! "Syntax: value!

Factorial. Returns the factorial of a positive integer. For non-integers, ! = ?(x +

1). This calculates the Gamma function.

Example: 6! returns 720

"
% "Syntax: %(x, y)

x percent of y. Returns (x/100)*y.

Example: %(20,50) returns 10

"
%CHANGE "Syntax: %CHANGE(x, y)
Percent change from x to y. Returns 100*(y-x)/x.
%CHANGE(20,50) returns 150
"
%TOTAL "Syntax: %TOTAL(x, y)
Percent total; the percentage of x that is y. Returns 100*y/x.
%TOTAL(20,50) returns 250.
"
( "Parentheses.
Inserts a pair of parentheses.
"
* "Syntax: Object1�Object2
Multiplication.
Returns the result of multiplying Object1 and Object2. The objects may be numerical
values or expressions that return numerical results. The objects may also be lists
or matrices of appropriate dimensions.

Example: 3*2 returns 6

"
+ "Syntax: Object1 + Object2
Addition.
Returns the result of adding Object2 to Object 1. The objects may be numerical
values or expressions that return numerical results. The objects may also be lists
or matrices of appropriate dimensions.

Example: 3+2 returns 5

"
- "Syntax: Object1 - Object2
Subtraction.
Returns the result of subtracting Object2 from Object 1. The objects may be
numerical values or expressions that return numerical results. The objects may also
be lists or matrices of appropriate dimensions.

Example: 3-2 returns 1

"
.* "Syntax: .*(Lst||Mtrx,Lst||Mtrx)

Performs an element-by-element multiplication of 2 lists or 2 matrices.

Example: [[1,2],[3,4]] .* [[3,4],[5,6]] returns [[3,8],[15,24]]

"
.+ "Syntax: matrix .+ real/complex or real/complex .+ matrix

Adds the real/complex to each element of the matrix

Example: [1,2].+3 returns [4,5]

"
.- "Syntax: matrix .- real/complex or real/complex .- matrix

Substract the real/complex to each element of the matrix (or the reverce as
appropriate)

Example: [3,4].-2 returns [1,2]

"
./ "Syntax: ./(Lst||Mtrx,Lst||Mtrx)

Performs an element-by-element division of 2 lists or 2 matrices.

Example: [[1,2],[3,4]] ./ [[3,4],[5,6]] returns [[1/3,1/2],[3/5,2/3]]

"
.^ "Syntax: .^(Mtrx,Intg(n))

Calculates the power of each element of the matrix.

Example: [[1,2],[3,4]] .^ 3 returns [[1,8],[27,64]]

"
/ "Syntax: Object1/Object2
Division.
Returns the result of dividing Object1 by Object2. The objects may be numerical
values or expressions that return numerical results. The objects may also be lists
or matrices of appropriate dimensions.

Example: 3�2 returns 1.5

"
:= "Syntax: variable := object
Assigns object to variable.
Examples:
A := 3 stores the value 3 in the variable A
F1 := 3-X makes F1(X)=3-X
M5 := [1, 2] stores a vector in M5

"
< "Syntax: Value1 < Value2
<: Less than or equal to.
Tests whether or not Value1 is less than Value2. Returns 1 if true, 0 if false.

Example: 2 ? 1 returns 0
"
<= "Syntax: Value1 ? Value2
?: Less than or equal to.
Tests whether or not Value1 is less than Value 2. Returns 1 if true, 0 if false.

Example: 2 ? 1 returns 0

Alternative: <=
"
<> "Syntax: Value1 ? Value2
?: Not equal to.
Tests if Value1 is not equal to Value 2. Returns 1 if true, 0 if false.

Example: 3 ? 5 returns 1

Alternatives: <>
"
= "Syntax: Value1 == Value2
==: equal to.
Tests is Value1=Value2. Returns 1 if true, 0 if false.

Example: 3==2 returns 0

"
== "Syntax: Value1 == Value2
==: equal to.
Tests is Value1=Value2. Returns 1 if true, 0 if false.

Example: 3==2 returns 0

"
> "Syntax: Value1 > Value2
>: Greater than.
Tests whether or not Value1 is greater than Value 2. Returns 1 if true, 0 if false.

Example: 2 > 1 returns 1

"
>= "Syntax: Value1 ? Value2
?: Greater than or equal to.
Tests whether or not Value 1 is either greater than or equal to Value2. Returns 1
if true, 0 if false.

Example: 3 ? 4 returns 0

Alternative: >=
"
^ "Syntax: Value1^Value2
Exponentiation.
Returns the result of raising Value1 to the power of Value2.

Example: 2^3 returns 8

"
` "Syntax: QUOTE(expression)

Returns the expression unchanged and un-evaluated.

This function is mostly used with the STO? command in order to store a function in
a function variable. For example if you want to store SIN(X) in F1.you cannot do
SIN(X)?F1 as SIN(X) would be evaluated and a numerical result would be stored into
F1. QUOTE(SIN(X))?F1 will store SIN(X) in F1.
"
a2q "Syntax: a2q(Mtrx,VectVar)

a2q(A,X)=the quadratic form q associated to A, X=vector of variables.

Example: a2q([[1,2],[4,4]],[x,y]) returns x^2+6*x*y+4*y^2

"
abcuv "Syntax: abcuv(Polya,Polyb,Polyc,[Var])

Returns [u,v] suchthat au+bv=c for 3 polynomials a, b, and c.

Example: abcuv(x^2+2*x+1,x^2-1,x+1) returns [1/2,-1/2]
"
about "Syntax: about(Var(a))

Returns the hypothesis made with assume on the variable a.

Example: about(n) returns n

"
ABS "Syntax: ABS(expr) or ABS(matrix)

For numerical arguments, returns the absolute value of the expression. For matrix
arguments, returns the returns the Frobenius (Euclidean) norm of the array.

Example: ABS(-3.14) returns 3.14 and ABS([[1,2],[3,4]]) returns 5.47722557505

"
abscissa "Syntax: abscissa(Pnt or Vect)

Returns the abscissa of a point or a vector.

Example: abscissa(point(1+2*i)) returns 1

"
ACOS "Syntax: ACOS(Value)
ACOS: the inverse cosine function.
This Shift-key combination returns the inverse cosine of Value. The output depends
on the Angle Measure setting.

Example: ACOS(-1) returns 3.14159265359

"
acos2asin "Syntax: acos2asin(Expr)

Replaces arccos(x) by ?/2-arcsin(x) in the argument Expr.

Example: acos2asin(acos(x)+asin(x)) returns ?/2-asin(x)+asin(x)

"
acos2atan "Syntax: acos2atan(Expr)

Replaces arccos(x) by ?/2-arctan(x/?(1-x^2)) in the argument.

Example: acos2atan(2*acos(x)) returns 2*(?/2-atan(x/(?(1-x^2))))

"
ACOSH "Syntax: ACOSH(value)

Inverse hyperbolic cosine.

Example: ACOSH(1.54308063482) returns 1

"
ACOT "Syntax: ACOT(value)

Arc cotangent. The function derived from the inverse of the Cotangent function.

Example: ACOT(1) returns 45 in degree mode

"
ACSC "Syntax: ACSC(value)

Arc cosecant. The function derived from the inverse of the Cosecant function.

Example: ACSC(1) returns 90 in degree mode

"
ADDCOL "Syntax: ADDCOL(matrixname, vector, column_number)
Add Column. Inserts values from vector into a column before column_number in the
specified matrix. The size of vector must be the same as the number of rows in the
matrix matrixname.

"
additionally "Syntax: additionally(Expr)

Make an additional assumption about a variable.

Example: assume(n,integer);additionally(n>5) returns DOM_INT,n

"
ADDROW "Syntax: ADDROW(matrixname, vector, row_number)
Add Row. Inserts values from vector into a row before row_number in the specified
matrix. The size of vector must be the same as the number of columns in the matrix
matrixname.
"
affix "Syntax: affix(Point) or affix(Vector)

Returns the coordinates of a point or both the x- and y-lengths of a vector as a

complex number.

Examplea:
affix(point(3,2)) returns 3+2*i
if GA is a point at (1, -2), then affix(GA) returns 1-2*i.

"
algvar "Syntax: algvar(Expr)

List of the variables by ascending algebraic extension order.

Example: algvar(?x+y) returns [[y],[x]]

"
ALOG "Syntax: ALOG(value)

The common antilogarithm. This is more accurate than 10^x due to limitations of the
power function.

Example: ALOG(2) returns 100

"
alog10 "Syntax: alog10(Expr)

Function x->10^x.

Example: alog10(3) returns 1000

"
altitude "Syntax: altitude(point1, point2, point3)

Given three non-collinear points, draws the altitude of the triangle defined by the
three points that passes through the first point. The triangle does not have to be
drawn.

Example: altitude(A, B, C) draws a line passing through point A that is

perpendicular to BC.

"
AND "Syntax: Value1 AND Value2
Logical AND.
Returns 1 if both value1 and value2 are non-zero; otherwise returns 0.

Example: 3 AND 2 returns 1

"
angle "Syntax: angle(Vertex, Point2, Point3)

Returns the measure of a directed angle. The first point is taken as the vertex of
the angle as the next two points in order give the measure and orientation.

Example: angle(GA, GB, GC) returns the measure of ?BAC

"
angleat "Syntax: angleat(Vertex, Point2, Point3, Point4)

Used in Symbolic view. Given the three points of an angle and a fourth point as a
location, displays the measure of the angle defined by the first three points, with
a label, at the location in the Plot view given by the fourth point. The first
point is the vertex of the angle.

Example: angleat(GA, GB, GC, point(0,0)) displays ?aA=? at the origin, followed by
the measure of ?BAC.
"
angleatraw "Syntax: angleatraw(Pnt(A)),Pnt(B),Pnt(C),(Pnt or Cplx(z0)))
angleatraw(A,B,C,z0) displays at point(z0), the value of the measure of the angle
(AB,AC).

"
Ans "Syntax: ANS
ANS: Last answer.
Returns the result of the last calculation made in Home view to its full precision.
The variable ANS is different from the numbers in Home's history. A value in ANS is
stored internally with the full precision of the calculated result, whereas the
displayed numbers match the display mode.

"
append "Syntax: append((Lst||Seq|| Set,Elem)

Append an element to a list.

Example: append([1,2,3],4) returns [1,2,3,4]
"
apply "Syntax: apply(Fnc(f),Lst(l))

Apply the function f at the elements of the list l (option matrix for a matrix).

Example: apply(x->x^3,[1,2,3]) returns [1,8,27]

"
approx "Syntax: approx(Expr,[Int])

Numerical evaluation of the first argument (we can give the number of digits as
second argument).
approx(expression) works also and does the same thing.

Example: approx(2/3) returns 0.666666666667

"
ARC "Syntax: ARC(G, x, y, r, [[?1, ?2],[color]])

Draws a circle on GROB G, centered at (x, y), with radius r. If ?1 and ?2 are
specified, draws an arc from ?1 to ?2 using the current angle mode.
"
ARC_P "Syntax: ARC_P(G, x, y, r, [[?1, ?2],[color]])

Draws a circle on GROB G, centered at (x, y), with radius r. If ?1 and ?2 are
specified, draws an arc from ?1 to ?2 using the current angle mode.
"
arcLen "Syntax: arcLen(Expr, Real1, Real2)

Returns the length of the arc of a curve between two points on the curve. The curve
is an expression, the independent variable is declared, and the two points are
defined by values of the independent variable.

This command can also accept a parametric definition of a curve. In this case, the
expression is a list of 2 expressions (the first for x and the second for y) in
terms of a third independent variable.

Examples:
arcLen(x^2, x, -2, 2) returns 9.29?.
arcLen({sin(t), cos(t)}, t, 0, ?/2) returns 1.57?

"
area "Syntax: area(Circle) or area(Polygon) or area(Expr, x=value1..value2)

Returns the area of a circle or polygon. Can also return the area under a curve
between two points.

Examples:
If GA is defined to be the unit circle, then area(GA) returns ?.
area(4-x^2/4, x=-4..4) returns 64/3 or 21.333?

"
areaat "Syntax: areaat(Polygon, Pnt||Cplx(z0))
Displays at point(z0), with a legend, algebraic area of a circle or of a (star)
polygon (e.g. triangle, square, ...).
"
areaatraw "Syntax: areaatraw(Polygon, Pnt||Cplx(z0))
Displays at point(z0), algebraic area of a circle or of a (star-)polygon (e.g.
triangle, square, ...).

"
ARG "Syntax: ARG(x+yi)

The ARG function finds the angle determined by a complex number.

Example: ARG(3+3i) returns 45 in degree mode.

"
ASC "Syntax: ASC(""string"")

Returns a vector containing the ASCII codes of string.

Example: ASC(""AB"") returns [65, 66]

"
ASEC "Syntax: ASEC(value)

Arc secant. The function derived from the inverse of the Secant function.

Example: ASEC(1) returns 0 in degree mode

"
ASIN "Syntax: ASIN(Value)
ASIN: the inverse sine function.
This Shift-key combination returns the inverse sine of Value. The output depends on
the Angle Measure setting.

Example: ASIN(1) returns 1.57079632679

"
asin2acos "Syntax: asin2acos(Expr)

Replaces arcsin(x) by ?/2-arccos(x) in the argument.

Example: asin2acos(acos(x)+asin(x)) returns ?/2-acos(x)+acos(x)

"
asin2atan "Syntax: asin2atan(Expr)

Replaces arcsin(x) by arctan(x/?(1-x^2)) in the argument.

Example: asin2atan(2*asin(x)) returns 2*atan(x/(?(1-x^2)))

"
ASINH "Syntax: ASINH(value)

Inverse hyperbolic sine.

Example: ASINH(1.17520119365) returns 1

"
assume "Syntax: assume(Expr)
Make an assumption on a variable.

Example: assume(a>0) returns a

"
ATAN "Syntax: ATAN(Value)
ATAN: the inverse tangent function.
This Shift-key combination returns the inverse tangent of Value. The output
depends on the Angle Measure setting.

Example: ATAN(0) returns 0

"
atan2acos "Syntax: atan2acos(Expr)

Replaces arctan(x) by ?/2-arccos(x/?(1+x^2)) in the argument.

Example: atan2acos(atan(2*x) returns ?/2-acos((2*x)/?(1+(2*x)^2))

"
atan2asin "Syntax: atan2asin(Expr)

Replaces arctan(x) by arcsin(x/?(1+x^2)) in the argument Expr.

Example: atan2asin(atan(y/x) returns asin((y/x)/?(1+(y/x)^2))

"
ATANH "Syntax: ATANH(value)

Inverse hyperbolic tangent.

Example: ATANH(.761594155956) returns 1

"
atrig2ln "Syntax: atrig2ln(Expr)

Rewrites the expression Expr containing inverse trigonometric functions with

equivalent logarithmic functions.

Example: atrig2ln(atan(x)) returns (i*ln((i+x)/(i-x)))/2

"
barycenter "Syntax: barycenter([Point1, Weight1], [Point2, Weight2],?,[Pointn,
Weightn])

Calculates the hypothetical center of mass of a set of points, each with a given
weight (a real number). Each point, weight pair is enclosed in square brackets as a
vector.

Example: barycenter([?3,1],[3,1],[4,2]) returns point(2,0)

"
basis "Syntax: basis(Lst(vector1,..,vectorn))
Extract a basis from a spanning set of vectors.

Example: basis([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9],[10,11,12]]) returns [[-3,0,3],[0,-3,-6]]

"
BEGIN "Syntax: BEGIN commands; END;
Defines a set of commands to be executed in a block.

Example Program SQM1

EXPORT SQM1(X)
BEGIN
RETURN X^2-1;
END;

This program defines a user function named SQM1(X). From the Home view, entering
SQM1(8) returns 63.

"
Beta "Syntax: Beta(Expr,Expr)

Returns Gamma(x)*Gamma(y)/Gamma(x+y).

Example: Beta(3,2) returns 1/12

"
BINOMIAL "Syntax: BINOMIAL(n, k, p)

Binomial probability density function. Computes the probability of k successes out

of n trials, each with a probability of success, p.
Returns Comb(n,k) if there is no third argument. Note that n and k are integers
with k=n.

Example: BINOMIAL(4, 2, 0.5) returns 0.375

"
BINOMIAL_CDF "Syntax: BINOMIAL_CDF(n, p, k)

Cumulative binomial distribution function. Returns the probability of k or fewer

successes out of n trials, with a probability of success, p for each trial. Note
that n and k are integers with k=n.

Example: BINOMIAL_CDF(4, 0.5, 2) returns 0.6875

"
BINOMIAL_ICDF "Syntax: BINOMIAL_ICDF(n, p, q)

Inverse cumulative binomial distribution function. Returns the number of successes,

k, out of n trials, each with a probability of p, such that the probability of k or
fewer successes is q.

Example: BINOMIAL_ICDF(4, 0.5, 0.6875) returns 2

"
bisector "Syntax: bisector(Point1, Point2, Point3)

Given three points, creates the bisector of the angle defined by the three points
whose vertex is at the first point. The angle does not have to be drawn in the Plot
view.

Examples:
bisector(GA, GB, GC) draws the bisector of ?BAC.
bisector(0,-4i,4) draws the line given by y=?x

"
BITAND "Syntax: BITAND(int1[, int2..,intn])
Bitwise logical AND. Takes n integers as input and returns their bitwise logical
AND.
Example: BITAND(20, 13) returns 4

"
BITNOT "Syntax: BITNOT(int)
Bitwise logical NOT. Takes one integer as input and returns its bitwise not.

"
BITOR "Syntax: BITOR(int1[, int2..,intn])
Bitwise logical OR. Takes n integers as input and returns their bitwise logical OR.
Example: BITOR(9, 26) returns 27

"
BITSL "Syntax: BITSL(int1[, int2])

Bitwise shift left. Takes one or two integers as input and returns the result of
shifting the bits in the first integer to the left by the number of places
indicated by the second integer. If there is no second integer, then the bits in
the first integer are shifted to the left one place.

Examples: BITSL(28, 2) returns 112

BITSL(5) returns 10

"
BITSR "Syntax: BITSR(int1[, int2])

Bitwise shift right. Takes one or two integers as input and returns the result of
shifting the bits in the first integer to the right by the number of places
indicated by the second integer. If there is no second integer, then the bits in
the first integer are shifted to the right one place.

Examples: BITSR(112, 2) returns 28

BITSR(10) returns 5

"
BITXOR "Syntax: BITXOR(int1[, int2..,intn])
Bitwise logical exclusive OR (XOR). Takes n integers as input and returns their
bitwise XOR.
Example: BITXOR(9, 26) returns 19

"
black "Syntax: ('display')=[color]

For example, suppose you have drawn a circle in the Geometry app. In Symbolic view,
the circle's definition might be GC:=circle(GA,GB-GA). If you wanted that circle to
be, say, red, you could modify that definition to read:

Example: GC:=circle(GA,GB-GA, ('display')=red)

"
BLIT "Syntax: BLIT([trgtG], [dx1, dy1], [dx2, dy2], srcG, [sx1, sy1], [sx2, sy2],
[c])
Copies the region of graphic srcG between point (sx1, sy1) and (sx2, sy2) into the
region of trgtG between points (dx1, dy1) and (dx2, dy2). Does not copy pixels from
srcG that are color c.

The defaults for the optional arguments are:

trgtG=G0
srcG=G0
sx1, sy1=srcGRB top left corner
sx2, sy2=srcGRB bottom right corner
dx1, dx2=trgtGRB top left corner
dx2, dy2=calculated so destination area is the same as source area
c=all pixel colors

"
BLIT_P "Syntax: BLIT_P([trgtG], [dx1, dy1], [dx2, dy2], srcG, [sx1, sy1],
[sx2, sy2], [c])
Copies the region of graphic srcG between point (sx1, sy1) and (sx2, sy2) into the
region of trgtG between points (dx1, dy1) and (dx2, dy2). Does not copy pixels from
srcG that are color c.

The defaults for the optional arguments are:

trgtG=G0
srcG=G0
sx1, sy1=srcGRB top left corner
sx2, sy2=srcGRB bottom right corner
dx1, dx2=trgtGRB top left corner
dx2, dy2=calculated so destination area is the same as source area
c=all pixel colors

"
blue "Syntax: ('display')=[color]

For example, suppose you have drawn a circle in the Geometry app. In Symbolic view,
the circle's definition might be GC:=circle(GA,GB-GA). If you wanted that circle to
be, say, red, you could modify that definition to read:

Example: GC:=circle(GA,GB-GA, ('display')=red)

"
bounded_function "Argument returned by limit. Indicates that the function is
bounded.

"
BREAK "Syntax: BREAK [n];

Exits from expression local loop structure.

Example:
FOR A FROM 1 TO 10 DO
B:= (A+3) MOD 5
IF B==1 THEN BREAK;
 END;
END;

If n is specified, allow to exit n loop structures.

"
breakpoint "Syntax: breakpoint(Intg)
Adds a breakpoint.

"
B?R "Syntax: B?R(#integer)

Transform an integer into a real number.

"
canonical_form "Syntax: canonical_form(Trinom(a*x^2+b*x+c),[Var])

Canonical form of a second degree polynomial.

Example: canonical_form(2*x^2-12*x+1) returns 2*(x-3)^2-17

"
CAS "Syntax: CAS(expression) or CAS.function(...) or CAS.variable[(...)]

Evalute an expression or variable using the CAS.

Note that outputs in numerical mode are transformed into strings or lists of
expressions for symbolic matrices.

"
CASE "Starts a ""CASE...END"" branch structure.
Syntax:

CASE
IF test1 THEN commands1 END
IF test2 THEN commands2 END
...
IF testN THEN commandsN END
[DEFAULT] [commandsD]
END;

Evaluates test1. If true, executes commands1 and ends the CASE. Otherwise,
evaluates test2. If true, executes commands2. Continues evaluating tests until a
true is found. If no true test is found, executes commandsD, if provided.

"
cat "Syntax: cat(SeqObj)

Evaluates the arguments, then concatenates them into a string.

Example: cat(""aaa"",c,12*3) returns ""aaac3""

"
CEILING "Syntax: CEILING(value)

Least integer greater than or equal to value.

Example: CEILING(3.2) returns 4 and CEILING(-3.2) returns -3
"
center "Syntax: center(Circle)

Returns the center of a circle

Example: center(circle(x^2+y2?x?y)) returns point(1/2,1/2)

"
cFactor "Syntax: cFactor(Expr)

Factorisation of the expression in C (on the Gauss integers if there are more than
2 variables).

Example: cFactor(x^2*y+y) returns (x+i)*(x-i)*y

"
CHAR "Syntax: CHAR(list or vector) or CHAR(integer)

Returns the string corresponding to the ASCII character codes in vector, or the
single character associated with integer.

