Problem 6: Determine the binary output of a 3-bit flash ADC
A 3-bit Flash ADC has 23=82^3 = 823=8 comparators. The comparator outputs are typically a
thermometer code, which is then converted to binary.
Given comparator output: 1111100
This resembles a thermometer code.
The transition from 1s to 0s happens after the fifth comparator.
This means the input voltage falls between the 5th and 6th reference level.
The corresponding binary output is 101101101 (5 in decimal).
Answer:
101\mathbf{101}101
Problem 7: Maximum conversion time of a 12-bit digital ramp ADC
A digital ramp ADC (also known as a counter-type ADC) converts an analog signal by
counting up until the digital output matches the input voltage.
The conversion time for an NNN-bit digital ramp ADC is given by:
Tmax=2NfclockT_{\text{max}} = \frac{2^N}{f_{\text{clock}}}Tmax=fclock2N
Given:
N=12N = 12N=12 (12-bit ADC)
fclock=2f_{\text{clock}} = 2fclock=2 MHz = 2×1062 \times 10^62×106 Hz
Tmax=2122×106T_{\text{max}} = \frac{2^{12}}{2 \times 10^6}Tmax=2×106212
=40962×106= \frac{4096}{2 \times 10^6}=2×1064096 =2.048 ms= 2.048 \text{ ms}=2.048 ms
Answer:
2.048 ms\mathbf{2.048 \text{ ms}}2.048 ms
Problem 8: Find the expression for RxR_xRx and CxC_xCx in an AC Bridge
An AC Bridge is balanced when the impedances satisfy:
Z1Z2=Z3Z4\frac{Z_1}{Z_2} = \frac{Z_3}{Z_4}Z2Z1=Z4Z3
From the circuit diagram, assume:
Z1=R1+jX1Z_1 = R_1 + jX_1Z1=R1+jX1
Z2=R2+jX2Z_2 = R_2 + jX_2Z2=R2+jX2
Z3=Rx+jXxZ_3 = R_x + jX_xZ3=Rx+jXx
Z4=R4+jX4Z_4 = R_4 + jX_4Z4=R4+jX4
At balance condition:
(R1+jX1)(R4+jX4)=(R2+jX2)(Rx+jXx)(R_1 + jX_1) (R_4 + jX_4) = (R_2 + jX_2) (R_x +
jX_x)(R1+jX1)(R4+jX4)=(R2+jX2)(Rx+jXx)
By equating real and imaginary parts separately:
The resistance equation: Rx=R1R4R2R_x = \frac{R_1 R_4}{R_2}Rx=R2R1R4
The reactance equation: Xx=X1R4R2X_x = \frac{X_1 R_4}{R_2}Xx=R2X1R4
For a capacitor: X=1ωCX = \frac{1}{\omega C}X=ωC1, so:
Cx=C2R2R4C_x = \frac{C_2 R_2}{R_4}Cx=R4C2R2
Answer:
Rx=R1R4R2,Cx=C2R2R4\mathbf{R_x = \frac{R_1 R_4}{R_2}, \quad C_x = \frac{C_2 R_2}
{R_4}}Rx=R2R1R4,Cx=R4C2R2
Final Answers
1. Binary output of 3-bit Flash ADC → 101
2. Maximum conversion time of 12-bit digital ramp ADC → 2.048 ms
3. Expression for RxR_xRx and CxC_xCx in AC Bridge →
Rx=R1R4R2,Cx=C2R2R4R_x = \frac{R_1 R_4}{R_2}, \quad C_x = \frac{C_2 R_2}
{R_4}Rx=R2R1R4,Cx=R4C2R2
This image contains another set of questions from the Ethiopian Institute of Technology
Mekelle (EiT-M) under the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering related to
instrumentation and control engineering.
I'll now solve each problem step by step.
Problem 1: Magnetic Tape Recording Instrument
Magnetic tape recording is a method of storing analog or digital signals on a magnetic tape using
magnetization.
How It Works:
1. Recording: A magnetic head induces a magnetic pattern on a moving tape based on the input
signal.
2. Storage: The tape holds the magnetized information.
3. Playback: The recorded signal is retrieved by passing the tape over a read head that converts
the magnetic field back into an electrical signal.
