1.
Feedback
1.1. Definition of feedback
1.2. Negative feedback
1.3. Positive feedback
1. Introduction
1.1. Definition of feedback
• Feedback: returning a part of the output back to the input (as seen
in negative feedback in Op-amp chapter) à concept of closed loop
• 2 kinds of feedback: negative and positive feedback
• Applications:
ü Positive feedback à oscillator circuit
ü Negative feedback àamplifier circuit
1. Introduction
1.2. Negative feedback
• Negative feedback results in an opposite polarity of the
signal being fed back into a circuit
• Result in decreased voltage gain
• Advantages of negative feedback
ü Higher input impedance and lower output impedance
ü Better stabilized voltage gain
ü Improve frequency response
ü Increase linear region
ü Reduce noise
• Apply for amplifier circuit
1. Introduction
1.3. Positive feedback
• Positive feedback is in phase with the input
• Make the output is larger (positive gain) à drives a
circuit into oscillation
• Disadvantages of positive feedback
ü Unstable voltage gain
ü Narrow bandwidth
• Apply for oscillator circuit
2. Feedback connection types
2.1. Four feedback connection types
2.2. Impacts of feedback
2.3. Other feedback circuits
2.4. Summary table
2. Feedback connection types
2.1. Four feedback connection types
• Base on the input connection to determine series or shunt
and on the output signal to determine the types of voltage
or current:
ü voltage series feedback
ü voltage shunt feedback
ü current series feedback
ü current shunt feedback
2. Feedback connection types
2.1. Four feedback connection types
• Voltage series feedback • Voltage shunt feedback
ü Input: voltage; output: voltage ü Input: current; Output: voltage
• Current series feedback • Current shunt feedback
ü Input: voltage; Output: current ü Input: current; Output: current
2. Feedback connection types
2.2. Feedback connection types
• A - Gain with feedback
• B - Input & Output impedance with feedback
• C - Effect of negative feedback on gain and bandwidth
2. Feedback connection types
2.2. Feedback connection types
• A - Gain with feedback
• Af is referred to gain with feedback or also called overall gain
• Where Vs, Vi, Vo, Vf corresponds to source, input, output and feedback
voltage. Similar determination for IS, Ii, Io and If.
2. Feedback connection types
2.2. Feedback connection types
• A - Gain with feedback - Consider voltage series feedback circuit
¨ Vs = Vi+Vf
¨ Ampli. circuit: Vo = AVi = A (Vs-Vf)
¨ Feedback circuit: Vf = βVo
2. Feedback connection types
2.2. Feedback connection types
• B - Input and output impedance with feedback - Consider
voltage series feedback circuit
¨ Input impedance feedback
¨ Output impedance
feedback
where Vs = 0
¨ Vs = Vi+Vf
¨ Ampli. circuit: Vo = AVi = A (Vs-Vf)
¨ Feedback circuit: Vf = βVo
2. Feedback connection types
2.2. Feedback connection types
• C - Effect of negative feedback on gain and bandwidth
• Remind the overall gain of voltage series feedback
• Lower gain, higher bandwidth
2. Practical feedback circuits
q Voltage series feedback: Common source amplifier
• Given R1 = 80kΩ; R2=20kΩ, Ro=10kΩ; RD =10kΩ,
Rin = 1MΩ and gm = 4mS. Determine A, Af ,Zif, Zof ?
2. Practical feedback circuits
q Voltage series feedback: Common source amplifier
• A = - gm(RD//Ro//(R1+R2)
= - gm.RL
• β=Vf/Vo=- R2/(R1+R2)
• Apply Af=A/(1+βA)
- g m RL
è Af =
1+ [R2 RL /( R1 + R2 )]g m
• Given R1 = 80kΩ; R2=20kΩ, Ro=10kΩ; RD
=10kΩ and gm = 4mS. Determine A, Af
• Apply the results above:
ü A = - gm.RL= -20; β = -0.2 à Af = -4
ü A reduction of gain of 5 times? What happened to Zin, Zo?
2. Feedback connection types
2.3. Other feedback circuits
• Voltage shunt feedback circuit (1/2)
• A=Vo/Ii
• β=If/Vo
• Af=Vo/Is=A/(1+βA)
• Zif=Zi/(1+βA)
• Zof=Zo/(1+βA)
2. Feedback connection types
2.3. Other feedback circuits
• Voltage shunt feedback circuit (2/2)
ü An example of voltage shunt feedback circuit
ü Homework: Determine the overall gain Af and the voltage
gain of the circuit Avf
o Hint: Af = !"⁄#$ ; Avf = !"⁄!$
2. Feedback connection types
2.3. Other feedback circuits
• Current series feedback • A=Io/Vi; β=Vf/Io
• Af=Io/Vs=A/(1+βA)
• Zif=Zi(1+βA)
• Zof=Zo(1+βA)
• Homework: Determine the overall gain Af
and the voltage gain of the circuit Avf
2. Feedback connection types
2.3. Other feedback circuits
• Current shunt feedback
• A=Io/Ii
• β=If/Io
• Af=Io/Is=A/(1+βA)
• Zif=Zi/(1+βA)
• Zof=Zo(1+βA)
2. Feedback connection types
2.4. Summary table
Voltage-Series Voltage-Shunt Current- Current-Shunt
Series
Gain 𝐴 𝑉! 𝑉! 𝐼! 𝐼!
without 𝑉" 𝐼" 𝑉" 𝐼"
feedback
Feedback 𝛽 𝑉# 𝐼# 𝑉# 𝐼#
𝑉! 𝑉! 𝐼! 𝐼!
Gain with 𝐴# 𝑉! 𝑉! 𝐼! 𝐼!
𝐴# = 𝐴# = 𝐴# = 𝐴# =
feedback 𝑉$ 𝐼$ 𝑉$ 𝐼$
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
= = = =
1 + 𝛽𝐴 1 + 𝛽𝐴 1 + 𝛽𝐴 1 + 𝛽𝐴
Input 𝑍"# 𝑍" (1 + 𝛽𝐴) 𝑍" 𝑍" (1 + 𝛽𝐴) 𝑍"
impedance 1 + 𝛽𝐴 1 + 𝛽𝐴
• Similar analysis
𝑍!
can be𝑍applied to determine Af, Zi, Zo of other
Output 𝑍!# ! 𝑍! (1 + 𝛽𝐴) 𝑍! (1 + 𝛽𝐴)
feedback1 +
impedance circuits
𝛽𝐴 1 + 𝛽𝐴
• Trade-off between gain, input and output impedances
