Module2: AC Circuits
• Introduction to alternating quantities
• Average Values and Effective or RMS values,
• Form and Peak Factors,
• Phasor Representation of Sinusoidal Quantity,
• AC series circuit containing R, L, C, R-L, R-C, and R-L-
C elements,
• Impedance triangle,
• Instantaneous power, Apparent power,
• Power factor, Power Triangle,
• Series-Parallel R-L-C circuits.
4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Introduction to Alternating Quantities
• Electricity is • The magnitude of current
generated in the form as well as its direction
of AC (alternating remains constant, such a
current). current is called steady
• The generated state current or DC.
electricity is • When the direction of the
transmitted, current as well as
distributed and magnitude changes
mostly utilized in the periodically such a current
form of AC. is called Alternating
Current or AC.
4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Introduction to Alternating Quantities
Sinusoidal and Non-Sinusoidal wave forms
Non – Sinusoidal wave: Trapezoidal and Non – Sinusoidal waves
Triangular
4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Introduction to Alternating Quantities
Average Value and RMS Value of an Alternating Quantity
RMS Value of AC quantity Effective Value or RMS value of an AC quantity
• RMS value of AC is • Effective or RMS value of alternating current (AC) is that value of
determined by steady state current (DC) which when flowing through a resistor for
equivalent heating a given time will produce the same amount of heat as produced by
effect. the AC when flowing through the same resistor for the same time.
• Sinusoidal AC is I = Im sin θ
• Mean of Square of AC
using
• RMS value of AC
4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Introduction to Alternating Quantities
Average Value and RMS Value of an Alternating Quantity
Average Value of AC quantity – Full Cycle Average Value of an AC quantity – Half Cycle
• For a symmetrical Alternating • Hence the average value is
voltage or current, The average calculated for half cycle or
value of AC is zero for the semi cycle as given.
complete cycle.
4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Introduction to Alternating Quantities
Average Value and RMS Value of an Alternating Quantity
Average Value of AC
• Sinusoidal AC is I = Im sin θ
• Average Value of AC,
• Similarly average value of voltage for sinusoidal wave is,
4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Introduction to Alternating Quantities
Form Factor and Peak Factor
Form Factor
• Form factor is an indicator of ➢ Significance of Form Factor:
the shape or the form of the ➢ The sharper the wave shape,
AC wave.
the more will be the value of
• It is the ratio of the RMS value the form factor.
to the average value of an
Alternating quantity. ➢ For example, for Triangular
• For a sinusoidal varying wave Form factor is more
quantity, the form factor K𝑓 is than 1.11 and for rectangular
calculated as: wave less than 1.11. In fact it
is equal to 1 for rectangular
wave.
4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Introduction to Alternating Quantities
Form Factor and Peak Factor
Peak or Crest Factor
• Peak or crest factor is the ratio of peak or maximum value to
its RMS value.
• For a sinusoidal varying quantity, the peak factor is calculated
as:
➢ Peak Factor = Im /(Im/2) = 1.414
✓ If the peak factor is Known, The maximum Value can be calculated from a given RMS value
✓ If the form factor is known, The RMS value can be calculated from the given average value
4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Numerical-1: For Self Practice
• Calculate the RMS value, Average Value and
form factors of Half Wave rectified alternating
Quantity.
• Answer: RMS Value = Im/2
• Answer: Average Vaue = Im/
• Answer: Form Factor = 1.57
4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Numerical-2
• A sinusoidal alternating current has a
maximum value of 100A and the frequency is
50Hz.
• How long will it take for the current to attain a
value of (i) 50A and (ii) 100A.
• Answer: (i) 1.6 ms
• Answer: (ii) 5.0 ms
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Numerical-3
• A 50Hz sinusoidal voltage has a maximum value of
325V.
• (i) Calculate its instantaneous value after 2 ms from
its zero value.
• (ii) What is its RMS value?
• (iii) At what time the voltage will reach its maximum
value?
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Numerical-4
• A 50Hz alternating current has its wave shape such that the value
of current increases in steps of 10V after every 20 degrees
starting from 0 to a maximum value of 40 V and then getting
reduced to zero in same steps completing the positive half cycle.
• The negative half cycle is symmetrical with the positive half cycle.
• (i) Draw the wave shape.
• (ii) Calculate its average Value. and
• (iii) Calculate its rms values.
Answer: (i)
Answer: (ii) 17.77 V
Answer: (iii) 22.1 V
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Numerical-5
• An alternating voltage of ‘100sin314t’ is applied to a half
wave diode rectifier which is in series with a resistance
of 20.
• What is the RMS value of current drawn from the supply
source?
Circuit and Output
Answer: (i) 2.5 A
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Numerical-6
• Calculate (i) the RMS value, (ii) average value and
(iii) form factor of a half-rectified voltage as
shown in figure.
