220 16 Evaporation
iv) Solve for A, substitute values, and calculate A:
ms l s ð0:690 kg=sÞ ð2257000 J=kgÞ
A¼ ¼ ¼ 20:8 m2
UðTs Tb Þ 2
1500 W=m 8C ð100 50Þ 8C
Example 16.2
Tomato juice at 5.5 kg/s feed flow rate and 60 8C inlet temperature is concentrated
in a double-effect forward feed evaporator using steam in the first effect at a
pressure of 97.2 kPa (gauge) and cooling water in the condenser (surface conden-
ser) entering at 30 8C and leaving at 45 8C. The heat transfer area, the overall heat
transfer coefficient, the boiling point elevation (BPE), and the pressure in each
effect are shown in the following table. The solids content and the heat capacity of
the feed are 11% and 3900 J/kg 8C respectively. Calculate the steam flow rate, the
solids content at the exit of each effect, the steam economy, and the flow rate of
cooling water in the condenser.
First Effect Second Effect
2
Heat transfer area, m 100 100
Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 8C 2000 1000
Boiling point elevation, 8C 0.4 0.8
Saturation pressure, kPa 90 17.9
Heat losses, kW 5 4
Heat capacity at the exit, J/kg 8C 3800 3450
Solution
Step 1
Draw the process diagram:
mf , xf , Tf mi2, xi2, Ti2
ms,Ts mWin mWout
Twin Twout
mv1,Tv1 mv2,Tv2 mc,Tc
mc1,Tc1 Tb1 mc2,Tc2 Tb2
mo1, xo1,To1
mp , xp , Tp
liquid food steam/vapour/condensate cooling water
Examples 221
Step 2
State your assumptions:
l The condensate in each effect exits at the condensation temperature.
l The operation is steady state.
Step 3
Combine the heat transfer rate equation with an enthalpy balance in the first
effect, as in step 7 of Exercise 16.1, to calculate the steam consumption:
q ¼ ms H s mc1 Hc1 ¼ A1 U1 ðTs Tb1 Þ (16:1)
Because the condensate was assumed to exit at the condensation temperature,
Hs Hc1 ¼ ls = the latent heat of condensation at 120 8C (97.2 kPa gauge
pressure corresponds to 198.5 kPa absolute pressure or 120 8C saturation
temperature in the steam chest of the first effect). Also ms ¼ mc1 . Therefore
eqn (16.1) becomes:
ms ls ¼ A1 U1 ðTs Tb1 Þ (16:2)
with
Hs at 120 8C ¼ 2706 kJ=kgðfrom Steam tablesÞ
Hcl at 120 8C ¼ 504 kJ=kgðfrom Steam tablesÞ
ls at 120 8C ¼ 2706 504 ¼ 2202 kJ=kg
The saturation temperature in the 1st effect, Tsat1, is found from steam tables for
Psat = 90 kPa to be equal to 96.6 8C. Therefore, the boiling temperature in the
1st effect, Tb1, is:
Tb1 ¼ Tsat1 þ BPE1 ¼ 96:6 þ 0:4 ¼ 97 8C (16:3)
Solve eqn (16.2) for ms, substitute values, and calculate ms:
A 1 U 1 ðT s Tb1 Þ 100 m2 2000 W=m 2 8C ð120 97Þ 8 C
ms ¼ ¼
ls 2202000 J=kg
¼ 2:089 kg=s
Step 4
Calculate the solids content:
1) At the exit of the first effect:
i) Write an enthalpy balance around the first effect:
mf Hf þ ms Hs ¼ mo1 Ho1 þ mc1 Hc1 þ mv1 Hv1 þ qloss 1 (16:5)
222 16 Evaporation
ii) Analyze the terms of eqn (16.5):
a) Find Hv1:
The vapor exiting from the first effect is slightly superheated due to the
BPE of the juice. Thus:
Hv1 ¼ Hv1 saturated þ cp vapour BPE
Because the BPE is small, Hv1 can be assumed equal to the enthalpy of