Example: CHAR(65) returns ""A"" and CHAR({82, 77, 72}) returns ""RMH""
"
charpoly "Syntax: charpoly(Mtrx,[Var])

List of the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial of a matrix or

characteristic polynomial of a matrix with the second argument as variable.

Example: charpoly([[1,2],[3,4]]) returns poly1[1,-5,-2]

"
CHECK "Syntax: CHECK(n)
Checks (selects) the corresponding symbolic definition field in the current app.
The integer n must be between 0 and 9 for most apps. For Statistics 1-Var and
Statistics 2-Var apps, n must be between 1 and 5.

For example, CHECK(3) would check F3 if the current app is Function. Then a
checkmark would appear next to F3 in Symbolic view, F3 would be plotted in Plot
view, and evaluated in Numeric view.
"
chinrem "Syntax: chinrem([Lst||Expr,Lst||Expr],[Lst||Expr,Lst||Expr])

Chinese remainder for polynomials written as matrices.

Example: chinrem([[1,2,0],[1,0,1]],[[1,1,0],[1,1,1]]) returns [[2,2,1]

[1,1,2,1,1]].

"
CHISQUARE "Syntax: CHISQUARE(n, x)

Chi-square probability density function. Computes the probability density of the

Chi-squared distribution at x, given n degrees of freedom.

Example: CHISQUARE(2, 3.2) returns 0.100948258997

"
CHISQUARE_CDF "Syntax: CHISQUARE_CDF(n, k)

Cumulative ?� (Chi-squared) distribution function. Returns the lower-tail

probability of the ?� probability density function for the value x, given n degrees
of freedom.

Example: CHISQUARE_CDF(2, 6.1) returns 0.952641075609

"
CHISQUARE_ICDF "Syntax: CHISQUARE_ICDF(n, p)

Inverse cumulative ?� (Chi-squared) distribution function. Returns the value x such

that the ?� lower-tail probability of x, with n degrees of freedom, is p.

Example: CHISQUARE_ICDF(2, 0.952641075609) returns 6.1

"
cholesky "Syntax: cholesky(Mtrx)

For a numerical symmetric matrix A, returns L matrix such that A=L*tran(L).

Example: cholesky([[3,1],[1,4]]) returns [[3*?3/3,0],[?3/3,11/3*?33/11]]

"
CHOOSE "Syntax: CHOOSE(var, ?title?, ?item1?, ?item2?,[?""item14""]) or
CHOOSE(var,""title"",{""item1""...""itemN"")

Displays a choose box with the given title and containing items with the strings
""item1"", etc. If the user choose an object, var will be updated to contain the
number of the selected object (an integer, 1, 2, 3, ?); otherwise, stores zero in
var if the user exits without choosing.

Returns true (non zero) if the user selects an object, otherwise return false (0).
"
chrem "Syntax: chrem(LstIntg(a,b,c....),LstIntg(p,q,r,....))

Chinese remainders for integers.

Example: chrem([2,3],[7,5]) returns [-12,35]

"
Ci "Syntax: Ci(Expr)

Cosine integral int(cos(t)/t,t=-?..x).

Example: Ci(1.0) returns 0.337403922901

"
circle "Syntax:circle(Point1, Point2) or circle(Point1, Point 2-Point1) or
circle(equation)

Draws a circle, given the endpoints of the diameter, or a center and radius, or an
equation in x and y.

Examples:
circle(GA, GB) draws the circle with diameter AB.
circle(GA, GB-GA) draws the circle with center at point A and radius AB.
circle(x^2+y^2=1) draws the unit circle.
This command can also be used to draw a clockwise arc.
circle(GA, GB, 0, ?/2) draws a quarter-circle with diameter AB.

"
circumcircle "Syntax: circumcircle(Point1, Point2, Point3)

Draws the circumcircle of a triangle; that is, the circle circumscribed about a
triangle.

Example: circumcircle(GA, GB, GC) draws the circle circumscribed about ?ABC

"
coeff "Syntax: coeff(Expr,[Var], [Term])

Returns the list of coefficients of a polynomial with respect to the second

argument or the coefficient of the term whose degree is Term.

Examples:
coeff(x^3+2) returns [1,0,0,2]
coeff(2*y^2-3,y,0) returns -3

"
col "Syntax: col(Mtrx(A),Intg(n)||Interval(n1..n2))

Returns the column n or the sequence of the columns n1...n2 of the matrix A, or
optional argument of count,count_eq,count_inf,count_sup.

Example: col([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]],1) returns [2,5,8]

"
colDim "Syntax: coldim(Mtrx)

Number of columns of a matrix.

Example: coldim([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]) returns 3

"
collect "Syntax: collect(Expr or {Expr1, Expr2,...,Exprn})
Collects likes terms in a polynomial expression (or of a list of polynomial
expressions).

Example: collect(x+2*x+1-4) returns 3*x-3

"
COLNORM "Syntax: COLNORM(matrix)

Column Norm. Finds the maximum value (over all columns) of the sums of the absolute
values of all elements

Example: COLNORM([[1,2],[3,4]]) returns 6

"
COMB "Syntax: COMB(n, r)
Combinations. Returns the number of combinations (without regard to order) of n
things taken r at a time: n!/(r!(n-r))

Example: COMB(5,2) returns 10

"
comDenom "Syntax: comDenom(Expr,[Var(var)])

Returns the expression after reduction at the same denominator: the numerator and
the denominator are developed [according to the powers of the variable var].

Example: comDenom(1/x+1/y^2+1) returns (x*y^2+x+y^2)/(x*y^2)

"
common_perpendicular "Syntax: common_perpendicular(Line(D1),Line(D2))

Draws the common perpendicular of the lines D1 and D2.

"
companion "Syntax: companion(Poly,Var)

Companion matrix of a polynomial (an=1).

Example: companion(x^2+5x-7,x) returns [[0,7],[1,-5]]

"
compare "Syntax: compare(Obj(arg1),Obj(arg2))

Returns 1 if type(arg1)<type(arg2) or if type(arg1)=type(arg2) and arg1<arg2, else

returns 0.

Example: compare(1,2) returns 1

"
complexroot "Syntax: complexroot(Poly(P),Real(l),[Cplx(a)],[Cplx(b)])

Returns the list of the vertices of the squares (side<=l) containing roots of P
[inside the rectangle with opposed vertices a and b] with their mulitiplicity.

Example: complexroot(x^5-2*x^4+x^3+i,0.1) returns

[[[(-21-12*i)/32,(-18-9*i)/32],1],[[(6-15*i)/16,(-6-21*i)/(16-16*i)],1],
[[(27+18*i)/(16+16*i),(24-3*i)/16],1],[[(6+27*i)/(16+16*i),(9+6*i)/8],1],[[(-
15+6*i)/(16+16*i),(-3+12*i)/16],1]]

"
CONCAT "Syntax: CONCAT(value1, value2, [..value16])

Concatenation. Concatenates (joins) items into a list.

Example: CONCAT({1,2,3}, 4) returns {1,2,3,4} and CONCAT(1,2,3,4) returns

{1,2,3,4}
"
COND "Syntax: COND(matrix)

Condition Number. Finds the 1-norm (column norm) of a square matrix.

Example: COND([[1,2],[3,4]]) returns 21
"
conic "Syntax: conic(Expr)

Plots the graph of a conic section defined by an expression in x and y.

Example: conic(x^2+y^2-81) draws a circle with center at (0,0) and radius of 9

"
CONJ "Syntax: CONJ(x+yi)

Complex Conjugate. Reverses the sign of the imaginary part of a complex number.

Example: CONJ(3+4i) returns 3-4i

"
contains "Syntax: contains((Lst(l) or Set(l)),Elem(e))

Tests if a set contains an expression (returns the index+1 or 0).

Example: contains(%{0,1,2,3%},2) returns 3

"
content "Syntax: content(Poly,[Var])

Returns the gcd of the coefficients of the polynomial Poly.

Example: content(2*x^2+10*x+6) returns 2

"
CONTINUE "Syntax CONTINUE [n];

Transfers execution in a loop to the start of the next iteration of the nth upper
loop (default current loop).
"
CONVERT "Syntax: CONVERT(Value_Unit1, 1_Unit2)
Converts Value in Unit1 to the corresponding value in compatible Unit2.

Example: CONVERT(20_m, 1_ft) returns 65.6167979003_ft

Alternative: 20_m ? _ft

"
convexhull "Syntax: convexhull(Lst)

Convex hull of a list of 2D points.

Example: convexhull(0,1,1+i,1+2i,-1-i,1-3i,-2+i) returns 1-3*i,1+2*i,-2+i,-1-i

"
coordinates "Syntax: coordinates(Pnt or Cplx or Vect)

Returns the list (resp matrix) of the abscissa and of the ordinate of a point or a
vector (resp of points or vectors).

Example: coordinates(point(1+2*i)) returns [1,2]

"
CopyVar "Syntax: CopyVar(Var(var1),Var(var2))

Copy the storage without evaluation of var1 into var2.

"
correlation "Syntax: correlation(Lst||Mtrx,[Lst])

Returns the correlation of the elements of its argument.

Example: correlation([[1,2],[1,1],[4,7]]) returns 33/(6*?31)

"
COS "COS: the cosine function.
Syntax: COS(Value)

Returns the cosine of Value. Value is interpreted as either degrees or radians,

depending on the setting of Angle Measure in Home Modes or Symbolic Setup.

Example: in radian mode, COS(?) returns -1.

"
cos2sintan "Syntax: cos2sintan(Expr)

Replaces cos(x) by sin(x)/tan(x) in the argument.

Example: cos2sintan(cos(x)) returns sin(x)/tan(x)

"
COSH "Syntax: COSH(value)

Hyperbolic cosine.

Example: ASINH(1.17520119365) returns 1

"
COT "Syntax: COT(value)

Cotangent. The Cotangent function; that is, cos(x)/sin(x).

Example: COT(45) returns 1 in degree mode

"
count "Syntax: count(Fnc(f),(Lst||Mtrx)(l),[Opt(row||col)])

Returns f(l[0])+f(l[1])+...+f(l[size(l)-1]).

Example: count((x)->x,[2,12,45,3,7,78]) returns 147

"
covariance "Syntax: covariance(Lst||Mtrx,[Lst])

Returns the covariance of the elements of its argument.

Example: covariance([[1,2],[1,1],[4,7]]) returns 11/3

"
covariance_correlation "Syntax: covariance_correlation(Lst||Mtrx,[Lst])

Returns the list of the covariance and the correlation of the elements of its
argument.

Example: covariance_correlation([[1,2],[1,1],[4,7]]) returns [11/3,33/(6*?31)]

"
cpartfrac "Syntax: cpartfrac(RatFrac)

Performs partial fraction decomposition in C of a fraction.

Example: cpartfrac((x)/(4-x^2)) returns 1/((x-2)*-2)+1/((x+2)*-2)

"
crationalroot "Syntax: crationalroot(Poly(P))

Returns the list of complex rational roots of P without indicating the

multiplicity.

Example: crationalroot(2*x^3+(-5-7*i)*x^2+(-4+14*i)*x+8-4*i) returns

[(3+i)/2,2*i,1+i]

"
CROSS "Syntax: CROSS(vector1, vector2)

Cross Product. Finds the cross product of vector1 with vector2.

Example: CROSS([1,2],[3,4]) returns [0, 0, -2]

"
CSC "Syntax: CSC(value)

Cosecant. The Cosecant function; that is, 1/sin(x)

Example: CSC(90) returns 0 in degree mode

"
cSolve "Syntax: csolve(Eq,Var)

Returns the solutions, including comlex solutions, of Eq, for Var. If Eq is an

expression, solves Eq=0.

Example: csolve(x^4=1,x) returns {1,-1,-i,i}

"
cumSum "Syntax: cumSum(Lst(l)||Seq||Str)

Returns the list (or the sequence or the string) lr where the elements are the
cumulative sum of the list l:lr[k]=sum(l[j],j=0..k) (or lr=sum(l[j],j=0..k )$
(k=0..size(l)-1)).

Example: cumSum([0,1,2,3,4]) returns [0,1,3,6,10]

"
curl "Syntax: curl(Lst(A,B,C),Lst(x,y,z))

Returns the curl of a vector. curl([A,B,C],[x,y,z])=[dC/dy-dB/dz,dA/dz-dC/dx,dB/dx-

dA/dy].

Example: curl([2*x*y,x*z,y*z],[x,y,z]) returns [z-x,0,z-2*x]

"
curve "Syntax: curve(Expr)
Reserved word.

"
cyan "Syntax: ('display')=[color]

For example, suppose you have drawn a circle in the Geometry app. In Symbolic view,
the circle's definition might be GC:=circle(GA,GB-GA). If you wanted that circle to
be, say, red, you could modify that definition to read:

Example: GC:=circle(GA,GB-GA, ('display')=red)

"
cyclotomic "Syntax: cyclotomic(Expr)

Generates a vector representing the nth cyclotomic polynomial.

Example: cyclotomic(20) returns [1,0,-1,0,1,0,-1,0,1]

"
cZeros "Syntax: cZeros(Expr,[Var]) or cZeros(ListExpr, ListVar)

Returns the roots, including complex roots, of Expr (that is, the solution of
Xpr=0) or the matrix where the lines are the solutions of the system :
Expr1=0,Expr2=0....

Example: cZeros(x^4-1) returns [1,-1, i, -i]

"
C?PX "Syntax: C?PX(x, y) or C?PX({x, y})

Transform cartesian coordinates into pixel coordinates. Returns a list.

"
DEBUG "Executes a program in debug mode.
Syntax: DEBUG(ProgramName(arguments))
"
degree "Syntax: degree(Poly)

Returns the degree of the polynomial Poly.

Example: degree(x^4+x) returns 3

"
DELCOL "Syntax: DELCOL(matrixname ,column_number)
Delete Column. Deletes the column column_number from the matrix matrixname.
"
delcols "Syntax: delcols(Mtrx(A),Interval(n1..n2)||n1)

Returns the matrix where the columns n1..n2 (or n1) of the matrix A are deleted.
Example: delcols([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]],1..1) returns [[1,3],[4,6],[7,9]]

"
DELROW "Syntax: DELROW(matrixname, row_number)
Delete Row. Deletes the row row_number from the matrix matrixname.
"
delrows "Syntax: delrows(Mtrx(A),Interval(n1..n2)||n1)

Returns the matrix where the rows n1..n2 (or n1) of the matrix A are deleted.

Example: delrows([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]],1..1) returns [[1,2,3],[7,8,9]]

"
deltalist "Syntax: deltalist(Lst)

Returns the list of the difference of two terms in succession.

Example: deltalist([1,4,8,9]) returns [3,4,1]

"
denom "Syntax: denom(a/b)

Simplified Denominator. For the integers a and b, returns the denominator of the
fraction a/b after simplification.

Example: denom(10/12) returns 6

"
desolve "Syntax: desolve(Eq,[TimeVar],Var)

Solves a differential equation.

Example: desolve(y''+y=0,y) returns G_0*cos(x)+G_1*sin(x)

"
DET "Syntax: DET(matrix)

Determinant of a square matrix.

Example: DET([[1,2],[3,4]]) returns -2

"
diag "Syntax: diag(Lst(l)||Mtrx(A))

Returns either the diagonal matrix with diagonal l or the diagonal of A.

Example: diag([1,2],[3,4]) returns [1,4]

"
diff "Syntax: diff(Expr,[Var or ListVar])

Returns the derivative of an expression with respect to a given variable. You can
use the differentiation template in the Template menu as well.

Examples:
diff(x^3-x) returns 3*x^2-1
diff(sin(x)-cos(y), x) returns cos(x)
diff(sin(x)-cos(y), y) returns sin(y)
"
DIFFERENCE "Syntax: DIFFERENCE({list1}, ...{listN})

Returns a list of the elements that are not common between 2 or more of the lists.

Example: DIFFERENCE({1,2,3},{2,4,8}) returns {1,3,4,8}

"
DIM "Syntax: DIM(string)

Returns the number of characters in string.

Example: DIM(""12345"") returns 5

"
DIMGROB "Syntax: DIMGROB(G, w, h, [color]) or DIMGROB(G, w, h, list)

Sets the dimensions of GROB G to w*h. Initializes the graphic G with color or with
the graphic data provided in list. If the graphic is initialized using graphic
data, then list is a list of integers. Each integer, as seen in base 16, describes
one color every 16 bits.

Colors are in A1R5G5B5 format (ie, 1 bit for alpha channel, and 5 bits for R, G and
B).

"
DIMGROB_P "Syntax: DIMGROB_P(G, w, h, [color]) or DIMGROB(G, list)

Sets the dimensions of GROB G to w*h. Initializes the graphic G with color or with
the graphic data provided in list. If the graphic is initialized using graphic
data, then list is a list of integers. Each integer, as seen in base 16, describes
one color every 16 bits.

Colors are in A1R5G5B5 format (ie, 1 bit for alpha channel, and 5 bits for R, G and
B).
"
Dirac "Syntax: Dirac(Real)

Function derivative of Heaviside.

Example: Dirac(1) returns 0

"
distance "Syntax: distance((Pnt or Cplx),(Pnt or Cplx or Curve))

Calculates the distance between 2 points, or a point and a curve.

Example: distance(0,1+i) returns ?2

"
distance2 "Syntax: distance2(point1, point2) or distance2(point, curve)

Returns the square of the distance between two points or between a point and a
curve.
Examples:
distance2(1+i, 3+3i) returns 8.
if GA is the point at (0, 0) and GB is defined as plotfunc(4-x^2/4), then distance
(GA, GB) returns 12.

"
distanceat "Syntax: distanceat(GeoObj(A),GeoObj(B),(Pnt or Cplx))

distanceat(A,B,z0) displays at point(z0), with a legend, the distance between 2

geometrical objects.

Example: A:=point(0);B:=point(1+i);distanceat(A,B,(1+i)/2)) returns ?2

"
distanceatraw "Syntax: distanceatraw(Point1, Point2, Point3) or
distanceatraw(Point1, Curve, Point3)

This command is used in Symbolic view. Similar to distanceat(), this commmand

returns the distance between two points or between a point and a curve and places
that measurement at the location of Point3 in the Plot view. The distance is
unlabeled.

Examples
distanceatraw(1+I, 3+3i, point(0,0)) returns 2.828?or 2?2 and places that measure
at the origin in Plot view.

If GA is the point at (0, 0) and GB is defined as plotfunc(4-x^2/4), then

distanceat(GA, GB, GA) returns 3.464? or 2?3 and places this measure in Plot view
at (0,0).

Define A:=point(0) and B:=point(1+i); then distanceatraw(A,B,(1+i)/2)) returns ?2

and places this measurement at (1/2, 1/2)

"
divergence "Syntax: divergence(Lst(A,B,C),Lst(x,y,z))

Returns the divergence of a vector. divergence([A,B,C],[x,y,z])=dA/dx+dB/dy+dC/dz.

Example: divergence([x^2+y,x+z+y,z^3+x^2],[x,y,z]) returns 2*x+3*z^2+1

"
divis "Syntax: divis(Poly(P) or LstPoly)

Returns the list of divisors of a polynomial.

Example: divis(x^2-1) returns [1,x-1,x+1,(x-1)*(x+1)]

"
division_point "Syntax: division_point(Point1, Point2, Realk) or
division_point(Cplx1, Cplx2, Cplxk)

For two points A and B, and a numerical factor k, returns a point C such that C-
B=k*(C-A). The two points may be referenced by name or represented by a complex
number.
Example: division_point(0,6+6*i,4) returns point (8,8)

"
divpc "Syntax: divpc(Poly1,Poly2,Integer)

Returns the n-degree Taylor polynomial for the quotient of 2 polynomials.

Example: divpc(x^4+x+2,x^2+1,5) returns the 5th-degree polynomial x^5+3*x^4-x^3-

2*x^2+x+2
"
DO "Syntax: FOR var FROM start TO (or DOWNTO) finish [STEP increment] DO
command(s) END;

Sets variable var to start; then, for as long as this variable?s value is less than
or equal to (or more than for a DOWNTO) finish, executes command(s) and adds (or
substract for DOWNTO) 1 (or increment) to var.

FOR A FROM 1 TO 10 STEP 2

DO
PRINT(A);
END;

will print 1 3 5 7 9
"
DOT "Syntax: DOT(matrix1, matrix2)

Dot Product. Finds the dot product of two arrays, matrix1 and matrix2.

Example: DOT([1,2],[3,4]) returns 11

"
DRAWMENU "Syntax: DRAWMENU({text...}) or DRAWMENU(text..)

Draw a menu containing the items specified

"
DrawSlp "Syntax: DrawSlp(Reala, Realb, Realm)

Given three real numbers m, a, b, draws a line with slope m that passes through the
point (a, b).

Example: DrawSlp(2,1,3) draws the line given by y=3x?5

"
e "Syntax: e
Natural logarithm base, internally represented as 2.71828182846
"
EDITLIST "Syntax: EDITLIST(listname)
Starts the List Editor and displays the specified list. If used in programming,
returns to the program when user presses OK (menu key).

Example:
EDITLIST(L1) edits list L1.
"
EDITMAT "Syntax: EDITMAT(matrixname)
Starts the Matrix Editor and displays the specified matrix. If used in programming,
returns to the program when user presses OK (menu key).
Example
 EDITMAT(M1) edits matrix M1.
"
egcd "Syntax: egcd((Poly or Lst),(Poly or Lst),[Var])

Returns the extended greatest common divisor of 2 polynomials.

Example: egcd((x-1)^2,x^3-1) returns [-x-2,1,3*x-3]

"
Ei "Syntax: Ei(Expr)

Exponential integral int(exp(t)/t,t=-?..x)

Example: Ei(1.0) returns 1.89511781636

"
EIGENVAL "Syntax: EIGENVAL(matrix)

Displays the eigenvalues in vector form for matrix.

Example: EIGENVAL([[1,2],[3,4]]) returns [5.37228132327 -.372281323269]

"
eigenvals "Syntax: eigenvals(Mtrx)

Returns the sequence of the (calculable) eigenvalues of a matrix.

Example: eigenvals([[-2,-2,1],[-2,1,-2],[1,-2,-2]]) returns 3,-3,-3

"
eigenvects "Syntax: eigenvects(Mtrx)

Computes the eigenvectors of a diagonalizable matrix.

Example: eigenvects([[-2,-2,1],[-2,1,-2],[1,-2,-2]]) returns [[1,-3,-3],[-2,0,-3],

[1,3,-3]]
"
EIGENVV "Syntax: EIGENVV(matrix)

Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues for a square matrix. Displays a list of two arrays.
The first contains the eigenvectors and the second contains the eigenvalues.