Answer (i) 7.09 V
Answer: (ii) 5 V
Answer: (iii) 1.4
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Numerical-7
• Calculate (i) the RMS value, (ii) average value and
(iii) form factor of the elevated saw tooth type
current wave as shown in figure.
Answer (i) 7.68 A
Answer: (ii) 7.5 A
Answer: (iii) 1.017
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Phasor Representation of Sinusoidal quantity
• Phasor is a rotating vector whose magnitude is the max value of
the alternating quantity and the direction ( or phase) at any
instant is given by “t” where ‘’ is the angular frequency of
the alternating quantity.
• Anti-clockwise rotation of the vector is considered to be a
positive rotation. And a clockwise rotation is considered to be a
negative rotation.
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Phase difference of Sinusoidal quantity
The current i(t) is lagging the voltage V(t) by an angle = 300
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Phase difference of Sinusoidal quantity
• The phasor diagram is drawn corresponding to time zero
( t = 0 ) on the horizontal axis.
• The current i(t) is lagging the voltage V(t) by an angle =300
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
AC circuit containing Resistor only
AC Circuit containing Pure Voltage, Current and Power
Resistor only Wave shapes
Phasor Diagram V = Vm Sin (t)
I = Im Sin (t)
Im = Vm/R
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
AC circuit containing Inductor only
AC Circuit containing Pure Voltage, Current and Power
Inductor only Wave shapes
Phasor Diagram V = Vm Sin (t)
I = Im Sin (t - /2)
Im = Vm/XL; Where XL = L
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
AC circuit containing Capacitor only
AC Circuit containing Pure Voltage, Current and Power
Capacitor only Wave shapes
Phasor Diagram V = Vm Sin (t)
I = Im Sin (t + /2)
Im = Vm/Xc; Where Xc=1/C
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
AC circuit containing Resistor and inductor only
AC Circuit containing Resistor
and Inductor only
Phasor Diagram
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
AC circuit containing Resistor and Inductor only
AC Circuit containing Resistor Phasor Diagram
and Inductor only
V = Vm Sin (t)
I = Im Sin (t - )
Im = Vm/Z; Where Z2=R2+XL2
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
AC circuit containing Resistor and Capacitor only
AC Circuit containing Resistor Voltage and Current Wave
and Capacitor only shapes
Phasor Diagram
V = Vm Sin (t)
I = Im Sin (t + )
Im = Vm/Z; Where Z2=R2+Xc2
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
AC circuit containing Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor only
AC Circuit containing Resistor, Inductor and
Phasor Diagram, XL>XC VL>VC
Capacitor connected in series
V = Vm Sin (t)
I = Im Sin (t - )
Im = Vm/Z; Where Z2=R2+(XL-XC)2
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
AC circuit containing Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor only
AC Circuit containing Resistor, Inductor and
Phasor Diagram, XL<XC VL<VC
Capacitor connected in series
V = Vm Sin (t)
I = Im Sin (t + )
Im = Vm/Z; Where Z2=R2+(XC-XL)2
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
AC circuit containing Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor only
AC Circuit containing Resistor, Inductor and
Phasor Diagram, XL=XC VL=VC
Capacitor connected in series
V = Vm Sin (t)
I = Im Sin (t)
Im = Vm/Z; Where Z=R
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Numerical-9
• An inductor of 0.5H is connected across a 230 V, 50 Hz supply.
Write the equations for instantaneous values of voltage and
current.
• Solution (Hint):
• Given, Vrms=230V; f = 50Hz
• t = 2ft = 314t
• Vm/2 = Vrms
• Im = Vm/XL; XL = L
Answer: V = 324 sin 314t
Answer: I = 2.06 sin (314t - /2)
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Numerical-10
• A 230V, 50Hz sinusoidal supply is connected across a
– (i) resistance of 25 ;
– (ii) Inductance of 1.0 H;
– (iii) Capacitance of 100 F.
• Write the expressions for the instantaneous current and voltages in
all the cases.
• Solution (Hint):
• t = 2ft
• Vm/2 = Vrms
Answer: ???? • Im = Vm/XL; XL = L
• Im = Vm/XC; XC = 1/C
Answer: ???? • Im = Vm/R
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4/22/2025 Dr. Anubhav Agrawal
Numerical-11
• An alternating voltage of rms value 100V, 50Hz is applied separately
across
– (i) resistance of 10 ;
– (ii) Inductance of 100 mH;
– (iii) Capacitance of 100 F.
• Calculate the current flow in each case. Also draw Phasor diagrams.
• Solution (Hint):
• t = 2ft
• Vm/2 = Vrms
Answer: ????? • Im = Vm/XL; XL = L
• Im = Vm/XC; XC = 1/C
Answer: ????? • Im = Vm/R
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