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Habbib Shaikh(6-Sem)- Unix and Shell Programming

The document provides an overview of the Unix operating system, detailing its definition, history, memory management, interrupts, uses, and applications. Unix is a multiuser, multitasking OS known for its flexibility and stability, with roots dating back to 1969 at Bell Labs. It has evolved into various versions, including Linux and macOS, and is widely utilized in servers, networking, and software development.

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59 views7 pages

Habbib Shaikh(6-Sem)- Unix and Shell Programming

The document provides an overview of the Unix operating system, detailing its definition, history, memory management, interrupts, uses, and applications. Unix is a multiuser, multitasking OS known for its flexibility and stability, with roots dating back to 1969 at Bell Labs. It has evolved into various versions, including Linux and macOS, and is widely utilized in servers, networking, and software development.

Uploaded by

Masum mondal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MURSHIDABAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
SUBJECT NAME: UNIX AND SHELL
PROGRAMMING
SUBJECT CODE: BCAC601
TOPIC: UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM
STUDENT NAME: HABBIB SHAIKH
UNIV. ROLL NO.33001222008
UNIV. REG. NO.223301010011
STREAM: BCA
YEAR: 3RD
YEAREXAM NAME: CA1
DEFINITION
• A Unix operating system is a multiuser,
multitasking operating system designed for
flexibility, efficiency, and stability. Originally
developed in the late 1960s at AT&T’s Bell Labs,
Unix has since evolved into various versions,
including commercial and open-source
derivatives like Linux, mac OS, and BSD.

• Key features of Unix-based operating systems


include:
• Portability: Can run on different hardware
architectures.
• Hierarchical File System: Organizes files
in a structured manner.
• Command-Line Interface (CLI): Offers
powerful shell scripting capabilities.
• Security & Stability: Includes strong
permission settings and process isolation.
• Multi-user and multitasking: Supports
multiple users and processes
simultaneously.
• Networking capabilities: Strong support
for internet and local networking.
HISTORY OF UNIX
OPERATING
SYSTEM
• UNIX was developed in 1969 at Bell Labs
by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie as
a simpler alternative to Multics . By 1973,
it was rewritten in C, making it portable.
The 1970s and 1980s saw UNIX splitting
into AT&T’s System V and Berkeley’s
BSD, leading to various commercial
versions. In the 1990s, Linux emerged as
a free, open-source UNIX-like system,
and UNIX became standardized under
The Open Group. By the 2000s,
proprietary UNIX systems declined, while
Linux and mac OS (based on BSD)
became dominant . Today, UNIX concepts
still influence modern operating systems,
particularly in servers, cloud computing,
and embedded systems.
MEMORY
MANAGEMENT

• Paging: Divides memory into fixed-size


pages, loaded into RAM as needed.

• Segmentation: Splits memory into


logical segments (code, data, stack).
• Demand Paging: Loads pages only
when required, reducing memory
usage.
• Swapping: Moves inactive processes
to disk (swap space) to free RAM.

• Kernel Memory Management: Uses


slab allocation for efficient memory
handling.

• Shared Memory & IPC: Enables fast


communication between processes.
• Memory Protection: Restricts
unauthorized access to memory areas.
INTERRUPTS
• Interrupts in UNIX allow the system to handle urgent
tasks by temporarily halting the CPU. They are classified
as:
• Hardware Interrupts – Triggered by external devices
(e.g., keyboard, disk).
• Software Interrupts – Generated by programs via
system calls.
• Timer Interrupts – Used for scheduling and time-
sharing.
• I/O Interrupts – Raised when I/O operations complete.
• IPC Signals – Processes send signals (e.g., SIGKILL,
SIGSTOP) to control execution.
USES OF UNIX Servers & Networking – Powers web servers, databases,
and cloud systems.

Workstations & Supercomputers – Used in research and


high-performance computing.

Embedded Systems – Runs routers, IoT devices, and


networking hardware.

Software Development – Preferred for coding, debugging,


and system programming.

Enterprise Systems – Used in banking, finance, and secure


transactions.

Education & Research – Common in universities for


teaching and research.

Security & Ethical Hacking – Used for cybersecurity and


penetration testing.
APPLICATIONS Web & Database Servers – Hosts websites and manages
databases.
OF UNIX Networking & Telecommunications – Runs routers, switches, and
network security tools.

Scientific Computing – Used in research labs and


supercomputers.

Software Development – Ideal for coding, debugging, and testing.

Enterprise & Finance – Supports banking and secure


transactions.

Education & Research – Used in universities for OS studies.

Cybersecurity – Employed in ethical hacking and security


analysis.

Embedded Systems & IoT – Found in smart devices and


industrial automation.

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