Example: EIGENVV([[1,2],[3,4]]) returns { [[eigenvectors]],[[eigenvalues]] }

"
eigVc "Syntax: eigVc(Mtrx)

Computes the eigenvectors of a diagonalizable matrix.

Example: eigVc([[-2,-2,1],[-2,1,-2],[1,-2,-2]]) returns [[1,-3,-3],[-2,0,-3],[1,3,-

3]]

"
eigVl "Syntax: eigVl(Mtrx(A))

Returns the Jordan matrix associated to A when the eigenvalues are calculable.
Example: eigVl([[4,1],[-4,0]]) returns [[2,1],[0,2]]

"
element "Syntax: element(object, real) or element(real1..real2)

Creates a point on a geometric object whose abscissa is a given value or creates a

real value on a given interval.

Examples:
element(plotfunc(x^2),?2) creates a point on the graph of y = x^2. Initially, this
point will appear at (?2,4). You can move the point, but it will always remain on
the graph of its function.

element(0..5) creates a value of 2.5 initially. Tapping on this value and pressing
Enter enables you to press a cursor key to increase or decrease the value in a
manner similar to a slider bar. Press Enter again to close the slider bar. The
value you set can be used as a coefficient in a function you subsequently plot.
"
ellipse "Syntax: ellipse(Point1, Point2, Point3) or ellipse(Point1, Point2,
Realk)

Draws an ellipse, given the foci and either a point on the ellipse or a scalar that
is one half the constant sum of the distances from a point on the ellipse to each
of the foci.

Examples:
ellipse(GA, GB, GC) draws the ellipse whose foci are points A and B and which
passes through point C.

ellipse(GA, GB, 3) draws an ellipse whose foci are points A and B. For any point P
on the ellipse, AP+BP=6.

"
ELSE "Starts an ""IF...THEN...END"" or ""IF...THEN...ELSE...END"" branch
structure.

Syntax: IF test THEN command(s) [ELSE commands] END;

Evaluates test. If test is true (non 0), executes command(s); otherwise, executes
the comands in the ELSE clause nothing happens.

IF A<1
THEN PRINT(""A IS SMALLER THAN 1"");
ELSE PRINT(""A IS LARGER THAN 1"");
END;
"
END "Ends a structure, either a block, a test, a loop or a branch.
"
equation "Syntax: equation(curve) or equation(point)

Returns the Cartesian equation of a curve in x and y, or the Cartesian coordinates

of a point.

Examples:
equation(line(1-i,i)) returns y=-2*x+1
If GA is the point at (0, 0), GB is the point at (1, 0), and GC is defined as
circle(GA, GB-GA), then equation(GC) returns x^2 + y^2 =1.

"
equilateral_triangle "Syntax: equilateral_triangle(Point1, Point2, [Var])

Draws an equilateral triangle defined by one of its sides; that is, by two
consecutive vertices. The third point is calculated automatically, but is not
defined symbolically. If a lowercase variable is added as a third argument, then
the third point is labeled with the variable name and the coordinates of the third
point are stored in that variable. The orientation of the triangle is
counterclockwise from the first point.

Example: equilateral_triangle(point(0,0), point(1,0)) draws the equilateral trangle

through the points at (0,0), (1,0), and (1/2, ?3/2).
"
erf "Syntax: erf(Real(x0))

Returns the approximate value of 2/??*int(exp(-t^2),t,0,x0)

Example: erf(1) returns 0.84270079295

"
erfc "Syntax: erfc(Real(x0))

Returns the approximate value of 2/??*int(exp(-t^2),t,x0,?).

Example: erfc(1) returns 0.15729920705

"
euler "Syntax: euler(x);

Euler?s phi (or totient) function. Takes a positive integer x and returns the
number of positive integers less than or equal to x that are coprime to x.

Example: euler(6) returns 2

"
EVAL "Syntax: EVAL(expression)

Evaluates the expression. Usefull in programs where parameters are passed non
evaluated with QUOTE
"
evalc "Syntax: evalc(Expr)

Returns a complex expression simplified with the format real+i*imag

Example: evalc(1/(x+y*i)) returns x/(x^2+y^2)+(i)*(-y)/(x^2+y^2)

"
evalf "Syntax: evalf(Expr,[Int])

Numerical evaluation of the first argument (we can give the number of digits as
second argument).
approx(expression) works also and does the same thing.

Example: evalf(2/3) returns 0.666666666667

"
even "Syntax: even(Intg(n))

Returns 1 if the integer is even, else returns 0.

Example: even(6) returns 1

"
exact "Syntax: exact(Expr)

Converts the expression to a rational or real expression.

Example: exact(1.4141) returns 14141/10000

"
exbisector "Syntax: exbisector(Point1, Point2, Point3)

Given three points that define a triangle, creates the bisector of the exterior
angles of the triangle whose common vertex is at the first point. The triangle does
not have to be drawn in the Plot view.

Examples:
exbisector(GA, GB, GC) draws the bisector of the exterior angles of ?ABC whose
common vertex is at point A.

exbisector(0,?4i,4) draws the line given by y=x

"
excircle "Syntax: excircle(Point1, Point2, Point3)

excircle(A,B,C) draws the A-excircle of the ABC triangle.

Draws one of the excircles of a triangle, a circle tangent to one side of the
triangle and also tangent to the extensions of the other two sides.

Example: excircle(GA, GB, GC) draws the circle tangent to BC and to the rays AB and
AC.

"
EXECON "Syntax: EXECON(""expression with &"", lists or matrices)

Returns a matrix or list composed of the result of the evaluation of the expression
after replacement of & by each item in the input.
Example: EXECON(""&1+1"", {1,2,3}) returns {2,3,4}

If EXECON has only 1 list or matrix input, using & followed by a number A (between
1 and 9) will replace &A by the element i+A-1 of the input.
Example: EXECON(""&2-&1"", { 1, 4, 3, 5}"") returns {3, -1, 2} - the difference
between 2 successive elements.

If EXECON has 2 or more lists or matrices input, using & followed by a number A
(between 1 and 9) will replace &1 by the element from the Ath input.
Example: EXECON(""&1+&2"", {1,2,3},{4,5,6}) returns {5,7,9}

If EXECON has 2 or more lists or matrices as input, using & followed by 2 numbers A
and B (between 1 and 9) will reaplace &AB by the element i+B-1 of the Ath input.
Example: EXECON(""&22-&1"", {1,2,3},{4,5,6,7}) returns {4,4,4}

Note that for matrix input, the elements are treated as if the matrix was a vector.
"
EXP "Syntax: EXP(value)
The natural exponential. This is more accurate than e^x due to limitations of the
power function.
"
exp2pow "Syntax: exp2pow(Expr)

Transforms an expression of the form exp(n*ln(x)) to x^n.

Example: exp2pow(exp(3*ln(x))) returns x^3

"
exp2trig "Syntax: exp2trig(Expr)

Transforms the complex exponential into sine and cosine.

Example: exp2trig(exp-(i*x)) returns cos(x)-i*sin(x)

"
expand "Syntax: expand(Expr )

Full distribution of multiplication and division over addition and subtraction.

Example: expand((x+y)*(z+1)) returns y*z+x*z+y+x

"
expexpand "Syntax: expexpand(Expr)

Expands exponentials usinng the identity exp(a*f(x))=(exp(f(x)))^a.

Example: expexpand(exp(3*x)) returns exp(x)^3

"
EXPM1 "Syntax: EXPM1(value)

Exponent minus 1. This is more accurate than EXP when x is close to zero.

Example: EXPM1(.23) returns .258600009929

"
exponential_regression "Syntax: exponential_regression(Lst||Mtrx(A),[Lst])

Returns the coefficients (a,b) of y=b*a^x : it is the best exponential that

approximates the points where the coordinates are the rows of A (or the 2 lists).

Example: exponential_regression([[1.0,2.0],[0.0,1.0],[4.0,7.0]]) returns

1.60092225473,1.10008339351

"
EXPORT "Syntax:
Variable declaration: EXPORT var_1[:=value][, more variables];
forward function declaration: EXPORT function(params);
Normal function declaration: or EXPORT function[(params)]
BEGIN
END;

In a program, declares a list of exported variable or an exported function.

"
EXPR "Syntax: EXPR(string)

Parses string into a number or expression.

Example: EXPR(""2+3"") returns 5

"
extract_measure "Syntax: extract_measure(Var)

Returns the definition of a geometric object. For a point, that definition consists
of the coordinates of the point. For other objects, the definition mirrors their
definition in Symbolic view, with the coordinates of their defining points
supplied.

Examples:
extract_measure(angleatraw(0,1,1+i,1)
extract_measure(distanceatraw(0,1+i,(1+i)/2)) returns ?2

"
ezgcd "Syntax: ezgcd(Poly,Poly)

Returns the GCD of 2 polynomials with at least 2 variables, with the ezgcd
algorithm.

Example: ezgcd(x^2-+3*x-xy-3*y,x^2-y^2) returns x-y

"
f2nd "Syntax: f2nd(Frac or RatFrac)

Returns the list built with the numerator and the denominator of the simplified
fraction.

Example: f2nd(42/12) returns [7,2]

"
factor "Syntax: factor(Expr)

Factorizes a polynomial.

Example: factor(x^4-1) returns (x-1)*(x+1)*(x^2+1)

"
factor_xn "Syntax: factor_xn(Poly)

Factorizes x^n in P\the polynomial Poly (n=degree of polynomial P).

Example: factor_xn(x^4-1) returns x^4*(1-x^-4)

"
factorial "Syntax: factorial(Intg(n)|| Real(a) )

factorial(n)=n!. For non-integers, factorial(a)=a! = G(a + 1). This calculates the

Gamma function.

Example: factorial(4) returns 24

"
factors "Syntax: factors(Poly) or factors({Poly1, Poly2, ..., Polyn})

Returns the list of prime factors of a polynomial; each factor followed by its
multiplicity.

Example: factors(x^4-1) returns [x-1,1,x+1,1,x^2+1,1]

"
fcoeff "Syntax: fcoeff(Root1, Oder1, Root2, Order2, ..., Rootn, Ordern)

Returns the polynomial described by a list of roots, each followed by its order.

Example: fcoeff([1,2,0,1,3,-1]) returns ((x-1)^2)*x*(x-3)^-1

"
fft "Syntax: fft(Vect or (Vect(L),Intg(a),Intg(p))

Fast Fourier Transform in R or in the field Z/pZ, with a as primitive n-th root of
1 (n=size(L)).

Example: fft([1,2,3,4,0,0,0,0]) returns [10.0,-0.414213562373-7.24264068712*(i),-

2.0+2.0*i,2.41421356237-1.24264068712*i,-2.0,2.41421356237+1.24264068712*i,-2.0-
2.0*i]

"
FILLPOLY "Syntax: FILLPOLY([G], {coordinates...} or [Coordinates], Color,
[Alpha])

Fills the polygon specified by the provided Cart�sian coordinates using the color
provided.
If Alpha (0 to 255) is provided, the polygon is drawn with trensparency.

Example: FILLPOLY([(0,0),(1,1),(2,0),(3,-1),(2,-2)], #FF, 128)

"
FILLPOLY_P "Syntax: FILLPOLY_P([G], {coordinates...} or [Coordinates], Color,
[Alpha])

Fills the polygon specified by the provided pixel coordinates using the color
provided.
If Alpha (0 to 255) is provided, the polygon is drawn with trensparency.

Example: FILLPOLY_P([(20,20),(120,120),(150,20),(180,150),(50,100)], #FF, 128)

"
FISHER "Syntax: FISHER(n, d, x)

F (Fisher or Fisher-Snedecor) probability density function. Computes the

probability density at the value x, given numerator n and denominator d degrees of
freedom.

Example: FISHER(5, 5, 2) returns 0.158080231095

"
FISHER_CDF "Syntax: FISHER_CDF(n, d, x)

Cumulative F (Fisher or Fisher-Snedecor) distribution function. Returns the lower-

tail probability of the F probability density function for the value x, given
numerator n and denominator d degrees of freedom.

Example: FISHER_CDF(5, 5, 2) returns 0.76748868087

"
FISHER_ICDF "Syntax: FISHER_ICDF(n, d, p)

Inverse cumulative F (Fisher or Fisher-Snedecor) distribution function. Returns the

value x such that the F lower-tail probability of x, with numerator, n and
denominator, d degrees of freedom, is p.

Example: FISHER_ICDF(5, 5, 0.76748868087) returns 2

"
FLOOR "Syntax: FLOOR(value)

Greatest integer less than or equal to value.

Example: FLOOR(-3.2) returns -4

"
fMax "Syntax: fMax(Expr,[Var])

Returns the abscissa of the maximum of the expression.

Example: fMax(-x^2+2*x+1,x) returns 1

"
fMin "Syntax: fMin(Expr,[Var])

Returns the abscissa of the minimum of the expression.

Example: fMin(x^2-2*x+1,x) returns 1

"
FNROOT "Syntax: FNROOT(expression, variable, [guess], [guess2])

Function root-finder (like the Solve app). Finds the value for variable at which
expression most nearly evaluates to zero. Uses guess as initial estimate.

Example: FNROOT(M*9.8/600-1, M, 1) returns 61.2244897959

"
FOR "Syntax: FOR var FROM start TO (or DOWNTO) finish [STEP increment] DO
command(s) END;

Sets variable var to start; then, for as long as this variable?s value is less than
or equal to (or more than for a DOWNTO) finish, executes command(s) and adds (or
substract for DOWNTO) 1 (or increment) to var.

FOR A FROM 1 TO 10 STEP 2

 DO
PRINT(A);
END;

will print 1 3 5 7 9
"
format "Syntax: format(Real,Str(""f4""||""s5""||""e6""))

Transforms the real into a string with the indicated format

(f=float,s=scientific,e=engineering).

Example: format(9.3456,""s3"") returns 9.35

"
FP "Syntax: FP(value)

Returns the Fractional part of value.

Example: FP (23.2) returns .2

"
fracmod "Syntax: fracmod(Expr(Xpr),Intg(n))

Returns the fraction a/b such as a/b=Xpr mod n, -?n/2<a<=?n/2 and 0<=b<?n/2

Example: fracmod(41,121) returns 2/3

"
FREEZE "Syntax: FREEZE
Prevents the screen from being redrawn after the program ends. Leaves the modified
display on the screen for the user to see.
"
froot "Syntax: froot(RatPoly(F))

Returns the list of roots and poles of F with their mulitiplicity.

Example: froot((x^5-2*x^4+x^3)/(x-3)) returns [0,3,1,2,3,-1]

"
fsolve "Syntax: fsolve(Expr,Var,[Guess or Interval],[Method])

Numerical solution of an equation or a system of equations.

Example: fsolve(cos(x)=x,x,-1..1) returns [0.739085133215]

"
function_diff "Syntax: function_diff(Fnc(f))

Returns the derivative function of the function f.

Example: function_diff(sin) returns (`x`)->cos(`x`)

"
Gamma "Syntax: Gamma(Real(x0))
Calculus of Gamma at a point x0 (Gamma(n+1)=n! for n integer).

Example: Gamma(5) returns 24

"
gauss "Syntax: gauss(Expr,VectVar)

Splits a quadratic form as a sum/difference of square.

Example: gauss(x^2+2*a*x*y,[x,y]) returns (a*y+x)^2+(-y^2)*a^2

"
gbasis "Syntax: gbasis(ListPoly, ListVar)

Returns the Groebner basis of the ideal spanned by the list of polynomials.

Example: gbasis({x^2-y^3,x+y^2},{x,y}) returns [y^4-y^3,x+y^2]

"
gcd "Syntax: gcd(Poly1, Poly2)

Returns the greatest common divisor of 2 polynomials of several variables. Can also
be used as integer gcd.

Examples:
gcd(x^2-4,x^2-5*x+6) returns x-2
gcd(45,30) returns 15
"
GETBASE "Syntax: GETBASE(#integer)

Returns the base used for display for this integer.

0: system, 1: bin, 2: oct, 3: dec, 4: hex

"
GETBITS "Syntax: GETBITS(#integer)

Returns the number of bits used for calculations with this integer.

"
GETKEY "Syntax: GETKEY
Returns the ID of the first key in the keyboard buffer, or -1 if no key was pressed
since the last call to GETKEY. Key IDs are integers from 0 to 50, numbered from
top left (key 0) to bottom right (key 50).

0= Apps
1= Symb
2= Up
3= Help
4= Esc
5= Home
6= Plot
7= Left
8= Right
9= View
10= Cas
11= Num
12= Down
13= Menu

After that, the keys are number from top left (14= Vars) to bottom right (50= +)
"
GETPIX "Syntax: GETPIX([G], x, y)
Returns the color of the pixel of G with coordinates (x,y).
"
GETPIX_P "Syntax: GETPIX_P([G], x, y)
Returns the color of the pixel of G with coordinates (x,y).
"
GF "Syntax: GF(Intg(p), Intg(n))

Creates a Galois Field of characteristic p with p^n elements.

Example: GF(5,9) returns GF(5,k^9-k^8+2*k^7+2*k^5-k^2+2*k-2,[k,K,g],undef)

"
grad "Syntax: grad(Expr, ListVars)

Returns the gradient of the expression Expr.

Example: grad(2*x^2*y-x*z^3,[x,y,z]) returns [2*2*x*y-z^3,2*x^2,-x*3*z^2]

"
gramschmidt "Syntax: gramschmidt(Basis(B),ScalarProd(Sp))

Returns an orthonormal base of E of base B for the scalar product Sp.

Example: gramschmidt([1,1+x],(p,q)->integrate(p*q,x,-1,1)) returns [1/(?2),(1+x-

1)/(?6)/3]

"
greduce "Syntax: greduce(Poly, ListPoly, ListVar)

Returns the remainder of the division of a polynomial by a Groebner basis.

Example: greduce(x*y-1,{x^2-y^2,2*x*y-y^2,y^3},{x,y}) returns (1/2)*y^2-1

"
green "Syntax: ('display')=[color]

For example, suppose you have drawn a circle in the Geometry app. In Symbolic view,
the circle's definition might be GC:=circle(GA,GB-GA). If you wanted that circle to
be, say, red, you could modify that definition to read:

Example: GC:=circle(GA,GB-GA, ('display')=red)

"
GROBH "Syntax: GROBH(G)
Returns the height of G.
"
GROBH_P "Syntax: GROBH_P(G)
Returns the height of G.

"
GROBW "Syntax: GROBW(G)
Returns the width of G.

"
GROBW_P "Syntax: GROBW_P(G)
Returns the width of G.

"
half_line "Syntax: half_line(Point1, Point2)

Given 2 points, draws a ray from the first point through the second point.

Example: half_line(0, 1+i) draws a ray starting at the origin and passing through
the point at (1,1)

"
halftan "Syntax: halftan(Expr)

Transforms sin(x), cos(x) and tan(x) as a function of tan(x/2).

Example: halftan(sin(x)) returns (2*tan(x/2))/((tan(x/2))^2+1)

"
halftan_hyp2exp "Syntax: halftan_hyp2exp(Expr)

Transforms the trigonometric functions in tan(x/2) and hyperbolic functions into

expontials.

Example: halftan_hyp2exp(sin(x)+sinh(x)) returns (2*tan(x/2)/((tan(x/2))^2+1)+

(exp(x)-1/exp(x))/2

"
halt "Syntax: halt(NULL)

Puts a program in step-by-step debug mode.

"
hamdist "Syntax: hamdist(Intg,Intg)

Bit Hamming distance.

Example: hamdist(0x12,0x38) returns 3

"
harmonic_conjugate "Syntax: harmonic_conjugate(Line or Pnt,Line or Pnt,Line or
Pnt)

Returns the harmonic conjugate of 3 points or of 3 parallel or concurrent lines or

the line of conjugates of a point in respect to 2 lines.
"
harmonic_division "Syntax: harmonic_division(Pnt or Line,Pnt or Line,Pnt or
Line,Var)

Returns the 4 points (resp lines) and affects the last argument, such as the 4
points (resp lines) are in a harmonic division.

"
has "Syntax: has(Expr,Var)

Checks if a variable is in an expression.

Example: has(x+y,x) returns 1

"
head "Syntax: head(Vect or Seq or Str)

Shows the first element of a vector or a sequence or a string.

Example: head(1,2,3) returns 1

"
Heaviside "Syntax: Heaviside(Real)

Function equal to 0 if x<0 and 1 if x>=0

Example: Heaviside(1) returns 1

"
hermite "Syntax: hermite(Integer)

Returns nth Hermite polynomial.

Example: hermite(3) returns 8*x^3-12*x

"
hessenberg "Syntax: hessenberg(Mtrx(A))

Matrix reduction to Hessenberg form. Returns [P,B] such that B=inv(P)*A*P.

Example: hessenberg([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,1]]) returns [[[1,0,0],[0,4/7,1],

[0,1,0]],[[1,29/7,2],[7,39/7,8],[0,278/49,3/7]]]

"
hessian "Syntax: hessian(Expr,LstVar)

Returns the hessian matrix of the expression Expr.

Example: hessian(2*x^2*y-x*z,[x,y,z]) returns [[4*y,4*x,-1],[2*2*x,0,0],[-1,0,0]]

"
hexagon "Syntax: hexagon(Point1, Point2, [Var1, Var2, Var3, Var4])

Draws a regular hexagon defined by one of its sides; that is, by two consecutive
vertices. The remaining points are calculated automatically, but are not defined
symbolically. The orientation of the hexagon is counterclockwise from the first
point.

Examples:
hexagon(0,6) draws a regular hexagon whose first two vertices are at (0, 0) and (6,
0).

hexagon(0,6, a, b, c, d) draws a regular hexagon whose first two vertices are at

(0, 0) and (6, 0)l labels the other four vertices a, b, c, and d, and stores the
coordinates into the CAS variables a, b, c, and d. You do not have to define
variables for all four remaining points, but the coordinates are stored in order.
For example, hexagon(0,6, a) stores just the third point into the CAS variable a.

"
hilbert "Syntax: hilbert(Intg(n))

Returns the order n Hilbert matrix: Hjk=1/(j+k+1) j,k=1..n

Example: hilbert(4) returns [[1,1/2,1/3,1/4],[1/2,1/3,1/4,1/5],[1/3,1/4,1/5,1/6],

[1/4,1/5,1/6,1/7]]

"
?HMS "Syntax: ?HMS(value)
Decimal to hours-minutes-seconds.
Change the way a number is displayed to HMS format.
?HMS(8.5) returns 8�3
"
HMS? "Syntax: HMS?(value)
Hours-minutes-seconds to decimal.
Forces a number to be displayed in decimal format if it was previously displayed in
DMS format
HMS?(8�30) returns 8.5
"
homothety "Syntax: homothety(Point, Realk, Object)

Dilates a geometric object, with respect to a center point, by a scale factor.