Factors Affecting Accuracy:
1. Tape Speed Variations: Fluctuations in speed cause signal distortion.
2. External Magnetic Interference: Nearby magnetic fields can corrupt recorded data.
3. Tape Wear & Quality: Aging or low-quality tape can degrade signals, reducing accuracy.
Problem 2: Ranking ADC Types
ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) types ranked from worst to best in terms of:
a. Resolution
1. Single-Slope Integrating (Worst)
2. Digital Ramp
3. Tracking
4. Successive Approximation
5. Dual-Slope Integrating
6. Flash (Best)
b. Speed
1. Dual-Slope Integrating (Slowest)
2. Single-Slope Integrating
3. Digital Ramp
4. Tracking
5. Successive Approximation
6. Flash (Fastest)
c. Slew Recovery (ability to recover after sudden changes)
1. Single-Slope Integrating (Worst)
2. Dual-Slope Integrating
3. Digital Ramp
4. Tracking
5. Successive Approximation
6. Flash (Best)
Problem 3: Seven-Segment Display vs. LCD
Seven-Segment Display
Uses LEDs to display numbers.
Common in calculators, clocks, and digital meters.
Power-hungry compared to LCD.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Uses liquid crystals to block or allow light.
Used in modern screens (phones, monitors).
Low power consumption compared to LEDs.
Main Difference: LCD is more energy-efficient and versatile, while a seven-segment display is
simpler but consumes more power.
Problem 4: Quarter Bridge Circuit Sensitivity
A quarter-bridge circuit is a Wheatstone bridge where only one arm has an active strain
gauge.
The output voltage:
Vo=Vs⋅F⋅EV_o = V_s \cdot F \cdot EVo=Vs⋅F⋅E
Where:
VoV_oVo = Output voltage
VsV_sVs = Supply voltage
FFF = Gauge factor
EEE = Strain
Sensitivity is given by:
S=VoE=Vs⋅FS = \frac{V_o}{E} = V_s \cdot FS=EVo=Vs⋅F
Thus, sensitivity is directly proportional to the supply voltage and gauge factor.
Problem 5: R-2R DAC Calculation
The R-2R Ladder DAC uses resistors arranged in a binary-weighted fashion to convert digital
signals to analog. The given circuit has a binary input combination.
The analog output voltage for an R-2R DAC is:
Vout=Vref×(b32+b24+b18+b016)V_{\text{out}} = V_{\text{ref}} \times \left(\frac{b_3}{2} + \frac{b_2}{4}
+ \frac{b_1}{8} + \frac{b_0}{16} \right)Vout=Vref×(2b3+4b2+8b1+16b0)
For a binary input of (1010):
Vout=Vref×(12+04+18+016)V_{\text{out}} = V_{\text{ref}} \times \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{0}{4} + \frac{1}
{8} + \frac{0}{16} \right)Vout=Vref×(21+40+81+160) Vout=Vref×(0.5+0+0.125+0)V_{\text{out}} = V_{\
text{ref}} \times \left(0.5 + 0 + 0.125 + 0 \right)Vout=Vref×(0.5+0+0.125+0) Vout=Vref×0.625V_{\
text{out}} = V_{\text{ref}} \times 0.625Vout=Vref×0.625
Thus, if Vref=5VV_{\text{ref}} = 5VVref=5V:
Vout=5×0.625=3.125VV_{\text{out}} = 5 \times 0.625 = 3.125VVout=5×0.625=3.125V
Final Answers
1. Magnetic Tape Factors: Tape speed, external interference, tape wear.
2. ADC Ranking:
o Resolution: Flash is best, Single-slope worst.
o Speed: Flash is fastest, Dual-slope is slowest.
o Slew Recovery: Flash is best, Single-slope is worst.
3. Seven-Segment vs LCD: LCD is energy-efficient, Seven-segment is simpler but uses more power.
4. Quarter Bridge Sensitivity: S=Vs⋅FS = V_s \cdot FS=Vs⋅F.
5. R-2R DAC Output (1010): 3.125V3.125V3.125V (for Vref=5VV_{\text{ref}} = 5VVref=5V).
