferior vena cavae.
Vena cavae empty into right atrium.
blood flows from aorta into an artery that supplies an organ then through veins back to one of vena cavae.
– Ex. Aorta > renal artery > kidney > renal vein > inferior vena cava.
the aorta the largest artery in systemic circuit receives blood from heart
the superior & inferior venae cavae the largest veins return blood to the heart.
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ﺎ ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﳎﺎﻧﺎ= ﺗﺴﺘﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﳓﻠﻞ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻯ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻲ112 ﺃﺣﻴﺎء ﲨ ـ ـ ــﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸــﻌﺮﺍﻭﻱ.ﺩ
Hepatic Portal System
Moves blood between capillary beds of digestive system & liver.
consists of hepatic portal vein & hepatic vein
Specialized for blood filtration
Hepatic portal vein brings nutrient-rich blood from digestive tract to liver.
– Liver synthesizes blood proteins from amino acids & stores glucose as glycogen.
– Liver also removes toxins & pathogens that enter blood through digestive system.
Blood is drained from liver into hepatic veins which drain into inferior vena cava
The cardiac cycle (heartbeat) 7
First two atria contract together at the same time
then two ventricles contract together at the same time then all chambers of heart relax.
heart contracts, or beats, about 70 times a minute on average in a healthy adult
There are two audible sounds: “lub-dub.”
– Lub: from closure of AV valves. when increasing pressure of blood inside a ventricle
– Dub: from closure of semilunar valves when the ventricles relax
Murmur: a swishing sound between “lub” and “dub” from regurgitation of blood (leaky valves)
blood to pass back into atria after AV valves have closed
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ﺎ ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﳎﺎﻧﺎ= ﺗﺴﺘﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﳓﻠﻞ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻯ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻲ112 ﺃﺣﻴﺎء ﲨ ـ ـ ــﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸــﻌﺮﺍﻭﻱ.ﺩ
Blood Pressure
the pressure that blood exerts against a blood vessel wall.
Caused by contraction of ventricles which propels blood through arteries.
Is highest in aorta (artery), right next to the heart
it gradually decreases as it flows through vessels in body.
decreases as it flows away from heart.
is very low in veins, so doesn’t contribute much to the movement of blood.
Is slowest in capillaries to increase exchange of gases, nutrients & wastes.
Measured with a sphygmomanometer, in brachial artery of arm.
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Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure
– the highest pressure – the lowest pressure
– when blood is ejected from heart – when ventricles relax.
when ventricle contract – the resting phase refers to
– the working phase refers to relaxation of heart chambers.
contraction of heart chambers
Average is 120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic).
– Hypertension high blood pressure.
– Hypotension low blood pressure
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ﺎ ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﳎﺎﻧﺎ= ﺗﺴﺘﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﳓﻠﻞ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻯ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻲ112 ﺃﺣﻴﺎء ﲨ ـ ـ ــﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸــﻌﺮﺍﻭﻱ.ﺩ
Pulse
– surge of blood into an artery causes the walls to stretch, & then recoil.
– Usually measured in the radial artery at wrist or carotid artery in neck.
– A measurement of the heart rate; averages 60–80 beats per minute.
– Venous return (returning venous blood to heart) is dependent on three additional factors:
Skeletal muscle pump (dependent on skeletal muscle contraction).
Respiratory pump (dependent on breathing). (Inhale & exhale)
Valves present in veins.
Internal (intrinsic) Control of Heartbeat
1) SA (sinoatrial) node (pacemaker): 9
– in in the upper of right atrium
– initiates the heartbeat by sending out an electrical signal
this causes atria to contract.
– it regulates heartbeat.
2) AV (atrioventricular) node:
– also in the base of right atrium.
– sends a signal down AV bundle & Purkinje fibers
– this causes ventricular contraction.
– These impulses travel through gap junctions in intercalated disks.
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ﺎ ﺃﺧﻄﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﳎﺎﻧﺎ= ﺗﺴﺘﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﳓﻠﻞ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻯ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻲ112 ﺃﺣﻴﺎء ﲨ ـ ـ ــﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸــﻌﺮﺍﻭﻱ.ﺩ
External (extrinsic) Control of Heartbeat
The cardiac control center in medulla oblongata in the brain increases or decreases heart rate depending on
body’s needs.
Some hormones (epinephrine & norepinephrine) increase heart rate.
An electrocardiogram (ECG)
is a recording of electrical changes that occur in myocardium during a cardiac cycle
Body fluids contain ions that conduct electrical currents.
Therefore, the electrical changes in the myocardium can be detected on skin’s surface.
P wave: the atria are about to contract.
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QRS ventricles are about to contract.
T wave occur as ventricular muscle fibers recover
Ventricular fibrillation: types of abnormalities can be detected by an ECG.
caused by uncoordinated, irregular electrical activity in ventricles
ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ع ﻏرف اﻟﻘﻠب
The atria pumps blood into ventricle right below it.
The ventricles pump blood into arteries (pulmonary artery & aorta)
– The thinner right ventricle pumps blood to lungs
ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
– The thicker left ventricle has a pump blood to the body
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