Examples:

homothety(GA, 2, GB) creates a dilation centered at point A that has a scale factor
of 2. Each point P on geometric object B has its image P? on ray AP such that AP?
=2AP.

homothety(point(0,0),1/3,point(9,9)) creates an image point at (3,3)

"
hyp2exp "Syntax: hyp2exp(ExprHyperb)

Transforms the hyperbolic functions with the exponential function.

Example: hyp2exp(cosh(x)) returns (exp(x)+1/exp(x))/2

"
hyperbola "Syntax: hyperbola(Point1, Point2, Point3) or hyperbola(Point1, Point2,
Realk)

Draws a hyperbola, given the foci and either a point on the hyperbola or a scalar
that is one half the constant difference of the distances from a point on the
hyperbola to each of the foci.

Examples:
hyperbola(GA, GB, GC) draws the hyperbola whose foci are points A and B and which
passes through point C.

hyperbola(GA, GB, 3) draws a hyperbola whose foci are points A and B. For any point
P on the hyperbola, |AP-BP|=6.

"
iabcuv "Syntax: iabcuv(Intg(a),Intg(b),Intg(c))

Returns [u,v] such as au+bv=c for 3 integers a,b,c

Example: iabcuv(21,28,7) returns [-1,1]

"
ibasis "Syntax: ibasis(Lst(Vect,..,Vect),Lst(Vect,..,Vect))

Basis of the intersection of two vector spaces.

Example: ibasis([[1,0,0],[0,1,0]],[[1,1,1],[0,0,1]]) returns [[-1,-1,0]]

"
ibpdv "Syntax: ibpdv(Expr1,Expr2,[Var],[Real1],[Real2])

Integration by parts of Expr1=u(Var)*v'(Var) with Expr2= v'(Var) (or 0) as 2nd

argument. You can specify a variable of integration and also the bounds of
integration (Real1 and Real2).

Example: ibpdv(x*ln(x),1) returns (-1/4)*x^2+(1/2)*(x^2)*ln(x)

"
ibpu "Syntax: ibpu(Expr1,Expr2,[Var],[Real1],[Real2])

Integration by parts of Expr1=u(Var)*v'(Var) with Expr2= u(Var) (or 0) as 2nd

argument. You can specify a variable of integration and also the bounds of
integration (Real1 and Real2).

Example: ibpu(ln(x),ln(x),x,1,3) returns [3*ln(3),-1]

"
ichinrem "Syntax: ichinrem([a,p],[b,q]))

Integer Chinese Remainder Theorem for two equations. Takes two lists [a, p] and [b,
q] and returns a list of two integers, [r, n], such that x?r mod n. In this case, x
is such that x?a mod p and x?b mod q; also, n=p*q.

Example: ichinrem([2, 7], [3, 5]) returns [-12, 35]

"
icontent "Syntax: icontent(Poly,[Var])

Returns the GCD of the integer coefficients of a polynomial.

Example: icontent(24x^3+6x^2-12x+18) returns 6

"
id "Syntax: id(Seq)

The name of the identity function (R^n-> R^n)

Example: id(1,2,3) returns 1,2,3

"
IDENMAT "Syntax: IDENMAT(n)

Identity matrix. Creates a square matrix of dimension n x n whose diagonal elements

are 1 and off-diagonal elements are zero.

Example: IDENMAT(2) returns [[1,0],[0,1]]

"
identity "Syntax: identity(Intg(n))

Returns the identity matrix of specified dimension n.

Example: identity(3) returns [[1,0,0],[0,1,0],[0,0,1]]

"
idivis "Syntax: idivis(a)

Integer divisors. Returns a list of all the factors of the integer a.

Example: idivis(12) returns [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12]

"
iegcd "Syntax: iegcd(a,b)

Extended greatest common divisor for two integers. Returns [u,v,igcd(a,b)] such
that a*u+b*v=igcd(a,b).

Example: iegcd(14, 21) returns [-1, 1, 7]

"
IF "Starts an ""IF...THEN...END"" or ""IF...THEN...ELSE...END"" branch
structure.

Syntax: IF test THEN command(s) [ELSE commands] END;

Evaluates test. If test is true (non 0), executes command(s); otherwise, executes
the comands in the ELSE clause nothing happens.

IF A<1
THEN PRINT(""A IS SMALLER THAN 1"");
ELSE PRINT(""A IS LARGER THAN 1"");
END;
"
ifactor "Syntax: ifactor(a)

Prime factorization. Returns the prime factorization of the integer a as a product.

Can be used with STO?.

Example: ifactor(150) returns 2*3*5^2

"
ifactors "Syntax: ifactors(a)

Prime factors. Similar to ifactor, but returns a list of the factors of the integer
a with their multiplicities.

Example: ifactors(150) returns [2, 1, 3, 1, 5, 2]

"
IFERR "Syntax: IFERR commands1 THEN commands2 [ELSE commands3] END;

Executes sequence of commands1. If an error occurs during execution of commands1,

execute sequence of commands2. Otherwise, execute sequence of commands3.

Many conditions are automatically recognized by the HP Prime as error conditions

and are automatically treated as errors in programs. This command facilitates
error-trapping of such errors.
"
ifft "Syntax: ifft(Vect)

Inverse Fast Fourier Transform.

Example: ifft([100.0,-52.2842712475+6*i,-8.0*i,4.28427124746-
6*i,4.0,4.28427124746+6*i,8*i,-52.2842712475-6*i]) returns
[0.99999999999,3.99999999999,10.0,20.0,25.0,24.0,16.0,-6.39843733552e-12]

"
IFTE "Syntax: IFTE(Expr, Trueclause, Falseclause)
If...Then...Else...
If Expr evaluates true (1), evaluates Trueclause; if not, evaluates Falseclause.

Example: IFTE(2<3, 5-1, 2+7) returns 4

"
igcd "Syntax: igcd(a, b)

Greatest common divisor. Returns the integer that is the greatest common divisor of
the integers a and b.

Example: igcd(24, 36) returns 12

"
ihermite "Syntax: ihermite(Mtrx(A))

Hermite normal form of a matrix with coefficients in Z: returns U,B such that U is
invertible in Z, B upper triangular and B=U*A

Example: ihermite([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]) returns [[-3,1,0],[4,-1,0],[-1,2,-1]],

[[1,-1,-3],[0,3,6],[0,0,0]]

"
ilaplace "Syntax: ilaplace(Expr,[Var],[IlapVar])

Inverse Laplace transform of a rational fraction.

Example: ilaplace(1/(x^2+1)^2) returns (-x)*cos(x)/2+sin(x)/2

"
IM "Syntax: IM(x+yi)

Imaginary Part. Returns the imaginary part of a complex number.

Example: IM(3+4i) returns 4

"
incircle "Syntax: incircle(Point1, Point2, Point3)

Draws the incircle of a triangle, the circle tangent to all three sides of the
triangle.

Example: incircle(GA, GB, GC) draws the incircle of ?ABC.

"
INPUT "Syntax: INPUT(var,[?title?], [?label?], [?help?], [reset])
or INPUT({vars},[?title?], [{?labels?}], [{?help?}], [{reset}])

Starts a dialog box with header title and one field named label (with value
default), displaying help at the bottom. The dialog box includes CANCEL and OK menu
keys. If the user presses the OK menu key, the variable var is updated and 1 is
returned. If the user presses the CANCL menu key, var is not updated and 0 is
returned.
"
INSTRING "Syntax: INSTRING(string1, string2)
Returns the index of the first occurrence of string2 in string1. Returns 0 if str2
is not present in str1. Note that the first character in a string is in position 1.

Example:
INSTRING(""vanilla"", ""van"") returns 1
INSTRING(""banana"",""na"") returns 3
INSTRING(""ab"",""abc"") returns 0

"
int "Syntax: int(Expr,[Var],[Real1,Real2])

Integral (definite or indefinite). You can specify a variable of integration as

well as the bounds ofr integration. You can use the integration template in the
Template menu as well.

Examples:
int(1/x) returns ln(abs(x))
int(sin(x),x,0,?) returns 2

"
inter "Syntax: inter(Curve1, Curve2)

Returns the intersections of two curves as a vector.

Example: inter(8-x^2/6, x/2-1) returns [[6, 2] [-9, -11/2]], indicating that there
are two intersections-one at (6,2) and the other at (-9,-5.5).

"
INTERSECT "Syntax: INTERSECT({list1}, ...{listN})

Returns a list of the elements common to all the lists.

Example: INTERSECT({1,2,3},{2,4,8}) returns {2}
"
interval2center "Syntax: interval2center(Interval or Real)

Returns the center of the interval or the object.

Example: interval2center(2..5) returns 7/2

"
inv "Syntax: inv(Expr||Mtrx)

Returns the inverse of an expression or matrix.

Example: inv(9/5) returns 5/9

"
inversion "Syntax: inversion(Point1, Realk, Point2)

Draws the inversion of a point, with respect to another point, by a scale factor.

Example: inversion(GA, 3, GB) draws point C on line AB such that AB*AC=3. In this
case, point A is the center of the inversion and the scale factor is 3. Point B is
the point whose inversion is created.

In general, the inversion of point A through center C, with scale factor k, maps A
onto A?, such that A? is on line CA and CA*CA?=k, where CA and CA? denote the
lengths of the corresponding segments. If k=1, then the lengths CA and CA? are
reciprocals.

"
INVERT "Syntax: INVERT([G], [x1, y1], [x2, y2])
Inverts the rectangle on G defined by the diagonal points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2). The
effect is reverse video.

The following values are optional and their defaults are listed:
x1, y1=top left corner of G
x2, y2=bottom right corner of G

If only one x,y pair is specified, it refers to the top left corner of G.
"
INVERT_P "Syntax: INVERT_P([G], [x1, y1], [x2, y2])
Inverts the rectangle on G defined by the diagonal points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2). The
effect is reverse video.

The following values are optional and their defaults are listed:
x1, y1=top left corner of G
x2, y2=bottom right corner of G

If only one (x,y) pair is specified, it refers to the top left corner of G.
"
invlaplace "Syntax: ilaplace(Expr,[Var],[IlapVar])

Returns the inverse Laplace transform of Expr.

Example: ilaplace(1/(x^2+1)^2) returns (-x/2)*cos(x)+(1/2)*sin(x)

"
invztrans "Syntax: invztrans(Expr,[Var],[InvZtransVar])

Inverse z transform of a rational fraction.

Example: invztrans(1/(x^2+1)^2) returns

(x*exp(x*(-i)*?/2)+x*exp(x*(i)*?/2)+4*Dirac(x)-2*exp(x*(-i)*?/2)-2*exp(x*(i)*?/
2))/4

"
IP "Syntax: IP(value)

Integer part. Returns the Integer part of value.

Example: IP(23.2) returns 23

"
iPart "Syntax: iPart(Real||LstReal)

Returns the argument without its fractional part (type=DOM_FLOAT).

Example: iPart(4.3) returns 4.0

"
iquo "Syntax: iquo(a, b)

Euclidean quotient. Returns the integer quotient when the integer a is divided by
the integer b.

Example: iquo(63, 23) returns 2

"
iquorem "Syntax: iquorem(a, b)

Euclidean quotient and remainder. Returns the integer quotient and remainder when
the integer a is divided by the integer b.

Example: iquorem(63, 23) returns [2, 17]

"
irem "Syntax: irem(a, b)

Euclidean remainder. Returns the integer remainder when the integer a is divided by
the integer b.

Example: irem(63, 23) returns 17

"
is_collinear "Syntax: is_collinear(Point1, Point2, ..., Pointn)
Takes a set of points as argument and tests whether or not they are collinear.
Returns 1 if the points are collinear and 0 otherwise.

Example:
is_collinear(point(0,0), point(5,0), point(6,1)) returns 0.

"
is_concyclic "Syntax: is_concyclic(Point1, Point2, ?, Pointn)
Takes a set of points as argument and tests if they are all on the same circle.
Returns 1 if the points are all on the same circle and 0 otherwise.
Example:

is_concyclic(point(-4,-2), point(-4,2), point(4,-2), point(4,2)) returns 1

"
is_conjugate "Syntax: is_conjugate(Crcle, Point1, Point2, [Point3]) or
is_conjugate(Line1, Line2, Line3, {Line4])

Returns 1 if the 3 (resp 4) arguments are conjugated toward a circle (resp 2 lines)
and 0 otherwise.
"
is_coplanar "Syntax: is_coplanar(Point1, Point2, Point3, Point4)

Tests if 4 points are in the same plane. Returns 1 if true or 0 if false.

"
is_element "Syntax: is_element(Point, Object)

Tests if a point is on a geometric object. Returns 1 if it is and 0 otherwise

Example:
is_element(point((?(2)/2),(?(2)/2)),circle(0,1)) returns 1
"
is_equilateral "Syntax: is_equilateral(Point1, Point2, Point3)

Takes three points and tests whether or not they are vertices of a single
equilateral triangle. Returns 1 if they are and 0 otherwise..

Example:
is_equilateral(triangle(0,2,1+i*?3)) returns 1.
"
is_harmonic "Syntax: is_harmonic(Pnt or Cplx,Pnt or Cplx,Pnt or Cplx,Pnt or Cplx)
Returns 1 if the 4 points are in a harmonic division and 0 otherwise.

"
is_harmonic_circle_bundle "Syntax: is_harmonic_circle_bundle(Lst(Crcle))
Returns 1 if the circles build a bundle, 2 if they have the same center, 3 if they
are the same and 0 otherwise.

"
is_harmonic_line_bundle "
Syntax: is_harmonic_line_bundle(Lst(Line))

Returns 1 if the lines have a common point, 2 if they are parallels, 3 if they are
the same and 0 otherwise.
"
is_isosceles "Syntax: is_isosceles(Point1, Point2, Point3)

Takes three points and tests whether or not they are vertices of a single isosceles
triangle. Returns 0 if they are not. If they are, returns the number order of the
common point of the two sides of equal length (1, 2, or 3). Returns 4 if the three
points form an equilateral triangle.

Examples:
is_isosceles(point(0,0), point(4,0), point(2,4)) returns 3
is_isosceles(triangle(0,i,1+i)) returns 2

"
is_orthogonal "Syntax: is_orthogonal(Line1, Line2) or is_orthogonal(Circle1,
Circle2

Tests whether or not two lines or two circles are orthogonal (perpendicular). In
the case of two circles, tests whether or not the tangent lines at a point of
intersection are orthogonal. Returns 1 if they are and 0 otherwise.

Example:
is_orthogonal(line(y=x),line(y=-x)) returns 1.
"
is_parallel "Syntax: is_parallel(Line1, Line2)

Tests whether or not two lines are parallel. Returns 1 if they are and 0 otherwise.

Example:
is_parallel(line(2x+3y=7),line(2x+3y=9) returns 1.

"
is_parallelogram "Syntax: is_parallelogram(Point1, Point2, Point3, Point4)

Tests whether or not a set of four points are vertices of a parallelogram. Returns
0 if they are not. If they are, then returns 1 if they form only a parallelogram, 2
if they form a rhombus, 3 if they form a rectangle, and 4 if they form a square.

Example:
is_parallelogram(point(0,0), point(2,4), point(0,8), point(-2,4)) returns 2.

"
is_perpendicular "Syntax: is_perpendicular(line1, Line2)

Similar to is_orthogonal. Tests whether or not two lines are perpendicular. Returns
1 if they are or 0 if they are not.

Example: is_perpendicular(line(y=x),line(y=-x)) returns 1

"
is_rectangle "Syntax: is_rectangle(Point1, Point2, Point3, Point4)

Tests whether or not a set of four points are vertices of a rectangle. Returns 0 if
they are not, 1 if they are, and 2 if they are vertices of a square.

Examples:
is_rectangle(point(0,0), point(4,2), point(2,6), point(-2,4)) returns 2.

With a set of only three points as argument, tests whether or not they are vertices
of a right triangle. Returns 0 if they are not. If they are, returns the number
order of the common point of the two perpendicular sides (1, 2, or 3).

is_rectangle(point(0,0), point(4,2), point(2,6)) returns 2.

"
is_rhombus "Syntax: is_rhombus(Pnt or Cplx,Pnt or Cplx,Pnt or Cplx,Pnt or Cplx)
Returns 1 or 2 if the 4 points (or the object) build a rhombus (2 for a square) and
0 otherwise.
"
is_square "Syntax: is_square(Point1, Point2, Point3, Point4)

Tests whether or not a set of four points are vertices of a square. Returns 1 if
they are and 0 otherwise.

Example:
is_square(point(0,0), point(4,2), point(2,6), point(-2,4)) returns 1
"
ISKEYDOWN "Syntax: ISKEYDOWN(Key_ID)
Returns true (non-zero) if the key whose Key_ID is provided is currently pressed,
and false (0) if it is not.

"
ismith "Syntax: ismith(Mtrx(A))

Smith normal form of a matrix with coefficients in Z : returns U,B,V such that U
and V are invertible in Z, B is the diagonal, B[i,i] divide B[i+1,i+1] and B=U*A*V.

Example: ismith([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]) returns [[1,0,0],[4,-1,0],[-1,2,-1]],

[[1,0,0],[0,3,0],[0,0,0]],[[1,-2,1],[0,1,-2],[0,0,1]]

"
isobarycenter "Syntax: isobarycenter(Point1, Point2, ?, Pointn)

Returns the hypothetical center of mass of a set of points. Works like barycenter
but assumes all points have equal weight.

Example: isobarycenter(?3,3,3*?3*i) returns

point(3*?3*i/3), which is equivalent to (0,?3).

"
isopolygon "Syntax: isopolygon(Point1, Point2, Realn), where realn is an integer
greater than 1.

Draws a regular polygon given the first two vertices and the number of sides, where
the number of sides is greater than 1. If the number of sides is 2, then the
segment is drawn. You can provide CAS variable names for storing the coordinates of
the calculated points in the order they were created. The orientation of the
polygon is counterclockwise.

Example
isopolygon(GA, GB, 6) draws a regular hexagon whose first two vertices are the
points A and B.

"
isosceles_triangle "Syntax: isosceles_triangle(Point1, Point2, Angle)

Draws an isosceles triangle defined by two of its vertices and an angle. The
vertices define one of the two sides equal in length and the angle defines the
angle between the two sides of equal length. Like equilateral_triangle, you have
the option of storing the coordinates of the third point into a CAS variable.

Example:
isosceles_triangle(GA, GB, angle(GC, GA, GB) defines an isosceles triangle such
that one of the two sides of equal length is AB, and the angle between the two
sides of equal length has a measure equal to that of ?ACB.

"
isPrime "Syntax: isprime(a)

Prime integer test. Returns true if the integer a is prime; otherwise, returns
false.

Example: isprime(1999) returns true

"
ITERATE "Syntax: ITERATE(expr, var, ivalue, #times)
Repeatedly for #times evaluates expr in terms of var. The value for var is updated
each time, starting with ivalue.
ITERATE(X^2, X, 2, 3) returns 256.
"
ithprime "Syntax: ithprime(n)

Nth prime. For the integer n, returns the nth prime number less than 100,000-
200,000.

ithprime(5) returns 11
"
jacobi_symbol "Syntax: jacobi_symbol(Intg,Intg)

Jacobi symbol.

Example: jacobi_symbol(132,5) returns -1

"
jordan "Syntax: jordan(Mtrx)

Returns the list made by the matrix of passage and the Jordan form of a matrix.

Example: jordan([[0,2],[1,0]]) returns [[?2,-?2],[1,1]],[[?2,0],[0,-?2]]

"
JordanBlock "Syntax: JordanBlock(Expr(a),Intg(n))

Returns a matrix n*n with a on the diagonal, 1 above, and 0 everywhere else.

Example: JordanBlock(7,3) returns [[7,1,0],[0,7,1],[0,0,7]]

"
ker "Syntax: ker(Mtrx(M))

Kernel of a linear application of matrix M.

Example: ker([[1,2],[3,6]]) returns [ 2, -1 ]

"
KILL "Syntax: KILL;

Stops the execution of the program.

"
l1norm "Syntax: l1norm(Vect)

Returns the l1 norm of the vector=sum of the absolute value of its coordinates.

Example: l1norm([3,-4,2]) returns 9

"
l2norm "Syntax: l1norm(Vect)

Returns the l1 norm of the vector=sum of the absolute value of its coordinates.

Example: l1norm([3,-4,2]) returns 9

"
lagrange "Syntax: lagrange((Listxk, Listyk) or lagrange(Matrix)

Returns the polynomial of degree n-1 such that P(xk)=yk, for k=0, 1, ..., n-1.

Example: lagrange([1,3],[0,1]) returns (1/2)* (x-1)

"
laguerre "Syntax: laguerre(Integer)

Returns the nth Laguerre polynomial.

Example: laguerre(4) returns (1/24)*a^4+(-1/6)*a^3*x+5/12*a^3+1/4*a^2*x^2+(-

3/2)*a^2*x+35/24*a^2+(-1/6)*a*x^3+7/4*a*x^2+(-13/3)*a*x+25/12*a+1/24*x^4+(-
2/3)*x^3+3*x^2-4*x+1

"
laplace "Syntax: laplace(Expr,[Var],[LapVar])

Returns the Laplace transform of Expr.

Example: laplace(exp(x)*sin(x)) returns 1/(x^2-2*x+2)

"
laplacian "Syntax: laplacian(Expr(Xpr),LstVar)

Returns the Laplacian of the expression Xpr with respect to the list of variables.

Example: laplacian(exp(z)*cos(x*y),[x,y,z]) returns -x^2*cos(x*y)*exp(z)-

y^2*cos(x*y)*exp(z)+cos(x*y)*exp(z)

"
lcm "Syntax: lcm(Intgr1, Intgr2) or lcm(Poly1, Poly2) or lcm(Rational1,
Rational2)

Returns the lowest common multiple of 2 polynomials of several variables or of 2

integers or of 2 rationals.

Example: lcm(6,4) returns 12

"
lcoeff "Syntax: lcoeff(Poly||Lst)

Returns the coefficient of the term of highest degree of a polynomial (l=leading).

Example: lcoeff(-2*x^3+x^2+7*x) returns -2

"
left "Sorry, but no on-line help is available for this item.

To browse through the entire help system, tap Tree. You can then use the cursor
keys to navigate through the system and open help topics.

If you still cannot find the topic you are interested in, please consult the User
Guide.

Tap OK to exit this page.

"
LEFT "Syntax: LEFT(string, n)

Returns the first n characters of the string.

Example: LEFT(""MOMOGUMBO"",3) returns ""MOM""

"
legendre "Syntax: legendre(Integer)

Returns the nth Legendre polynomial.

Example: legendre(4) returns (35/8)*x^4+(-15/4)*x^2+3/8

"
legendre_symbol "Syntax: legendre_symbol(Intg,Intg)

Legendre symbol.

Example: legendre_symbol(132,5) returns -1

"
length "Syntax: size(Lst or Str or Seq)

Returns the size of a list, a string or a sequence.

Example: size([1,2,3]) returns 3

"
lgcd "Syntax: lgcd(Seq or Lst )

Returns the greatest common divisor of a list of polynomials or of integers.

Examples:
lgcd({45,75,20,15}) returns 5
lgcd({x^2-2*x+1,x^3-1,x-1}) returns x-1
"
limit "Syntax: limit(Expr,Var,Val)

Limit of an expression as a variable approaches a value. Returns the limit (2 sided

or 1-sided) of the given expression as the given variable approaches a value.

Example: limit((n*tan(x)-tan(n*x))/(sin(n*x)-n*sin(x)),x,0) returns 2

"
lin "Syntax: lin(Expr )

Linearization of exponentials.

Example: lin((exp(x)^3+exp(x))^2) returns exp(6*x)+2*exp(4*x)+exp(2*x)

"
line "Syntax: line(Point1, Point2) or line(a*x+b*y+c) or line(point1, slope=realm)

Draws a line. The arguments can be two points, a linear expression of the form
a*x+b*y+c, or a point and a slope.

Examples:

line(2+i, 3+2i) draws the line whose equation is y=x-1; that is, the line through
the points (2,1) and (3,2).
line(2x-3y-8) draws the line whose equation is 2x-3y=8
line(3-2i,slope=1/2) draws the line whose equation is x-2y=7; that is, the line
through (3, -2) with slope m=1/2

"
LINE "Syntax: LINE([G], x1, y1, x2, y2, [color])

Draws a line on GROB G between points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2).

"
LINE_P "Syntax: LINE_P([G], x1, y1, x2, y2, [color])

Draws a line on GROB G between points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2).

"
linear_interpolate "Syntax: linear_interpolate(Mtrx,xmin,xmax,xstep)

Makes a regular sample from a polygonal line defined by a 2 row matrix.

Example: linear_interpolate([[1,2,6,9],[3,4,6,7]],1,9,1) returns

[[1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,7.0,8.0,9.0],
[3.0,4.0,4.5,5.0,5.5,6.0,6.33333333333,6.66666666667,7.0]]

"
linear_regression "Syntax: linear_regression(Lst||Mtrx(A),[Lst])

Returns the coefficients a and b of y=a*x+b

It is the best line approximation to the points where the coordinates are the rows
of A (or the 2 lists).

Example: linear_regression([[0.0,0.0],[1.0,1.0],[2.0,4.0],[3.0,9.0],[4.0,16.0]])
returns 4.0,-2.0

"
LineHorz "Syntax: LineHorz(Expr(a))

Draws the horizontal line y=a

"
LineTan "Syntax: LineTan(f(x), [Var], Value)

Draws the tangent to y=f(x) at x=Value.

Example: LineTan(x^2-x, 1) draws the line whose equation is y=x-1, which is tangent
to the graph of y=x^2-x at x=1.

"
LineVert "Syntax: LineVert(Expr(a))

Draws the vertical line x=a

"
linsolve "Syntax: linsolve(ListLinEq,ListVar)

Linear equations system solver. Solves a set of linear equations for their common
variable set.

Example: linsolve([x+y+z=1,x-y=2,2*x-z=3],[x,y,z]) returns [3/2,-1/2,0]

"
?LIST "Syntax: ?LIST(list)

List Product. Calculates the product of all elements in list.

Example: ?LIST({2,3,4}) returns 24.

"
?LIST "Syntax: ?LIST(list)

List Difference. Creates a new list composed of the first differences of list; that
is, the differences between the sequential elements in list. The new list has one
fewer elements than list.

Example: ?LIST({1, 2, 3, 5, 8}) returns {1, 1, 2, 3}

"
?LIST "Syntax: ?LIST(list)

Sum of a list. Returns the sum of all elements in list.

Example: ?LIST({2,3,4}) returns 9

"
list2mat "Syntax: list2mat(Lst(l),Intg(n))

Returns the matrix with n columns and where terms are the list l completed
eventually by 0.
Example: list2mat([1,8,4,9],1) returns [[1],[8],[4],[9]]

"
LN "Ln: the Natural logarithm.
Syntax: LN(Value)

Returns the natural logarithm of Value. The natural logarithm is the logarithm to
the base e, Euler's number.

Example: LN(1) returns 0

"
lname "Syntax: lname(Expr )

List of variables in the expression.

Example: lname(exp(x)*2*sin(y)) returns [x,y]

"
lncollect "Syntax: lncollect(Expr)

Collect logarithms. Applies ln(a)+n*ln(b)=ln(a*b^n) where n is an integer.

Example: lncollect(ln(x)+2*ln(y)) returns ln(x*y^2)

"
lnexpand "Syntax: lnexpand(Expr)

Expands logarithms.

Example: lnexpand(ln(3*x)) returns ln(3)+ln(x)

"
LNP1 "Syntax: LNP1(value)

Natural log plus 1. This is more accurate than the natural logarithm function when
x is close to zero.

Example: LNP1(.23) returns .207014169384

"
LOCAL "Syntax: LOCAL var_1[:=value][, more variables];

Declares a local variable.

If the declaration is in a function block, these variables will be local to the
function.
if the declaration is in the main program body, the variables are local to the
program.
"
locus "Syntax: locus(Point,Element)

Given a first point and a second point that is an element of (a point on) a
geometric object, draws the locus of the first point as the second point traverses
its object.

"
LOG "General logarithm function
Syntax: LOG(Value, [Base])

Returns the logarithm of Value in Base. By default, Base=10.

Example: LOG(8,2) returns 3 while LOG(8) returns 0.903089986992

"
log10 "Syntax: log10(Expr)

Common logarithm (base 10).

Example: log10(10) returns 1

"
logarithmic_regression "Syntax: logarithmic_regression(Lst||Mtrx(A),[Lst])

Returns the coefficients a and b of y=a*ln(x)+b : it is the best logarithm that

approximates the points where the coordinates are the rows of A (or the 2 lists).

Example: logarithmic_regression([[1.0,1.0],[2.0,4.0],[3.0,9.0],[4.0,16.0]]) returns

10.1506450002,-0.564824055818

"
logb "Syntax: logb(Real)

Logarithm of base b.

Example: logb(5,2) returns ln(5)/ln(2) which is approximately 2.32192809489

"
logistic_regression "Syntax: logistic_regression(Lst(L),Real(x0),Real(y0) )

Returns y,y',C,y'max,xmax,R : y is a logistic function (sol of y'/y=a*y+b), such

that y(x0)=y0 and where [y'(x0),y'(x0+1)...] is the best approximation of L.

Example: logistic_regression([0.0,1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0],0.0,1.0) returns

[-17.77/(1+exp(-0.496893925384*x+2.82232341488+3.14159265359*i)),-2.48542227469/
(1+cosh(-0.496893925384*x+2.82232341488+3.14159265359*i))]

"
LQ "Syntax: LQ(matrix)

LQ Factorization. Factors an m n matrix into three matrices: {[[ m n

lowertrapezoidal]],[[ n n orthogonal]], [[ m m permutation]]}.

Example: LQ([[1,2],[3,4]])
"
LSQ "Syntax: LSQ(matrix1, matrix2)

Least Squares. Displays the minimum norm least squares matrix (or vector).

Example: LSQ([[1,2],[3,4]],[[5],[11]]) returns [[1],[2]]

"
LU "Syntax: LU(matrix)

LU Decomposition. Factors a square matrix into three matrices:

{[[lowertriangular]],[[uppertriangular]],[[permutation]]}
The uppertriangular has ones on its diagonal.

Example: LU([[1,2],[3,4]])
"
lvar "Syntax: lvar(Expr)

List of variables of an object (with rational dependence).

Example: lvar(exp(x)*2*sin(y)) returns [exp(x),sin(y)]

"
magenta "Syntax: ('display')=[color]

For example, suppose you have drawn a circle in the Geometry app. In Symbolic view,
the circle's definition might be GC:=circle(GA,GB-GA). If you wanted that circle to
be, say, red, you could modify that definition to read:

Example: GC:=circle(GA,GB-GA, ('display')=red)

"
MAKELIST "Syntax: MAKELIST(expression, variable, begin, end, [increment])

Make List. Calculates a sequence of elements for a new list. Evaluates expression,
incrementing variable from begin to end values, using increment steps (default 1).
The MAKELIST function generates a series by automatically producing a list from the
repeated evaluation of an expression.

Example: MAKELIST(2*X-1, X, 1, 5, 1) returns {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

"
MAKEMAT "Syntax: MAKEMAT(expression, n, [m])

Make Matrix. Creates a matrix of dimension n � m, using expression to calculate

each element. If expression contains the variables I and J, then the calculation
for each element substitutes the current row number for I and the current column
number for J. With two arguments, this creates a vector of size n.

Examples:
MAKEMAT(0,3,3) returns [[0,0,0],[0,0,0],[0,0,0]]
MAKEMAT(?2,2,3) returns [[?2,?2,?2],[?2,?2,?2]]
MAKEMAT(I+J?1,2,3) returns [[1,2,3],[2,3,4]]
MAKEMAT(?2,2) returns [?2,?2]
"
MANT "Syntax: MANT(value)

Mantissa. Returns the significant digits of value.

Example: MANT(21.2E34) returns 2.12

"
map "Syntax: map(Lst(l),Fnc(f))

Apply the function f at the elements of the list l or at a polynomial of internal

format.

Example: map([1,2,3],x->x^3) returns [1,8,27]

"
mat2list "Syntax: mat2list(Mtrx)

Returns the list of the terms of the matrix.

Example: mat2list([[1,8],[4,9]]) returns [1,8,4,9]

"
matpow "Syntax: matpow(Mtrx,Intg(n))

Calculates the n power of a matrix by jordanization.

Example: matpow([[1,2],[3,4]],n) returns [[(?33-3)*((?33+5)/2)^n*-6/(-12*?33)+(-(?

33)-3)*((-(?33)+5)/2)^n*6/(-12*?33),(?33-3)*((?33+5)/2)^n*(-(?33)-3)/(-12*?33)+(-(?
33)-3)*((-(?33)+5)/2)^n*(-(?33)+3)/(-12*?33)],[6*((?33+5)/2)^n*-6/(-12*?33)+6*((-(?
33)+5)/2)^n*6/(-12*?33),6*((?33+5)/2)^n*(-(?33)-3)/(-12*?33)+6*((-(?33)+5)/2)^n*(-
(?33)+3)/(-12*?33)]]

"
MAX "Syntax: MAX(value1,[value2],[..value16])

Maximum. Returns the greatest of the values given, or the greatest value of a list.

Example: MAX(210,25) returns 210 and MAX({1, 8, 2}) returns 8

"
maxnorm "Syntax: maxnorm(Vect or Mtrx)

Norm with the maximum of a vector (or of a matrix): maxnorm([x1,x2,..,xn])=max(|

x1|,..,|xn|)

Example: maxnorm([1,2]) returns 2

"
MAXREAL "Syntax: MAXREAL
Maximum real number. The largest real number the HP Prime is capable of
representing. The value of MAXREAL is 9.99999999999E499. Any number larger than
this is represented as this number.
"
mean "Syntax: mean(Lst||Mtrx,[Lst])

Mean of a list with the second argument as weight, or of the columns of a matrix.

Example: mean([1,2,3],[1,2,3]) returns 7/3

"
median "Syntax: median(Lst||Mtrx,[Lst])

Returns the median of a list with the second argument as the weight, or of the
columns of a matrix.
Example: median([1,2,3,5,10,4]) returns 3.0

"
median_line "Syntax: median_line(Point1, Point2, Point3)

Given three points that define a triangle, creates the median of the triangle that
passes through the first point and contains the midpoint of the segment defined by
the other two points.

Example:
median_line(0, 8i, 4) draws the line whose equation is y=2x; that is, the line
through (0,0) and (2,4), the midpoint of the segment whose endpoints are (0, 8) and
(4, 0).

"
member "Syntax: member(Elem(e),(Lst(l) or Set(l)))

Tests if e is in the list or the set l (=0 or k+1 with l[k]=e)

Example: member(1,[4,3,1,2]) returns 3

"
MID "Syntax: MID(string, position, [n])

Extracts n characters from string starting at position. If n is not specified, then

MID extracts the remainder of the string from position.

Example:
MID(""MOMOGUMBO"",3,5) returns ""MOGUM""
MID(""PUDGE"",4) returns ""GE""
"
midpoint "Syntax: midpoint(Segment) or midpoint(Point1, Point2)

Returns the midpoint of a segment. The argument can be either the name of a segment
or two points that define a segment. In the latter case, the segment need not
actually be drawn.

Example: midpoint(0,6+6i) returns point(3,3)

"
MIN "Syntax: MIN(value1,[value2],[..value16])

Minimum. Returns the lesser of the values given, or the lesser value of a list.

Example: MIN(210,25) returns 25 and MIN({1, 8, 2}) returns 1

"
MINREAL "Syntax: MINREAL
Minimum real number. The smallest real number that the HP Prime can represent. Its
value is 1E-499. Any number smaller than this is represented as zero.
"
mkisom "Syntax: mkisom(Vect,(Sign(1) or -1))

Matrix of an isometry given by its proper elements.

Example: mkisom(?,1) returns [[-1,0],[0,-1]] in radian mode

"
MKSA "Syntax: MKSA(Value_Unit)
Converts the measurement Value_Unit to its corresponding value and unit in Unit's
MKSA equivalent. MKSA stands for the Meter-Kilogram-Second-Ampere system.

Example: MKSA(32_yd) returns 29.2608_m.

"
MOD "Syntax: value1 MOD value2

Modulo. Returns the remainder of value1/value2.

Example: 9 MOD 4 returns 1

"
modgcd "Syntax: modgcd(Poly,Poly)

Returns the GCD of 2 polynomials, with the modular algorithm.

Example: modgcd(x^4-1,(x-1)^2) returns x-1

"
MOUSE "Syntax: MOUSE[(index)]

Returns the current pointer's location.

returns: two lists of the form {#x, #y, #originalx, #originaly, #type}, one for
each potential pointer.
Note, if a pointer is unused, returns an empty list
#type is: #0: New, #1: Completed, #2: Drag, #3: Stretch, #4: Rotate, #5: LongClick

MOUSE(x) returns the nth element that would be returned if MOUSE was called with no
arguements or -1 if the associated pointer is not down.
"
mRow "Syntax: mRow(Expr(Xpr),Mtrx(A),Intg(n1))

Multiplies the row n1 of the matrix A by Xpr.

Example: mRow(12,[[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]],1) returns [[12,24],[3,4],[5,6]]

"
MSGBOX "Syntax: MSGBOX(expr,[OK_Cancel]) or MSGBOX(string,[OK_Cancel])

Displays a message box with either the value of expression or string. If OK_Cancel?
is true, displays OK and CANCEL menu keys, otherwise only displays the OK menu key.
Default value for OK_Cancel is false.

Returns true (non-zero) if the user presses OK, false (0) if the user presses
CANCEL.
"
mult_c_conjugate "Syntax: mult_c_conjugate(Expr)

Returns the expression after multiplication by the complex conjugated quantity of

the denominator (or of the numerator if no denominator).

Example: mult_c_conjugate(1/(3+i*2)) returns 1*(3+(-i)*2)/((3+(i)*2)*(3+(-i)*2))

"
mult_conjugate "Syntax: mult_conjugate(Expr)
Returns the expression after multiplication by the conjugated quantity of the
denominator (or of the numerator if no denominator).

Example: mult_conjugate(?3-?2) returns (?3-(?2))*(?3+?2)/(?3+?2)

"
nDeriv "Syntax: nDeriv(Expr(Xpr),Var(var),[Real(h)])

Returns an approximation of the derivative number at a point:(Xpr(var+h)-Xpr(var-

h))/(2*h) (by default h=0.001).

Example: nDeriv(f(x),x,h) returns (f(x+h)-(f(x-h)))*0.5/h

"
NEG "Syntax: -Value or -Expression
Unary minus.
Changes the sign of Value or Expression. Used to enter negative numbers.
"
nextprime "Syntax: nextprime(a)

Next prime. Returns the next prime number greater than the integer a.

nextprime(12) returns 13
"
normal "Syntax: normal(Expr)

Simplify the expression.

Example: normal(2*x*2) returns 4*x

"
NORMALD "Syntax: NORMALD([?, ?,] x)

Normal probability density function. Computes the probability density at the value
x, given the mean, ?, and standard deviation, ?, of a normal distribution. With one
argument, x, returns the probability density at x, assuming a mean of zero and
standard deviation of 1.

Example: NORMALD(0.5) returns 0.352065326765 and NORMALD(0, 2, 0.5) returns

0.193334058402

"
NORMALD_CDF "Syntax: NORMAL_CDF(?, ?, x)

Cumulative normal distribution function. Returns the lower-tail probability of the

normal probability density function for the value x, given the mean, ?, and
standard deviation, ?, of a normal distribution. With one argument, x, returns the
lower-tail probability of the normal probability density function for the value x,
assuming a mean of zero and standard deviation of 1.

Example: NORMAL_CDF(0, 1, 2) returns 0.97724986805

"
NORMALD_ICDF "Syntax: NORMALD_ICDF(?, ?, p)

Inverse cumulative normal distribution function. Returns the cumulative normal

distribution value associated with the lower-tail probability, p, given the
mean, ?, and standard deviation, ?, of a normal distribution. With one argument, p,
assumes a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one.

Example: NORMALD_ICDF(0, 1, 0.841344746069) returns 1

"
normalize "Syntax: normalize(Lst||Cplx)

Returns the vector divided by its l2norm. It is also an option for plotfield.

Example: normalize(3+4*i) returns (3+4*i)/5

"
NOT "Syntax: NOT Value
Logical NOT.

Returns 1 if Value is zero; otherwise returns 0.

Example NOT 3 returns 0

"
nSolve "Syntax: nSolve(Expr,Var||orVar=Guess)

Returns a numerical solution of an equation or a system of equations.

Examples:
nSolve(cos(x)=x,x) returns 0.739085133215
nSolve(cos(x)=x,x=1.3) returns 0.739085133215

"
NTHROOT "Syntax: Value1 ? Value2
NTHROOT: the nth root function.
This Shift-key combination is the NTHROOT function. It returns the primary Value1
root of Value2. On the keyboard, the NTHROOT function is represented by n? .

Example: 3? 8 returns 2
"
numer "Syntax: numer(a,b)

Simplified Numerator. For the integers a and b, returns the numerator of the
fraction a/b after simplification.

Example: numer(10/12) returns 5

"
odd "Syntax: odd(Intg(n))

Returns 1 if the integer is odd, otherwise returns 0.

Example: odd(6) returns 0

"
odesolve "Syntax: odesolve(Expr,VectVar,VectInitCond,FinalVal,[tstep=Val,curve])

Ordinary Differential Equation solver. Solves an ordinary differential equation

given by Expr, with variables declared in VectrVar and initial conditions for those
variables declared in VectrInit. For example, odesolve(f(t,y),[t,y],[t0,y0],t1)
returns the approximate solution of y'=f(t,y) for the variables t and y with
initial conditions t=t0 and y=y0.

Example: odesolve(sin(t*y),[t,y],[0,1],2) returns [1.82241255674]

"
open_polygon "Syntax: open_polygon(LstPnt||LstCplx)

Returns and draws the polygonal line where its vertices are the element of l.

"
OR "Syntax: Value1 OR Value2
Logical OR.
Returns 1 if either Value1 or Value2 is non-zero, otherwise returns 0.

Example: 3 OR 2 returns 1
"
order_size "Syntax: order_size(Expr)

Remainder (O term) of a series expansion: limit(x^a*order_size(x),x=0)=0 if a>0

"
ordinate "Syntax: ordinate(Poinnt) or ordinate(Vecctor)

Returns the ordinate of a point or a vector.

Example: ordinate(point(1+2*i)) returns 2

"
orthocenter "Syntax: orthocenter(Triangle) or orthocenter(Point1, Point2, Point3)

Returns the orthocenter of a triangle; that is, the intersection of the three
altitudes of a triangle. The argument can be either the name of a triangle or three
non-collinear points that define a triangle. In the latter case, the triangle does
not need to be drawn.

Example: orthocenter(0,4i,4) returns (0,0)

"
pa2b2 "Syntax: pa2b2(Intg(n))

Returns [a,b] such as a^2+b^2=n (for n prime and n=1 (mod 4))

Example: pa2b2(17) returns [4,1]

"
pade "Syntax: pade(Expr(Xpr), Var(x), (Intg(n) || Poly(N)), Intg(p))

Pade approximation P/Q=Xpr mod x^(n+1) or mod N with degree(P)<p

Example: pade(exp(x),x,10,6) returns

(-x^5-30*x^4-420*x^3-3360*x^2-15120*x-30240)/(x^5-30*x^4+420*x^3-3360*x^2+15120*x-
30240)

"
parabola "Syntax: parabola(Point, Line) or parabola(Point, Realk) or
parabola(Expr)

Draws a parabola, given a focus point and a directrix line, or the vertex of the
parabola and a real number that represents the focal length

Examples:
parabola(GA, GB) draws a parabola whose focus is point A and whose directrix is
line B.
parabola(GA, 1) draws a parabola whose vertex is point A and whose focal length is
1.
parabola(x-y^2+y-2) draws the graph of the parabolic equation x=y^2-y+2

"
parallel "Syntax: parallel(Point, Line)

Draws a line through a given point that is parallel to a given line.

Examples:
parallel(A, B) draws the line through point A that is parallel to line B.
parallel(point(3?2*i), line(x+y?5)) draws the line through the point (3, ?2) that
is parallel to the line whose equation is x+y=5; that is, the line whose equation
is y=?x+1.

"
parallelogram "Syntax: parallelogram(Point1, Point2, Point3)

Draws a parallelogram given three of its vertices. The fourth point is calculated
automatically but is not defined symbolically. As with most of the other polygon
commands, you can store the fourth point?s coordinates into a CAS variable. The
orientation of the parallelogram is counterclockwise from the first point.

Example:
parallelogram(0,6,9+5i) draws a parallelogram whose vertices are at (0, 0), (6, 0),
(9, 5), and (3,5). The coordinates of the last point are calculated automatically.

"
parameq "Syntax: parameq(Obj)

Returns a parametric equation for the geometric object Obj. The parametric equation
is true for all complex numbers that represent points on Obj.

Example: parameq(circle(0,1)) returns -exp(i*t)

"
partfrac "Syntax: partfrac(RatFrac or Opt)
Performs partial fraction decomposition on a fraction.

Example: partfrac(x/(4-x^2)) returns (-1/2)/(x-2)-(1/2)/((x+2)

"
pcoeff "Syntax: pcoeff(Vect)

Returns the polynomial coefficients having the roots specified in the vector Vect.

Example: pcoeff([1,0,0,0,1]) returns poly1[1,-2,1,0,0,0]

"
perimeter "Syntax: perimeter(Polygon) or perimeter(Circle)

Returns the perimeter of a polygon or the circumference of a circle.

Examples:
perimeter(0,1,i) returns ?2+2
If GA is the point at (0, 0), GB is the point at (1, 0), and GC is defined as
circle(GA, GB-GA), then perimeter(GC) returns 2?.
If GA is the point at (0, 0), GB is the point at (1, 0), and GC is defined as
square(GA, GB-GA), then perimeter(GC) returns 4.

"
perimeterat "Syntax: perimeterat(Polygon, Pnt||Cplx(z0))

Displays at point(z0), with a legend, the perimeter of a circle or of a polygon

(e.g. triangle, square, ...).

"
perimeteratraw "Syntax: perimeteratraw(Polygone, Pnt||Cplx(z0))

Displays at point(z0), the perimeter of a circle or of a polygon (e.g. triangle,

square, ...).

"
PERM "Syntax: PERM(n, r)

Permutations. Returns the number of permutations (with regard to order) of n things

taken r at a time: n!/(n-r)!

Example: PERM(5,2) returns 20

"
perpen_bisector "Syntax:perpen_bisector(Segment) or perpen_bisector(Point1,
Point2)

Draws the perpendicular bisector of a segment. The segment is defined either by its
name or by its two endpoints.

Examples:
perpen_bisector(GC) draws the perpendicular bisector of segment C.
perpen_bisector(GA, GB) draws the perpendicular bisector of segment AB.
perpen_bisector(3+2i, i) draws the perpendicular bisector of a segment whose
endpoints have coordinates (3, 2) and (0, 1); that is, the line whose equation is
y=x/3+1.

"
perpendicular "Syntax: perpendicular(Point, Line) or perpendicular(Point1,
Point2, Point3)

Draws a line through a given point that is perpendicular to a given line. The line
may be defined by its name, two points, or an expression in x and y.

Examples:
perpendicular(GA, GD) draws a line perpendicular to line D through point A.
perpendicular(3+2i, GB, GC) draws a line through the point whose coordinates are
(3, 2) that is perpendicular to line BC.
perpendicular(3+2i,line(x-y=1)) draws a line through the point whose coordinates
are (3, 2) that is perpendicular to the line whose equation is x ? y = 1; that is,
the line whose equation is y=-x+5.

"
PI "Syntax: ?
The ratio of the circumference to the diameter of any circle. Internally
represented as 3.14159265359.
"
PIECEWISE "Syntax (non-CAS, Textbook Entry disabled): PIECEWISE(test1, case1, ...
[, testn], casen)
Syntax (CAS, Textbook Entry disabled):piecewise(test1, case1, ...[, testn], casen)
Syntax (Textbook Entry enabled):
{case1 if text1
...
{casen [if textn]

Evaluates cases one after another until one case is true. Returns the corresponding
case.

Example (Textbook Entry):

{?Even? if (324 MOD 2) == 0

{?Odd? if

returns ?Even?

"
pivot "Syntax: pivot(Mtrx(A),Intg(nl),Intg(nc))

Returns the matrix from A creating zeros in the column nc, by the method of Gauss-
Jordan with the element A[nl,nc] as pivot.

Example: pivot([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]],0,1) returns [[1,2],[0,-2],[0,-4]]

"
PIXOFF "Syntax: PIXOFF([G], x, y)

Sets the color of the pixel of G with coordinates (x,y) to white.

"
PIXOFF_P "Syntax: PIXOFF_P([G], x, y)

Sets the color of the pixel of G with coordinates (x,y) to white.

"
PIXON "Syntax: PIXON([G], x, y, [color])

Sets the color of the pixel of GROB G with coordinates (x,y).

"
PIXON_P "Syntax: PIXON_P([G], x, y, [color])

Sets the color of the pixel of GROB G with coordinates (x,y).

"
plotcontour "Syntax: plotcontour(Expr(Xpr),[LstVar],[LstVal])

Draws 11 contour-lines z=z_min,,...z=z_max of the surface z=Xpr, where the

contour-lines are defined by the 3rd argument.

"
plotfield "Syntax: plotfield(Expr,VectVar,[Opt])

plotfield(f(t,y),[t,y]) draws the slope field of the differential equation

y'=f(t,y)

"
plotfunc "Syntax: plotfunc(Expr)

Draws the plot of a function, given an expression in the independent variable x.

Note the use of lowercase x.

Example: plotfunc(3*sin(x)) draws the graph of y=3*sin(x).

"
plotimplicit "Syntax: plotimplicit(Expr,Var1,Var2)

plotimplicit(f(x,y),x,y) or plotimplicit(f(x,y),[x,y]) graph of f(x,y)=0

"
plotinequation "Syntax: plotinequation(Expr,[x=xrange,y=yrange],[xstep],[ystep])

Shows the graph of the solution of inequations with 2 variables.

"
plotlist "Syntax: plotlist(Lst(l)||Mtrx(M))

Draws a polygonal line through the points of abscissa 0,...,n and ordinate
l=[y0,...,yn] or the line through the points of abscissa in the first M column and
the ordinates in the second column.

"
plotode "Syntax: plotode(Expr,VectVar,VectInitCond)

plotode(f(t,y),[t,y],[t0,y0]) draws the solution of y'=f(t,y) and y(t0)=y0 or of

the system [x'=g(t,x,y),y'=h(t,x,y)] with x(t0)=x0 and y(t0)=y0.

"
plotparam "Syntax: plotparam(Cplx||Lst,Var||Lst(Var))
plotparam(a(x)+i*b(x),x=x0..x1) draws the curve X=a(x),Y=b(x) x=x0..x1 or
plotparam([a(u,v),b(u,v),c(u,v)],[u=u0..u1,v=v0..v1]) draws the surface
X=a(u,v),Y=b(u,v),Z=c(u,v) u=u0..u1 and v=v0..v1.

"
plotpolar "Syntax: plotpolar(Expr,Var,VarMin,VarMax)

plotpolar(f(x),x,a,b) draws the polar curve r=fx) for x in [a,b]

"
plotseq "Syntax: plotseq(Expr(f(Var)),Var=[a,xm,xM],Intg(p))

For seeing the pth terms of the sequence u(0)=a,u(n)=f(u(n-1))

"
pmin "Syntax: pmin(Mtrx,[Var])

Returns the minimal polynomial of a square matrix.

Example: pmin([[1,0],[0,1]],x) returns x-1

"
point "Syntax: point(Real1, Real2) or point(Expr1, Expr2) or point(Complex)

Creates a point, given the coordinates of the point. Each coordinate may be a value
or an expression involving variables or measurements on other objects in the
geometric construction.

Examples:
point(3,4) creates a point whose coordinates are (3,4). This point may be selected
and moved later.
point(abscissa(GA), ordinate(GB)) creates a point whose x-coordinate is the same as
that of a point A and whose y-coordinate is the same as that of a point B. This
point will change to reflect the movements of point A or point B.

"
point2d "Syntax: point2d(Var1, Var2, ..., Varn)

Randomly re-distributes a set of points such that, for each point, x is in the
interval [-5, 5] and y is in the interval [-5, 5]. Any further movement of one of
the points will randomly re-distribute all of the points.

"
POISSON "Syntax: POISSON(?, k)

Poisson probability mass function. Computes the probability of k occurrences of an

event in a time interval, given ? expected (or mean) occurrences of the event in
that interval. For this function, k is a non-negative integer and ? is a real
number.

Example: POISSON(4, 2) returns 0.14652511111

"
POISSON_CDF "Syntax: POISSON_CDF(?, x)

Cumulative poisson distribution function. Returns the probability of x or fewer

occurrences of an event in a given time interval, given ? expected (or mean)
occurrences.

POISSON_CDF(4, 2) returns 0.238103305554

"
POISSON_ICDF "Syntax: POISSON_ICDF(?, p)

Inverse cumulative poisson distribution function. Returns the value x such that the
probability of x or fewer occurrences of an event in a time interval, with ?
expected (or mean) occurrences of the event in the interval, is p.

Example: POISSON_ICDF(4, 0.238103305554) returns 2

"
polar "Syntax: polar(Crcle,Pnt or Cplxe(A))

Returns the line of the conjugated points of A with respect to the circle.

"
polar_coordinates "Syntax: polar_coordinates(Pnt or Cplx or LstRectCoord)

Returns the list of the norm and of the argument of the affix of a point (for 2D)
or of a complex number or of the the list of rectangular coordinates.

Example: polar_coordinates(point(1+2*i)) returns [?5,atan(2)]

"
polar_point "Syntax: polar_point(Real(r),Real(t))

Returns the point (for 2D) with the arguments r and t as polar coordinates.

"
pole "Syntax: pole(Crcle,Line)

Returns the point having the line as polar with respect to the circle.

"
poly2symb "Syntax: poly2symb(Lst,Var)

Returns a polynomial (orthe polynomial and its value) in Var (by default x), the
polynomial being defined by the vector of coefficents in Vect .

Examples:
poly2symb([1,2,3],x) returns (x+2)*x+3
poly2symb([1,2,3],x=2) returns (x+2)*x+3=11

"
POLYCOEF "Syntax: POLYCOEF(vector or list)
Polynomial coefficients. Returns the coefficients of the polynomial with the roots
specified in vector.
POLYCOEF({-1, 1}) returns {1, 0, -1}
"
POLYEVAL "Syntax: POLYEVAL(vector or list , value)
Polynomial evaluation. Evaluates a polynomial with the coefficients specified in
vector, at value.
POLYEVAL({1, 0, -1}, 3) returns 8
"
polygon "Syntax: polygon(Point1, Point2, ?, Pointn)

Draws a polygon from a set of vertices.

Example:
polygon(GA, GB, GD) draws ?ABD

"
polygonplot "Syntax: polygonplot(Mtrx)

Draws the polygons joining for j fixed and for k=0..nrows, the points (xk,yk) where
xk=element row k column 0 and yk=element row k column j, when the xk are sorted (we
obtain ncols-1 polygons).

"
polygonscatterplot "Syntax: polygonscatterplot(Mtrx)

Draws the points (xk,yk) and the polygons joining for j fixed and for k=0..nrows,
the points (xk,yk) where xk=element row k column 0 and yk=element row k column
j ,when the xk are sorted (we obtain ncols-1 polygons).

"
polynomial_regression "Syntax: polynomial_regression(Lst||Mtrx(A),[Lst],Intg(n))

Returns the coefficients (an,...a1,a0) of y=an*x^n+..a1x+a0): it is the best

polynomial that approximates the points where the coordinates are the rows of A (or
the 2 lists) (n is the 2nd argument).

Example: polynomial_regression([[1.0,1.0],[2.0,4.0],[3.0,9.0],[4.0,16.0]],3)
returns [-0.0,1.0,-0.0,0.0]

"
POLYROOT "Syntax: POLYROOT(vector)

Polynomial roots. Returns the roots for the polynomial whose coefficients are
specified in vector.

Example: POLYROOT([1, 0, -1]) returns {-1, 1}

"
POS "Syntax: POS(list, element)

List Position. Returns the position of element within list. If there is more than
one instance of the element, the position of the first occurrence is returned. A
value of 0 is returned if there is no occurrence of the specified element.

Example: POS({0, 1, 3, 5}, 1) returns 2

"
potential "Syntax: potential(Vect(V),VectVar)

Returns U such as derive(U,Vector_of_variable)=V

Example: potential([2*x*y+3,x^2-4*z,-4*y],[x,y,z]) returns 2*x^2*y/2+3*x-4*y*z

"
pow2exp "Syntax: pow2exp(Expr)

Converts powers to exponentials. Essentially the inverse of exp2pow.

Example: pow2exp(a^b) returns exp(b*ln(a))

"
power_regression "Syntax: power_regression(Lst|Mtrx(A),[Lst])

Returns the coefficients (m,b) of y=b*x^m: it is the best monomial that

approximates the points where the coordinates are the rows of A (or the 2 lists).

Example: power_regression([[1.0,1.0],[2.0,4.0],[3.0,9.0],[4.0,16.0]]) returns

2.0,1.0

"
powerpc "Syntax: powerpc(Cercle,Pnt or Cplx)

Returns the real number d^2-R^2 (d=distance between point and center, R=radius).

Example: powerpc(circle(0,1+i),3+i) returns 8

"
powexpand "Syntax: powexpand(Expr)

Expresses a power in the form of a product.

Example: powexpand(2^(x+y)) yields (2^x)*(2^y)

"
powmod "Syntax: powmod(a, n, p)

Power and modulo. For the integers a, n, and p, returns a^n mod p.

Example: powmod(5,2,13) returns 12

"
prepend "Syntax: prepend(Lst,Elem )

Puts the element at the beginning of the list.

Example: prepend([1,2],3) returns [3,1,2]

"
preval "Syntax: preval(f(Var), Real1, Real2, [Var])

Returns f(Real2)-f(Real1).
Example: preval(x^2-2,2,3) returns 5

"
prevprime "Syntax: prevprime(a)

Previous prime. Returns the previous prime number before the integer a.

Example: prevprime(11) returns 7

"
primpart "Syntax: primpart(Poly,[Var])

Returns the polynomial P divided by the gcd of its coefficients.

Example: primpart(2x^2+10x+6) returns x^2+5*x+3

"
PRINT "Syntax: PRINT(expr) or PRINT(string) or PRINT( )
Prints either the result of expr or string to the terminal.

The terminal is a program text output viewing mechanism which is displayed only
when PRINT commands are executed. When visible, you can use the up/down keys to
view the text, BKSP to erase the text and any other key to hide the terminal. You
can show the terminal at anytime using the ON+T combination (press and HOLD the ON
key, then press the T key, then release both keys). Pressing ON stops the
interaction with the terminal.

PRINT with no argument clears the terminal.

"
product "Syntax: product(Expr||Lst,[Var||Lst],[Intg(a)],[Intg(b)],[Intg(p)])

Multiplicates the values of the expression when the variable goes from a to b with
a step p (product expression,var,begin,end,step) by default p=1) or product of the
elements of a list or product element by element of 2 lists or matrix.

Example: product(n,n,1,10,2) returns 945

"
projection "Syntax: projection(Curve, Point)

Draws the orthogonal projection of a point onto a curve.

Example: projection(circle(x^2+y^2=4),point(6,6)) creates a point on the circle at

(?2, ?2)

"
proot "Syntax: proot(Vect||Poly)

Returns all computed roots of a polynomial given by its coefficients (may not work
if roots are not simple).

Example: proot([1,0,-2]) returns [-1.41421356237,1.41421356237]

"
propfrac "Syntax: propfrac(Frac or RatFrac)

Simplifies and writes the fraction (or rationnal fraction) A/B as Q+R/B with R<B
(or deg(R)<deg(B))

Example: propfrac(28/12) returns 2+1/3

"
Psi "Syntax: Psi(Real(a),Intg(n))

Psi(a,n) returns the nth derivative of the digamma function at x=a

(Psi(a,0)=Psi(a))

Example: Psi(3,1) returns ?^2/6-5/4

"
ptayl "Syntax: ptayl(Poly(P(var)),Real(a),[Var])

Returns the Taylor polynomial Q such as P(x)=Q(x-a)

Example: ptayl(x^2+2*x+1,1) returns x^2+4*x+4

"
purge "Syntax: purge(Var)

purge(varname) unassigns the variable varname

"
PX?C "Syntax: PX?C(x, y) or PX?C({x, y})

Transform pixel coordinates into cartesian coordinates. Returns a list.

"
q2a "Syntax: q2a(QuadraForm,VectVar)

q2a(q(x,y),[x,y]) returns the symmetric matrix associated with the quadratic form q

Example: q2a(x^2+2*x*y+2*y^2,[x,y]) returns [[1,1],[1,2]]

"
QR "Syntax: QR(matrix)

QR Factorization. Factors an mn matrix into three matrices:

{[[mm orthogonal]],[[mn uppertrapezoidal]],[[nn permutation]]}.

Example: QR([[1,2],[3,4]])
"
quadrilateral "Syntax: quadrilateral(Point1, Point2, Point3, Point4)

Draws a quadrilateral from a set of four points.

Example:
quadrilateral(GA, GB, GC, GD) draws quadrilateral ABCD.

"
quantile "Syntax: quantile(Lst(l),Real(p))

Returns the quantile of the elements of l corresponding to p (0<p<1)

Example: quantile([0,1,3,4,2,5,6],0.25) returns [1.0]

"
quartile1 "Syntax: quartile1(Lst||Mtrx,[Lst])

Returns the 1st quartile of the elements (or of the columns) of the argument.

Example: quartile1([1,2,3,5,10,4]) returns 2.0

"
quartile3 "Syntax: quartile3(Lst||Mtrx,[Lst])

Returns the 3rd quartile of the elements (or of the columns) of the argument

Example: quartile3([1,2,3,5,10,4]) returns 5.0

"
quartiles "Syntax: quartiles(Lst||Mtrx,[Lst])

Returns the min, 1st quartile, median, 3rd quartile, and max of the elements (or of
the columns) of the argument.

Example: quartiles([1,2,3,5,10,4]) returns [[1.0],[2.0],[3.0],[5.0],[10.0]]

"
quo "Syntax: quo((Vect or Poly),(Vect or Poly),[Var])

Returns the Euclidean quotient of 2 polynomials

Example: quo([1,2,3,4],[-1,2]) returns poly1[-1,-4,-11]

"
quorem "Syntax: quorem(Poly1, Poly2) or quorem(Vector1, Vector2)

Returns the Euclidean quotient and remainder of the quotient of 2 polynomials in a

vector. If the polynomials are expressed as vectors of their coefficients, then
this command returns a similar vector of the quotient and a vector of the
remainder.

Examples:
quorem(x^3+2*x^2+3*x+4,-x+2) returns [-x^2-4*x-11, 26]
quorem([1,2,3,4],[-1,2]) returns [[-1, -4, -11] [26]]

"
QUOTE "Syntax: QUOTE(expression)

Returns the expression unchanged and un-evaluated.

This function is mostly used with the STO? command in order to store a function in
a function variable. For example if you want to store SIN(X) in F1.you cannot do
SIN(X)?F1 as SIN(X) would be evaluated and a numerical result would be stored into
F1. QUOTE(SIN(X))?F1 will store SIN(X) in F1.
"
radical_axis "Syntax: radical_axis(Crcle,Crcle)

Returns the line of points with same powerpc with respect to the 2 circles.

"
radius "Syntax: radius(Circle)

Returns the radius of a circle.

Example: If GA is the point at (0, 0), GB is the point at (1, 0), and GC is defined
as circle(GA, GB-GA), then radius(GC) returns 1.

"
randexp "Syntax: randexp(Real(a))

Returns a random real according to the exponential distribution of parameter a>0

Example: randexp(1) returns 1.17118631006

"
RANDINT "Syntax: RANDINT([a],[b],[c])

Random number. Returns a pseudo-random integer generated using a seed value, and
updates the seed value.

With no argument, this function returns a random integer x from 0 to 1. With one
argument, this returns a random integer x from 0 to a. With two arguments, this
returns a random integer x from a to b. With three arguments, this returns a list
of size a with each element being a random integer x from b to c.

Example: RANDINT(3,1,6) returns { random1, random2, random3 }

"
RANDMAT "Syntax: RANDMAT (matrixname, rows, columns)

Creates a random matrix with the specified number of rows and columns, and stores
the result in matrixname. The entries will be integers ranging from ?99 to 99.

Example: RANDMAT(M1,2,2) returns [[n1,n2],[n3,n4]]

"
randMat "Syntax: ranm(Intg(n),[Intg(m)],[Interval or quote(DistribLaw)])

Returns a list of size n or a n*m matrix that contains random integers in the range
-99 through 99 with uniform distribution or contains random numbers according to
the law in quote.

Example: ranm(3) returns [-20,72,-86]

"
RANDNORM "Syntax: RANDNORM([?],[?]) or RANDNORM(n,?,?)

Return a random number from the normal distribution with the specified mean ? and
standard deviation ?. Default values are 0 and 1.

With three arguments, returns a list of size n with each element being a random
number fron the normal distribution with the specified mean ? and standard
deviation ?.

Example: RANDNORM(3,0,1) returns { random1, random2, random3 }

"
randNorm "Syntax: randnorm(Real(mu),Real(sigma))

Returns a random real with normal distribution N(mu,sigma)

Example: randnorm(0,1) returns -0.860967215689

"
RANDOM "Syntax: RANDOM([a],[b],[c])

Random number. Returns a pseudo-random number generated using a seed value, and
updates the seed value.

With no argument, this function returns a random number x with 0 ? x < 1. With one
argument, this returns a random number x with 0 ? x < a. With two arguments, this
returns a random number x with a ? x < b. With three arguments, this returns a list
of size a with each element being a random number x with b ? x < c.

Example: RANDOM(3,0,10) returns { random1, random2, random3 }

"
randperm "Syntax: randperm(Intg(n))

Returns a random permutation of [0,1,2,..,n-1]

Example: randperm(4) returns [2,1,3,0]

"
randPoly "Syntax: randpoly([Var],Intgr,[Dist])

Returns a vector of coefficients of a polynomial of variable Var (or x), of degree

Intgr and where the coefficients are random integers in the range -99 through 99
with uniform distribution or in an interval specified by Intrvl.

Example: randpoly(t, 8, -1..1) returns a vector of 9 random integers, all of them

between -1 and 1.

"
RANDSEED "Syntax: RANDSEED([value])

Sets the random number generator seed. With no input, uses current time value as
seed.

Example: RANDSEED(3.14)
"
RANK "Syntax: RANK(matrix)

Rank of a rectangular matrix.

Example: RANK([[1,2],[3,4]]) returns 2

"
ratnormal "Syntax: ratnormal(Expr)

Rewrites Expr as an irreducible rational fraction

Example: ratnormal((x^2-1)/(x^3-1)) returns (x+1)/(x^2+x+1)

"
RE "Syntax: RE(x+yi)

Real Part. Returns the real part of a complex number.

Example: RE(3+4i) returns 3

"
reciprocation "Syntax: reciprocation(Crcle,Lst(Pnt,Line))

Returns the list where a point is replaced with its polar or a line is replaced
with its pole, with respect to the circle C

"
RECT "Syntax: RECT([G], [x1, y1], [x2, y2], [edgecolor],[fillcolor])
Draws a rectangle on G, with diagonal defined by points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2), using
edgecolor for the perimeter and fillcolor for the inside.

The following values are optional and their defaults are listed:
x1, y1=top left corner of G
x2, y2=bottom right corner of G
edgecolor=white
fillcolor=edgecolor

Note: To erase a GROB, execute RECT(G). To clear the screen execute RECT().
"
RECT_P "Syntax: RECT_P([G], [x1, y1], [x2, y2], [edgeColor],[fillColor])
Draws a rectangle on G, with diagonal defined by points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2), using
edgeColor for the perimeter and fillColor for the inside.

The following values are optional and their defaults are listed:
x1, y1=top left corner of G
x2, y2=bottom right corner of G
edgeColor=white
fillColor=edgeColor

Note: To erase a GROB, execute RECT(G). To clear the screen, execute RECT().
"
rectangle "Syntax: rectangle(Point1, Point2, Point3) or rectangle(Point1, Point2,
Realk)

Draws a rectangle given two consecutive vertices and a point on the side opposite
the side defined by the first two vertices or a scale factor for the sides
perpendicular to the first side. As with many of the other polygon commands, you
can specify optional CAS variable names for storing the coordinates of the other
two vertices as points.

Examples:
rectangle(GA, GB, GE) draws a rectangle whose first two vertices are points A and B
(one side is segment AB). Point E is on the line that contains the side of the
rectangle opposite segment AB.
rectangle(GA, GB, 3, p, q) draws a rectangle whose first two vertices are points A
and B (one side is segment AB). The sides perpendicular to segment AB have length
3*AB. The third and fourth points are stored into the CAS variables p and q,
respectively.

"
rectangular_coordinates "Syntax: rectangular_coordinates(LstPolCoord)
Returns the list of the abscissa and of the ordinate of a point given by the list
of its polar coordinates.

Example: rectangular_coordinates([1,-1]) returns [cos(1),-sin(1)]

"
red "Syntax: ('display')=[color]

For example, suppose you have drawn a circle in the Geometry app. In Symbolic view,
the circle's definition might be GC:=circle(GA,GB-GA). If you wanted that circle to
be, say, red, you could modify that definition to read:

Example: GC:=circle(GA,GB-GA, ('display')=red)

"
REDIM "Syntax: REDIM(matrixname, size)
Redimensions the specified matrix or vector to size. For a matrix, size is a list
of two integers {n1, n2}. For a vector, size is a list containing one integer {n}.
Existing values in the matrix are preserved. Fill values will be zeros.
"
reduced_conic "Syntax: reduced_conic(Expr,[LstVar])

Returns the origin and the matrix of a base in which the conic (given by its
equation) is reduced, 0 or 1 (0 if the conic is degenerate), and the equation of
the conic in this base and also its parametric equation

Example: reduced_conic(x^2+2*x-2*y+1) returns [[-1,0],[[0,1],[-1,0]],1,y^2+2*x,[[-

1+(-i)*(t*t/-2+(i)*t),t,-4,4,0.1]]]

"
ref "Syntax: ref(Mtrx(M))

Performs Gauss reduction of a matrix AX=b (M=A|(-b))

Example: ref([[3,1,-2],[3,2,2]]) returns [[1,1/3,-2/3],[0,1,4]]

"
reflection "Syntax: reflection(line, Object) or reflection(Point, Object)

Reflects a geometric object over a line or through a point. The latter is sometimes
referred to as a half-turn.

Examples:
reflection(line(x=3),point(1,1)) reflects the point at (1, 1) over the vertical
line x=3 to create a point at (5,1).
reflection(1+I, 3-2i) reflects the point at (3, -2) through the point at (1, 1) to
create a point at (-1, 4).

"
rem "Syntax: rem(Poly1, Poly2) or rem(Vector1, Vector2)

Returns the Euclidean remainder of the quotient of 2 polynomials. If the

polynomials are expressed as vectors of their coefficients, then this command
returns a similar vector of the remainder.

Examples:

rem(x^3+2*x^2+3*x+4,-x+2) returns 26
rem([1,2,3,4],[-1,2]) returns [26]

"
remove "Syntax: remove(FncBool(f)||e,Lst(l))

Removes the occurences e of l or the elements e such that f(e)=true

Example: remove(x->x>=5,[1,2,6,7]) returns [1,2]

"
reorder "Syntax: reorder(Expr,LstVar)

Reorders the variables in E according to the order of the 2nd argument

Example: reorder(x^2+2*x+y^2,[y,x]) returns y^2+x^2+2*x

"
REPEAT "Syntax: REPEAT command(s) UNTIL test;

executes command(s) UNTIL the test is true.

A:=5;
REPEAT
PRINT(A);
A:= A-1;
UNTIL A<1;

will print 5 4 3 2 1
"
REPLACE "Syntax: REPLACE(object,start,object)

Replaces portion of a matrix, vector or string starting at start by object.

For a matrix, start is a list containing two numbers; for a vector or string it is
a single number.
Note: for strings, you can do: REPLACE(""string"", ""sub_string"",
""replace_string"")
"
residue "Syntax: residue(Expr,Var(v),Cplx(a))

Returns the residue in a of the expression Expr with v as variable

Example: residue(1/z,z,0) returns 1

"
restart "Syntax: restart(NULL)

Purges all the variables

"
resultant "Syntax: resultant(Poly,Poly,Var)
Returns the inert form of the resultant for modular computation (irem/mod)

"
RETURN "Syntax: RETURN expression;
Exits from a function and returns the value of expression (optional).

Example:
EXPORT FACTORIAL(N)
BEGIN
IF N==1 THEN RETURN 1; ELSE RETURN N*FACTORIAL(N-1); END;
END;
"
REVERSE "Syntax: REVERSE(list)

Reverse list. Reverses the order of the elements in list and returns them in a new
list.

Example: REVERSE({2, 3, 4, 5}) returns {5, 4, 3, 2}.

"
revlist "Syntax: revlist(Lst(l))

Returns the list l in reverse order

Example: revlist([1,2,3]) returns [3,2,1]

"
RGB "Syntax: RGB(R, G, B, [A])

Returns an integer number that can be used as the color parameter for a drawing
function. Based on Red, Green and Blue components values (0 to 255).

If Alpha is greater than 128, returns the color flagged as transparent. There is no
alpha channel blending on Prime.
"
rhombus "Syntax: rhombus(Pnt(A)||Cplx,Pnt(B)||Cplx,Angle(a)||Pnt(P)||Lst(P,a)),
[Var(C)],[Var(D)])

Returns and draws the rhombus ABCD such that the angle (AB,AD)=a or such that in
the plane ABP the angle(AB,AD)=angle(AB,AP)

"
RIGHT "Syntax: RIGHT(string, n)

Returns the last n characters of the string.

Example: RIGHT(""MOMOGUMBO"",5) returns ""GUMBO""

"
right "Sorry, but no on-line help is available for this item.

To browse through the entire help system, tap Tree. You can then use the cursor
keys to navigate through the system and open help topics.

If you still cannot find the topic you are interested in, please consult the User
Guide.
Tap OK to exit this page.
"
right_triangle "Syntax: right_triangle(Point1, Point2, Realk)

Draws a right triangle given two points and a scale factor. One leg of the right
triangle is defined by the two points, the vertex of the right angle is at the
first point, and the scale factor multiplies the length of the first leg to
determine the length of the second leg.

Example: right_triangle(GA, GB, 1) draws an isosceles right triangles with its

right angle at point A, and with both legs equal in length to segment AB.

"
romberg "Syntax: romberg(Expr(f(x)),Var(x),Real(a),Real(b))

Uses Romberg's method to return the approximate value of the integral of the
expression over the interval a to b

Example: romberg(exp(x^2),x,0,1) returns 1.46265174591

"
ROTATE "Syntax: ROTATE(string, n)
If n is not negative, takes the first n characters of string and put them on the
right of string. If n is negative, takes the last n characters and put them on the
left of string. If ABS(n)>dim(string), returns string.
ROTATE(""12345"",2) returns ""34512""
ROTATE(""12345"",-1) returns ""51234""
ROTATE(""12345"",6) returns ""12345""
"
rotation "Syntax: rotate(Point, Angle, Object)

Rotates a geometric object, about a given center point, through a given angle.

Example: rotate(GA, angle(GB, GC, GD),GK) rotates the geometric object labeled K,
about point A, through an angle equal to ?CBD.

"
ROUND "Syntax: ROUND(value, [places])

Rounds value to system display settings. If optional places is given, rounds value
to places decimal places. If places is negative, rounds to significant digits
instead.

ROUND(7.8676,2) returns 7.87

"
row "Syntax: row(Mtrx(A),Intg(n)||Interval(n1..n2))

Returns the row n or the sequence of the rows n1..n2 of the matrix A

Example: row([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]],1) returns [4,5,6]

"
rowAdd "Syntax: rowAdd(Mtrx(A),Intg(n1),Intg(n2))

Returns the matrix obtained from matrix A when the n2th row is replaced by the sum
of the n1th and n2th rows
Example: rowAdd([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]],1,2) returns [[1,2],[3,4],[8,10]]

"
rowDim "Syntax: rowDim(Mtrx)

Returns the number of rows of a matrix

Example: rowDim([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]) returns 2

"
ROWNORM "Syntax: ROWNORM(matrix)
Row Norm. Finds the maximum value (over all rows) for the sums of the absolute
values of all elements in a row.

Example: ROWNORM([[1,2],[3,4]]) returns 7

"
rowSwap "Syntax: rowSwap(Mtrx(A),Intg(n1),Intg(n2))

Returns the matrix obtained from A by swapping the n1th row and the n2th row

Example: rowSwap([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]],1,2) returns [[1,2],[5,6],[3,4]]

"
RREF "Syntax: RREF(matrix)

Reduced-Row Echelon Form. Changes a rectangular matrix to its reduced row-echelon

form.

Example: RREF([[1,-2,1],[3,4,-1]]) returns [[1,0,.2],[0,1,-.4]]

"
rsolve "Syntax: rsolve((Expr or LstExpr),(Var or LstVar),(InitVal or
LstInitVal))

Gives the value of a recurrent sequence or of a system of recurrent sequences

Example: rsolve(u(n+1)=2*u(n)+n,u(n),u(0)=1 returns [-n+2*2^n-1]

"
R?B "Syntax: R?B(Real [, bits [,base]])

Transform a real number into an integer. Optionally specifies bits and base.
-64<Bits<65
0<=Base<=4
0: system, 1: bin, 2: oct, 3: dec, 4: hex
"
SCALE "Syntax: SCALE(matrixname, value, rownumber)
Multiplies the specified row_number of the specified matrix by value.

"
SCALEADD "Syntax: SCALEADD(matrixname, value, row1, row2)

Multiplies the specified row1 of the matrix name by value, then adds this result to
the second specified row2 of the matrix matrixname.
"
SCHUR "Syntax: SCHUR(matrix)
Schur Decomposition. Factors a square matrix into two matrices. If matrix is real,
then the result is {[[orthogonal]],[[upper-quasi triangular]]}.
If Complex mode is on and the matrix is complex, then the result is
{[[unitary]],[[upper-triangular]]}.

Example: SCHUR([[1,2],[3,4]])
"
SEC "Syntax: SEC(value)

Secant. The Secant function; that is, 1/cos(x).

Example: SEC(0) returns 1 in degree mode

"
segment "Syntax: segment(Point1, Point2)

Draws a segment defined by its endpoints.

Examples:
segment(1+2i, 4) draws the segment defined by the points whose coordinates are (1,
2) and (4, 0).
segment(GA, GB) draws segment AB.

"
select "Syntax: select(FncBool(f),Lst(l))

Selects the elements e of l such that f(e)=true

Example: select(x->x>=5,[1,2,6,7]) returns [6,7]

"
seq "Syntax: seq(Expr(Xpr),Intg(n)||Var(var),[Intg(a)],[Intg(b)],[Intg(p)])

Returns the sequence (if 2 or 3 arguments) or the list (if 4 or 5 arguments)

obtained when var goes from a to b (step p) in Xpr, or when Xpr is repeated n
times.

Example: seq(2^k,k=0..8) returns 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256

"
seqsolve "Syntax: seqsolve((Expr or LstExpr),(Var or LstVar),(InitVal or
LstInitVal))

Gives the value of a recurrent sequence (u_{n+1}=f(u_n) or

u_{n+2}=f(u_{n+1},u_n)...) or of a system of recurrent sequences

Example: seqsolve(2x+n,[x,n],1) returns -n-1+2*2^n

"
series "Syntax: series(Expr,Equal(var=limit_point),[Order],[Dir(1,0,-1)])

Returns the series expansion of an expression in the vicinity of a given equality

variable. With the optional third and fourth arguments you can specify the order
and direction of the series expansion. If no order is specified the series returned
is
fifth order. If no direction is specified, the series is bidirectional.

Example: series((x^4+x+2)/(x^2+1),x=0,5) returns 2+x-2x^2-

x^3+3x^4+x^5+x^6*order_size(x)

"
SETBASE "Syntax: SETBASE(#integer[, base])

Sets the base used for display of this integer.

If base is not specified the calculator default is used.
0<=Base<=4
0: system, 1: bin, 2: oct, 3: dec, 4: hex
"
SETBITS "Syntax: SETBITS(#integer[, bits])

Sets the number of bits used for calculations with this integer to bits.
If bits is not specified the calculator default is used.
-64<Bits<65
"
shift_phase "Syntax: shift_phase(Expr)

Returns the expressions where the phase of the evaluated trigonometric expressions
is increased by ?/2

Example: shift_phase(sin(x)) returns -cos((?+2*x)/2)

"
Si "Syntax: Si(Expr)

Sine integral int(sin(t)/t,t=0..x)

Example: Si(1.0) returns 0.946083070367

"
SIGN "Syntax: SIGN(value) or SIGN(x+yi)

Sign. Returns the sign of value. If positive, the result is 1; if negative, -1. If
zero, the result is zero. For complex inputs returns the unit vector.

Example: SIGN (2) returns 1

"
signature "Syntax: signature(Permut)

Returns the signature of a permutation

Example: signature([2,1,4,5,3]) returns -1

"
similarity "Syntax: similarity(Point, Realk, Angle, Object)

Dilates and rotates a geometric object about the same center point.

Example: similarity(0, 3, angle(0,1,i),point(2,0)) dilates the point at (2,0) by a

scale factor of 3 (a point at (6,0)), then rotates the result 90� counterclockwise
to create a point at (0, 6)

"
simplify "Syntax: simplify(Expr)
Simplifies an expression.

Example: simplify(4*atan(1/5)-atan(1/239)) yields (1/4)*?

"
simult "Syntax: simult(Mtrx(A),Mtrx(B))

Returns the matrix where the column of index k is solution of A*X=column of index k
of B (=B[0..nr-1,k..k] with nr=number of rows of B)

Example: simult([[3,1],[3,2]],[[-2],[2]]) returns [[-2],[4]]

"
SIN "SIN: the sine function.
Syntax: SIN(Value)

Returns the sine of Value. Value is interpreted as either degrees or radians,

depending on the setting of Angle Measure in Home Modes or Symbolic Setup.

Example: in radians mode, SIN(?/2) returns 1

"
sin2costan "Syntax: sin2costan(Expr)

Rewrites Expr so that sin(x) is replaced by cos(x)*tan(x)

Example: sin2costan(sin(x)) returns tan(x)*cos(x)

"
sincos "Syntax: sincos(Expr)

Returns an expression with the complex exponentials rewritten in terms of sine and
cosine.

Example: sincos(exp(-i*x)) returns cos(x)-i*sin(x)

"
single_inter "Syntax: single_inter(Curve,Curve,[Pnt(A)||LstPnt(L)])

Gives one of the intersections of 2 curves or surfaces (or the intersection near A
or not in L)

"
SINH "Syntax: SINH(value)

Hyperbolic sine.

Example: SINH(1) returns 1.17520119364

"
SIZE "Syntax: SIZE(list)

List Size. Returns the number of elements in list.

Example: SIZE({0, 1, 2, 3}) returns 4

"
slope "Syntax: slope(Line||Pnt||Cplx,[Pnt||Cplx])

Returns the slope of the line defined in the argument

Example: slope(line(1,2i)) returns -2

"
slopeat "Syntax: slopeat(Segment, Point) or slopeat(Line, Point) or
slopeat(Ray, Point)

Displays, with a legend, the value of the slope of the segment, ray, or line (Line
may be a tangent, bisector, etc.) at the location Point in Plot view.

Example: slopeat(line(point(0,1), point(3,2)),point(-10,4)) places

""sline(point(0,1),point(3,2)=1/3"" at the point (-10,4) in Plot view

"
slopeatraw "Syntax: slopeatraw(Line, Pnt||Cplx(z0))

slopeatraw(d,z0) displays the value of the slope of the line or segment d at

point(z0)

"
solve "Syntax: solve(Expr,[Var] )

Solves a polynomial equation or a set of polynomial equations.

Example: solve(x^2-3=1) returns {-2,2}

"
SORT "Syntax: SORT(list)

Sort list. Sorts the elements of list in ascending order.

Example: SORT({2, 9, 5, 3}) returns {2, 3, 5, 9}.

"
SPECNORM "Syntax: SPECNORM(matrix)

Spectral Norm of matrix.

Example: SPECNORM([[1,2],[3,4]]) returns 5.46498570422

"
SPECRAD "Syntax: SPECRAD(matrix)

Spectral radius of matrix.

Example: SPECRAD([[1,2],[3,4]]) returns 5.37228132327

"
spline "Syntax: spline(Lst(lx),Lst(ly),Var(x),Intg(d))

Returns the natural spline through the points given by lx and ly, variable x,
degree d

Example: spline([0,1,2],[1,3,0],x,3) returns [-5*x^3/4+13*x/4+1,5*(x-1)^3/4+-15*(x-

1)^2/4+(x-1)/-2+3]

"
sqrfree "Syntax: sqrfree(Expr)

Returns a polynomial factorized as a product of powers of coprime factors where

each factor has roots of multiplicity 1

Example: sqrfree(x^4-2*x^2+1) returns (x^2-1)^2

"
sqrt "Syntax: ?(Expr)

Returns the square root of Expr

Example: ?50 returns 5*?2

"
square "Syntax: square(Point1, Point2)

Draws a square, given two consecutive vertices as points.

Example: square(0, 3+2i, p, q) draws a square with vertices at (0, 0), (3, 2), (1,
5), and (-2, 3). The last two vertices are computed automatically and are saved
into the CAS variables p and q.

"
STARTAPP "Syntax: STARTAPP(""AppName"")
Starts the app AppName. The App's START function will run if present. The App?s
default view will be started. Note that the START function is always executed when
the user presses the START menu key in the App Library. Also works for apps saved
in the App Library.
"
STARTVIEW "Syntax: STARTVIEW(ViewNumber[,Redraw])

Starts a view of the current app. Redraw, is optional; if Redraw, is true (non 0),
it will force a refresh for the view.

The view numbers are as follows:

0=Symbolic
1=Plot
2=Numeric
3=Symbolic Setup
4=Plot Setup
5=Numeric Setup
6=App Info
7=Views key

If the current app has views defined under the Views menu, then the following view
numbers are used:
8=First special view (Split Screen Plot Detail)
9=Second special view (Split Screen Plot Table)
10=Third special view (Autoscale)
11=Fourth special view (Decimal)
12=Fifth special view (Integer)
13=Sixth special view (Trig)

If ViewNumber is negative, the following global views are used:

-1=HomeScreen
-2=Modes
-3=Memory Manager
-4=App Library
-5=Matrix Catalog
-6=List Catalog
-7=Program Catalog
-8=Note Catalog
"
stddev "Syntax: stddev(Lst||Mtrx,[Lst])

Returns the standard deviation of the elements in a list or of the list of standard
deviations

Example: stddev([1,2,3]) returns (?6)/3

"
stddevp "Syntax: stddevp(Lst||Mtrx,[Lst])

Returns the population standard eviation of the elements of a list with the second
argument as weight.

Example: stddevp([1,2,3]) returns 1

"
STEP "Syntax: FOR var FROM start TO (or DOWNTO) finish [STEP increment] DO
command(s) END;

Sets variable var to start; then, for as long as this variable?s value is less than
or equal to (or more than for a DOWNTO) finish, executes command(s) and adds (or
substract for DOWNTO) 1 (or increment) to var.

FOR A FROM 1 TO 10 STEP 2

DO
PRINT(A);
END;

will print 1 3 5 7 9
"
sto "Syntax: sto(arg1,Var)

Stores the first argument in the variable given as second argument

Example: sto(""hello"",b)
"
STRING "Syntax: STRING(expression)

Evaluates expression and returns the result as a string.

"
STRINGFROMID "Syntax: STRINGFROMID(integer)

Returns the built-in string associated with the ID of the current language.
"
STUDENT "Syntax: STUDENT(n, x)

Student?s t probability density function. Computes the probability density of the

Student?s-t distribution at x, given n degrees of freedom.

Example: STUDENT(3, 5.2) returns 0.00366574413491

"
STUDENT_CDF "Syntax: STUDENT_CDF(n, x)

Cumulative Student?s t distribution function. Returns the lower-tail probability of

the Student?s t probability density function at x, given n degrees of freedom.

Example: STUDENT_CDF(3, -3.2) returns 0.0246659214813

"
STUDENT_ICDF "Syntax: STUDENT_ICDF(n, p)

Inverse cumulative Student?s t distribution function. Returns the value x such that
the Student?s-t lower-tail probability of x, with n degrees of freedom, is p.

Example: STUDENT_ICDF(3, 0.0246659214813) returns -3.2

"
sturmab "Syntax: sturmab(Poly,Var,Cplx1, Cplx2)

Returns the number of sign changes of a polynomial in the interval (Cplx1, Cplx2]
or the number of complex roots in (Cplx1, Cplx2] if Cplx1 or Cplx2 is non-real.

Example: sturmab(x^3-1,x,-2,5) returns 1

"
sturmseq "Syntax: sturmseq(Poly,[Var])

Returns the Sturm sequence corresponding to a polynomial or to a rational fraction

Example: sturmseq(x^3-1,x) returns [1,[[1,0,0,-1],[3,0,0],9],1]

"
SUB "Syntax: SUB(object, start, end)

Extracts a portion, of a list or matrix.

For a matrix, start and end are two lists of two numbers ({row, col}) specifying
the top left and bottom right of the portion to extract.
For a vector or list, start and end are two numbers specifying the indexes of the
first and last objects of the portion to extract.

"
SUBGROB "Syntax: SUBGROB(srcG, [x1, y1], [x2, y2], trgtG)
Sets graphic trgtG to be a copy of the area of srcG between points (x1,y1) and
(x2,y2). If both (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are not specified, then the entire graphic
srcG is used. If (x1, y1) is not specified, then the top left corner of srcG is
used; if (x2, y2) is not specified, then the bottom right corner of srcG is used.

trgtGRB can be any of the graphic variables except G0.

SUBGROB(G1, G4) will copy G1 in G4.

"
SUBGROB_P "Syntax: SUBGROB_P(srcG, [x1, y1], [x2, y2], trgtG)
Sets graphic trgtG to be a copy of the area of srcG between points (x1,y1) and
(x2,y2). If both (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are not specified, then the entire graphic
srcG is used. If (x1, y1) is not specified, then the top left corner of srcG is
used; if (x2, y2) is not specified, then the bottom right corner of srcG is used.

trgtGRB can be any of the graphic variables except G0.

SUBGROB(G1, G4) will copy G1 in G4.

"
subMat "Syntax: subMat(Mtrx(A),Intg(n1),Intg(n2),Intg(n3),Intg(n4))

Extracts a sub matrix with first element=A[n1,n2] and last element=A[n3,n4]

Example: subMat([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]],1,0,2,1) returns [[3,4],[5,6]]

"
subst "Syntax: subst(Expr,Var=value)

Substitutes a value for a variable in an expression.

Example: subst(x/(4-x^2),x=3) returns -3/5

"
sum "Syntax: sum(Expr,Var,Real1, Real2,[Step])

Returns the discrete sum of Expr with respect to the variable Var from Real1 to
Real2. You can also use the summation template in the Template menu.

Example: sum(n^2,n,1,5) returns 55

"
sum_riemann "Syntax: sum_riemann(Expr,List(Var1,Var2))

Returns, in the neighbourhood of n=?, an equivalent of the sum of Expr(Var1,Var2)

for Var2 from Var2=1 to Var2=Var1 when the sum is looked at as a Riemann sum
associated with a continuous function defined on [0,1]

Example: sum_riemann(1/(n+k),[n,k]) returns ln(2)

"
suppress "Syntax: suppress(Vect(l),Intg(n))

Returns l without the element of index n

Example: suppress([0,1,2,3],2) returns [0,1,3]

"
surd "Syntax: surd(Expr,Intg(n))

Returns Expr to the power of 1/n

Example: surd(8,3) returns 8^(1/3)

"
SVD "Syntax: SVD(matrix)

Singular Value Decomposition. Factors an m n matrix into two matrices and a

vector: {[[m m square orthogonal]],[[n n square orthogonal]], [real]}.

Example: SVD([[1,2],[3,4]])
"
SVL "Syntax: SVL(matrix)

Singular Values. Returns a vector containing the singular values of matrix.

Example: SVL([[1,2],[3,4]])
"
SWAPCOL "Syntax: SWAPCOL(matrixname, column1, column2)
Swap Columns. Exchanges column1 and column2 in the specified matrix matrixname.
"
SWAPROW "Syntax: SWAPROW(matrixname, row1, row2)

Swap Rows. Exchanges row1 and row2 in the specified matrix matrixname.
"
sylvester "Syntax: sylvester(Poly,Poly,Var)

Returns the Sylvester matrix of two polynomials

Example: sylvester(x^2-1,x^3-1,x) returns [[1,0,-1,0,0],[0,1,0,-1,0],[0,0,1,0,-1],

[1,0,0,-1,0],[0,1,0,0,-1]]

"
symb2poly "Syntax: symb2poly(Expr,[Var]) or symb2poly(Expr, ListVar)

Returns the coefficients of a polynomial Expr with respect tothe variable Var or if
the second argument is a list returns the internal format of the polynomial.
Essentaiilly the inverse of poly2symb().

Example: symb2poly( (x+2)*x+3) returns [1,2,3]

"
table "Syntax: table(SeqEqual(index=value))

Defines an array where the index are strings or real numbers

"
tail "Syntax: tail(Lst or Seq or Str)

Returns the list (or sequence or string) without its first element

Example: tail([3,2,4,1,0]) returns [2,4,1,0]

"
TAN "TAN: the tangent function.
Syntax: TAN(Value)

Returns the tangent of Value. Value is interpreted as either degrees or radians,

depending on the setting of Angle Measure in Home Modes or Symbolic Setup.

Example: in radians mode, TAN(0) returns 0

"
tan2cossin2 "Syntax: tan2cossin2(Expr)

Rewrites Expr with tan(x) replaced by (1-cos(2*x))/sin(2*x)

Example: tan2cossin2(tan(x)) returns (1-cos(2*x))/sin(2*x)

"
tan2sincos "Syntax: tan2sincos(Expr)

Rewrites Expr with tan(x) using sin(x)/cos(x)

Example: tan2sincos(tan(x)) returns sin(x)/cos(x)

"
tan2sincos2 "Syntax: tan2sincos2(Expr)

Rewrites Expr with tan(x) replaced by sin(2*x)/(1+cos(2*x))

Example: tan2sincos2(tan(x)) returns sin(2*x)/(1+cos(2*x))

"
tangent "Syntax: tangent(Curve, Point)

Draws the tangent(s) to a given curve through a given point. The point does not
have to be a point on the curve.

Examples:
tangent(plotfunc(x^2), point(1,1)) draws the tangent to the graph y=x^2 through the
point (1,1); that is, the line whose equation is y=2*x-1.
tangent(plotfunc(x^2), GA) draws the tangent to the graph of y=x^2 through point A.
Point A can then be moved and the tangent will move with it.
tangent(circle(GB, GC-GB), GA) draws one or more tangent lines through point A to
the circle whose center is at point B and whose radius is defined by segment BC.

"
TANH "Syntax: TANH(value)

Hyperbolic tangent.

Example: TANH(1) returns .761594155956

"
taylor "Syntax: taylor(Expr,[Var=Value],[Order])

Returns the Taylor series expansion of an expression at a point or at infinity (by

default, at x=0 and with relative order=5).

Example: taylor(sin(x)/x,x=0) returns 1-(1/6)*x^2+(1/120)*x^4+x^6*order_size(x)

"
tchebyshev1 "Syntax: tchebyshev1(Integer))

Returns the nth Tchebyshev polynomial of the first kind.

Example: tchebyshev1(3) returns 4*x^3-3*x

"
tchebyshev2 "Syntax: tchebyshev2(Integer)

Returns the nth Tchebyshev polynomial of the second kind.

Example: tchebyshev2(3) returns 8*x^3-4*x

"
tcollect "Syntax: tcollect(Expr)

Collects trigonometric expressions.

Example: tcollect(sin(x)+cos(x)) returns ?2*cos(x-1/4*?)

"
texpand "Syntax: texpand(Expr)

Expands a transcendental expression; that is, an expression containing

trigonometric, logarithmic, or exponential functions. texpand develops the
expression in terms of sin(), cos(), ln(), and exp().

Example: texpand(sin(2*x)+exp(x+y)) returns 2*cos(x)*sin(x)+exp(x)*exp(y)

"
TEXTOUT "Syntax: TEXTOUT(text, [G], x, y, [font], [textColor], [width],
[backgroundColor])
Draws text on graphic G at position (x, y) using font. Paints the background before
drawing the text using color backgroundColor. If width is specified, does not draw
text more than width pixels wide. If backgroundColor is not specified, the
background is not erased.

The sizes for font are:

0=current font (default)

1=font_10
2=font_12 (Small)
3=font_14 (Medium)
4=font_16 (Large)
5=font_18
6=font_20
7=font_22

"
TEXTOUT_P "Syntax: TEXTOUT_P(text, [G], x, y, [font], [textColor], [width],
[backgroundColor])
Draws text on graphic G at position (x, y) using font. Paints the background before
drawing the text using color backgroundColor. If width is specified, does not draw
text more than width pixels wide. If backgroundColor is not specified, the
background is not erased.

The sizes for font are:

0=current font (default)

1=font_10
2=font_12 (Small)
3=font_14 (Medium)
4=font_16 (Large)
5=font_18
6=font_20
7=font_22
"
THEN "Starts an ""IF...THEN...END"" or ""IF...THEN...ELSE...END"" branch
structure.

Syntax: IF test THEN command(s) [ELSE commands] END;

Evaluates test. If test is true (non 0), executes command(s); otherwise, executes
the comands in the ELSE clause nothing happens.

IF A<1
THEN PRINT(""A IS SMALLER THAN 1"");
ELSE PRINT(""A IS LARGER THAN 1"");
END;
"
tlin "Syntax: tlin(Expr)

Returns a trigonometric expression with the products and integer powers linearized

Example: tlin(sin(x)^3) returns (3/4)*sin(x)-(1/4)*sin(3*x)

"
TO "Syntax: FOR var FROM start TO (or DOWNTO) finish [STEP increment] DO
command(s) END;

Sets variable var to start; then, for as long as this variable?s value is less than
or equal to (or more than for a DOWNTO) finish, executes command(s) and adds (or
substract for DOWNTO) 1 (or increment) to var.

FOR A FROM 1 TO 10 STEP 2

DO
PRINT(A);
END;

will print 1 3 5 7 9
"
TRACE "Syntax: TRACE(matrix)

Trace of a square matrix. Finds the trace of a square matrix, equal to the sum of
the diagonal elements ( also equal to the sum of the eigenvalues).

Example: TRACE([[1,2],[3,4]]) returns 5

"
trace "Syntax: trace(Point)

Begins tracing the specified point.

"
translation "Syntax: translation(Vector, Object)

Translates a geometric object along a given vector. The vector is given as the
difference of two points (head-tail).

Examples:
translation(0-i, GA) translates object A down one unit.
translation(GB-GA, GC) translates object C along the vector AB.

"
transpose "Syntax: tran(Mtrx)

Transposes a matrix (without conjugation)

Example: tran([[1,2,3],[1,3,6],[2,5,7]]) returns [[1,1,2],[2,3,5],[3,6,7]]

"
triangle "Syntax: triangle(Point1, Point2, Point3)

Draws a triangle, given its three vertices.

Example: triangle(GA, GB, GC) draws ?ABC.

"
TRIANGLE "Syntax: TRIANGLE([G], x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, c1, [c2, c3], [Alpha],
[""ZString"", z1, z2, z3]) or TRIANGLE([G], {x1, y1, [c1], [z1]}, {x2, y2, [c2],
[z2]},{x3, y3, [c3], [z3]}, [""ZString""]) or TRIANGLE([G], [[x/y coordinate
matrix]], [[color matrix]], {[[z matrix]], [zcode], [[[projection matrix]]],
[zstring]) or TRIANGLE([G])

Draws a triangle between specified cartesian coordinates in the graphic using the
specified color and transparency (0 ? Alpha ? 255). If 3 colors are specified,
blends the colors in between the vertexes.
The next form of TRIANGLE allows display of multiple triangles at a time.
This is mostly used if you have a set of vertices and want to display them all at
once.

The first 2 matrices indicate the x/y coordinates and colors of each points.
TRIANGLE will draw 1 quadrilateral for each set of 4 adjacent vertices and blends
the colors associated with the 4 points.
If a z and projection matrix are provided, for each point, this matrix is
multiplied by the [x,y,z,1] vector to create the display x,y coordinates.
If zcode is a list that contains 3 real numbers { ex, ey, ez } then x,y are further
modified by doing x=ez/z*x-ex and y=ez/z*y-ey creating a perspective projection.
If zstring is provided, z clipping will happen using the z value (see below).
If zcode=""N"" or is a list that starts with ""N"", then each z is normalized to be
between 0 and 255.

About ZString
TRIANGLE([G]) returns a string adapted for z clipping.

To use Z clipping, call TRIANGLE to create a Z clipping string (initialized at 255

for each pixels). You can then call TRIANGLE with appropriate z (0-255) values for
each of the triangle vertexes and TRIANGLE will not draw pixels further than the
already drawn pixels. ZString is automatically updated as appropriate.

Examples: TRIANGLE(0,0,5,5,5,-5,#FFh,#FF00h,#FF0000h,128)

"
TRIANGLE_P "Syntax: TRIANGLE_P([G], x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, c1, [c2, c3], [Alpha],
[""ZString"", z1, z2, z3]) or TRIANGLE_P([G], {x1, y1, [c1], [z1]}, {x2, y2, [c2],
[z2]},{x3, y3, [c3], [z3]}, [""ZString""]) or TRIANGLE_P([G], [[x/y coordinate
matrix]], [[color matrix]], {[[z matrix]], [zcode], [[[projection matrix]]],
[zstring]) or TRIANGLE_P([G])

Draws a triangle between specified pixel coordinates in the graphic using the
specified color and transparency (0 ? Alpha ? 255). If 3 colors are specified,
blends the colors in between the vertexes.

The next form of TRIANGLE allows display of multiple triangles at a time.

This is mostly used if you have a set of vertices and want to display them all at
once.

The first 2 matrices indicate the x/y coordinates and colors of each points.
TRIANGLE_P will draw 1 quadrilateral for each set of 4 adjacent vertices and blends
the colors associated with the 4 points.
If a z and projection matrix are provided, for each point, this matrix is
multiplied by the [x,y,z,1] vector to create the display x,y coordinates.
If zcode is a list that contains 3 real numbers { ex, ey, ez } then x,y are further
modified by doing x=ez/z*x-ex and y=ez/z*y-ey creating a perspective projection.
If zstring is provided, z clipping will happen using the z value (see below).
If zcode=""N"" or is a list that starts with ""N"", then each z is normalized to be
between 0 and 255.

About ZString
TRIANGLE_P([G]) returns a string adapted for z clipping.

To use Z clipping, call TRIANGLE_P to create a Z clipping string (initialized at

255 for each pixels). You can then call TRIANGLE_P with appropriate z (0-255)
values for each of the triangle vertexes and TRIANGLE_P will not draw pixels
further than the already drawn pixels. ZString is automatically updated as
appropriate.

Examples: TRIANGLE_P(0,20,150,50,100,100,#FFh,#FF00h,#FF0000h,128)

"
trig2exp "Syntax: trig2exp(Expr)

Replaces trigonometric functions in Expr with complex exponentials( without

linearization).

Example: trig2exp(sin(x)) returns (exp(i*x)-(1/exp(i*x)))/(2*i)

"
trigcos "Syntax: trigcos(Expr)

Simplifies the argument Expr using the formulas sin(x)^2+cos(x)^2=1 and

tan(x)=sin(x)/cos(x) (privileging cosine)

Example: trigcos(sin(x)^4+sin(x)^2) returns cos(x)^4-3*cos(x)^2+2

"
trigexpand "Syntax: trigexpand(Expr)

Expands trigonometric functions.

Example: trigexpand(sin(3*x)) returns (4*cos(x)^2-1)*sin(x)

"
trigsin "Syntax: trigsin(Expr)

Simplifies the argument Expr using the formulas sin(x)^2+cos(x)^2=1 and

tan(x)=sin(x)/cos(x) (privileging sine)

Example: trigsin(cos(x)^4+sin(x)^2) returns sin(x)^4-sin(x)^2+1

"
trigtan "Syntax: trigtan(Expr)

Simplifies the argument Expr using the formulas sin(x)^2+cos(x)^2=1 and

tan(x)=sin(x)/cos(x) (privileging tangent)

Example: trigtan(cos(x)^4+sin(x)^2) returns

(tan(x)^4+tan(x)^2+1)/(tan(x)^4+2*tan(x)^2+1)

"
TRN "Syntax: TRN(matrix)

Transpose. Transposes matrix. If Complex mode is on and the matrix contains complex
elements, then TRN finds the conjugate transpose.

Example: TRN([[1,2],[3,4]]) returns [[1,3],[2,4]]

"
trunc "Syntax: trunc(Real, [Integer]) or trunc(List, [Integer])

Truncates a value to n decimal places (by default n=0).Accepts complex numbers.

Examples:
trunc(4.3) returns 4
trunc({3.25, 8.71, 9.01},1) returns {3.2, 8.7, 9.}

"
TRUNCATE "Syntax: TRUNCATE(value, [places])

Truncates value to system display settings. If optional places is given, truncates

value to places decimal places. If places is negative, truncates to significant
digits instead.

Example: TRUNCATE(2.3678,2) returns 2.36

"
tsimplify "Syntax: tsimplify(Expr)

Returns an expression with transcendentals rewritten as complex exponentials

Example: tsimplify(exp(2*x)+exp(x)) returns exp(x)^2+exp(x)

"
type "Syntax: type(Expr)

Returns n in [1..12] that defines the type of the argument

Example: type(""abc"") returns DOM_STRING

"
TYPE "Syntax: TYPE(object)
Returns the type of the object:
0: Real
1: Integer
2: String
3: Complex
4: Matrix
5: Error
6: List
8: Function
9: Unit
14.?: cas object. the fractional part is the cas type
"
UFACTOR "Syntax: UFACTOR(Value_Unit1, 1_Unit2)
Unit factor conversion.
Converts a measurement using a compound unit into a measurement expressed in
constituent units.

Example: a Coulomb?a measure of electric charge?is a compound unit derived from the
SI base units of Ampere and second: 1 C = 1 A * 1 s. Using UFACTOR, you can
express a measurement in Coulombs as a product of Amperes and time.

UFACTOR(100_C,1_A)) returns 100_A*s

UFACTOR(100_C, 1_min) returns 1.66666666667_min*A

"
unapply "Syntax: unapply(Expr,Var)

Returns a function defined by an expression.

Example: unapply(2*x^2,x) returns (x)->2*x^2

"
UNCHECK "Syntax: UNCHECK(n)
Unchecks (deselects) the corresponding symbolic definition field in the current
app. The integer n must be between 0 and 9 for most apps. For Statistics 1-Var and
Statistics 2-Var apps, n must be between 1 and 5.

For example, UNCHECK(3) would uncheck F3 if the current app is Function.

"
UNTIL "Syntax: REPEAT command(s) UNTIL test;

executes command(s) UNTIL the test is true.

A:=5;
REPEAT
PRINT(A);
A:= A-1;
UNTIL A<1;

will print 5 4 3 2 1
"
USIMPLIFY "Syntax: USIMPLIFY(Value_Unitsexpr)
Unit simplification.
Simplifies Value in a complex unit expression Unitsexpr to an equivalent value in a
simpler unit expression.

Example: a Joule is defined as 1 kg*m^2/s^2.

USIMPLIFY(5_kg*m2/s2) returns 5_J

"
valuation "Syntax: valuation(Poly(P))

Returns the valuation (degree of the term of lowest degree) of the polynomial P .

Example: valuation(x^4+x^3) returns 3

"
vandermonde "Syntax: vandermonde(Vect(V))

Returns the Vandermonde matrix=[V^0,V^1,..]

Example: vandermonde([1,2,3]) returns [[1,1,1],[1,2,4],[1,3,9]]

"
variance "Syntax: variance(Lst||Mtrx,[Lst])

Returns the variance of a list with the second argument as the weight, or the list
of variance of the columns of a matrix.

Example: variance([3,4,2]) returns 2/3

"
vector "Syntax: vector(Pnt,Pnt || Pnt,Vect)

Defines a vector(origin is 0 if 1 arg) with two points or two components or two

affix (for 2D) or with a point and a vector or with a point (its extrmity and its
origin is [0,0,0]).
"
vertices "Syntax: vertices(Polygon or Polyedr(P))

Returns the list of the vertices of the polygon or polyhedron P.

"
vertices_abca "Syntax: vertices_abca(Polygon or Polyedr(P))
Returns the closed list [A,B,...A] of the vertices of the polygon or polyhedron P.
"
VIEW "Syntax: VIEW ""text"", Function()
VIEW. Allows a programmer to customize the Views menu. Causes ""text"" to apear
when VIEW key is pressed and Function to be executed when the OK menu key (or ENTER
key) is pressed.
"
vpotential "Syntax: vpotential(Vect(V),LstVar)

Returns U such as curl(U)=V

Example: vpotential([2*x*y+3,x^2-4*z,-2*y*z],[x,y,z]) returns [0,-2*x*y*z,-

x^3/3+4*x*z+3*y]

"
WAIT "Syntax: WAIT(n)
Halts program execution for the specified number of seconds.
If n is omitted or 0, halts execution until the user presses a key and returns the
keycode (or -1 after 1 minute).

If n is -1, halts executions until the user presses a key or there is a mouse
event.
If a key is pressed, the keycode is returned.
After a 1 minute timeout, returns -1

If a mouse event happends, a list of the form { type, [x, y], [dx, dy] } is
returned. Normally x/y is the event position unless otherwise indicated.
Type can be:
0: Mouse Down
1: Mouse Move
2: Mouse Up (x/y is not provided)
3: Mouse Click (note, if a click is detected, there is no MouseUp)
5: Mouse Stretch. x/y is the delta since the last event. dx/dy is the delta since
the ORIGINAL mouse down...
6: Mouse Rotate, x is original angle, y is new angle in 32nd of a circle.
7: Mouse Long Click, This means that the mouse stayed down for 1 second...

Example:
WAIT(5) halts program execution for 5 seconds.
"
when "Syntax: when(Cond,Expr1,Expr2)

If condition (even symbolic) returns expr1 else returns expr2 (? is the infixed
version of when).

"
WHILE "Syntax: WHILE test DO command(s) END;

executes command(s) WHILE the test is true.

A:=5;
WHILE A>1 DO
PRINT(A);
A:= A-1;
END;

will print 5 4 3 2 1
"
white "Syntax: white(Opt)

Option of the display command to display with color.

"
XOR "Syntax: Value1 XOR Value2
Exclusive OR.
Returns 1 if either Value1 or Value2 is non-zero but not both; otherwise, returns
0.

Example: 3 XOR 2 returns 0

"
XPON "Syntax: XPON(value)

Exponent. Returns the exponent of value.

Example: XPON(123.4) returns 2

"
yellow "Syntax: ('display')=[color]

For example, suppose you have drawn a circle in the Geometry app. In Symbolic view,
the circle's definition might be GC:=circle(GA,GB-GA). If you wanted that circle to
be, say, red, you could modify that definition to read:

Example: GC:=circle(GA,GB-GA, ('display')=red)

"
zeros "Syntax: zeros(Expr,[Var])

Returns the zeros (reals or complex according to the CAS settings) of the
expression Expr for the variable Var (or the matrix where the lines are the
solutions of the system : Expr1=0,Expr2=0...).

Example: zeros(x^2+4) returns [] in real mode and [-2*i,2*i] in complex mode

"
Zeta "Syntax: Zeta(Real(a))

Returns if a>1 sum(1/n^a,n,1,?)

Example: Zeta(2) returns ?^2/6

"
zip "Syntax: zip(Fnc2d(f),Lst(l1),Lst(l2),[Val(default)])

Returns a list whose j-th entry is f(l1[j],l2[j]): without default value its length
is the minimum of the lengths of the two input lists and else the shorter list is
padded with the default value.

Example: zip('+',[a,b,c,d], [1,2,3,4]) returns [a+1,b+2,c+3,d+4]

"
ztrans "Syntax: ztrans(Expr,[Var],[ZtransVar])

Z transform of a sequence.

Example: ztrans(a^x)
"