saturated steam, Hv1 saturated. Thus:
Hv1 at96:6 8C ¼ 2671kJ=kgðfrom Steam tablesÞ
b) Find mv1:
A mass balance on the product gives:
mf ¼ mo1 þ mv1
or
mv1 ¼ mf mo1 (16:6)
c) Find the enthalpy of liquid streams:
Using 0 8C as a reference temperature, the enthalpy of the liquid streams
is:
H ¼ cp T (16:7)
iii) Substitute eqns (16.6) and (16.7) in eqn (16.5):
mf cp f Tf þ ms Hs ¼ mo1 cp o1 To1 þ mc1 Hc1 þ ðmf mo1 Þ Hv1 þ qloss 1 (16:8)
iv) Solve eqn (16.8) for mo1, substitute values, and calculate the mass flow
rate at the exit of the first effect:
mf cp f Tf þ ms ls mf Hv1 qloss 1 ð5:5 kg=sÞð3900 J=kg 8CÞ ð60 8CÞ
mo1 ¼ ¼
cp o1 To1 Hv1 ð3800 J=kg8CÞð97 8CÞ 2671000 J=kg
ð2:089 kg=sÞ ð2202000 J=kgÞ ð5:5 kg=sÞð2671000 J=kgÞ 5000 W
þ
ð3800 J=kg 8CÞ ð97 8CÞ 2671000 J=kg
¼ 3:826 kg=s
v) Calculate the solids content at the exit of the first effect from a solids mass
balance:
mf xf ¼ mo1 xo1 (16:9)
Examples 223
Solve eqn (16.9) for xo1 , substitute values, and calculate xo1:
mf xf ð5:5 kg=sÞ ð0:11Þ
xo1 ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:158
mo1 3:826 kg=s
2) At the exit of the second effect:
i) Write an enthalpy balance around the second effect:
mi2 Hi2 þ mv1 Hv1 ¼ mp Hp þ mc2 Hc2 þ mv2 Hv2 þ qloss 2 (16:10)
ii) Analyze the terms of eqn (16.10):
mi2 ¼ mo1 ¼ 3:826 kg=s;
mv1 ¼ mf m01 ¼ 5:5 3:826 ¼ 1:674 kg=s;
mc2 ¼ mv1 ¼ 1:674 kg=s;
Hi2 ¼ Ho1 ¼ cp o1 To1 ¼ ð3800 J=kg 8CÞ ð97 8CÞ ¼ 368600 J=kg;
Hv1 ¼ 2671 kJ=kgðfrom steam tablesÞ
Hc2 at 96:6 8C ¼ 405 kJ=kgðfrom steam tablesÞ
The saturation temperature in the second effect, Tsat2, is found
from steam tables for Psat = 17.9 kPa to be equal to 57.6 8C.
Therefore, the boiling temperature in the second effect, Tb2, is:
Tb2 ¼ Tsat2 þ BPE2 ¼ 57:6 þ 0:8 ¼ 58:4 8C
The enthalpy, Hv2 (neglecting the enthalpy of superheating), is:
Hv2 at 57:6 8C ¼ 2605 kJ=kgðfrom steam tablesÞ
Write a mass balance on the product to calculate mv2:
mi2 ¼ mp þ mv2
Solve for mv2
mv2 ¼ mi2 mp (16:11)
iii) Substitute eqn (16.11) in eqn (16.10):
mi2 Hi2 þ mv1 Hv1 ¼ mp cp p Tp þ mc2 Hc2 þ mi2 mp Hv2 þ qloss 2 (16:12)
224 16 Evaporation
iv) Solve eqn (16.12) for mp and substitute values:
mi2 Hi2 þ mv1 Hv1 mc2 Hc2 mi2 Hv2 qloss 2
mp ¼ ¼
cp p Tp Hv2
ð3:826 kg=sÞ ð368600 J=kgÞ þ ð1:674 kg=sÞ ð2671000 405000 J=kgÞ
¼
ð3450 J=kg 8CÞ ð58:4 8CÞ 2605000 J=kg
ð3:826 kg=sÞð2605000 J=kgÞ 4000 J=s
¼ 1:983 kg=s
ð3450 J=kg 8CÞ ð58:4 8CÞ 2605000 J=kg
v) Substitute values in eqn (16.11) and calculate the evaporation rate in the
second effect:
mv2 ¼ mi2 mp ¼ 3:826 1:983 ¼ 1:843 kg=s
vi) Calculate the solids content at the exit of the second effect from a solids
mass balance:
mfi xi2 ¼ mp xp
Solve for xp, substitute values, and calculate xp:
mi2 xi2 ð3:826 kg=sÞ ð0:158Þ
xp ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:305
mp 1:983 kg=s
Step 5
Calculate the steam economy:
mv1 þ mv2 1:674 þ 1:843
steam economy ¼ ¼
ms 2:089
kg water evaporated
¼ 1:68
kg steam
Step 6
Calculate the cooling water flow rate in the condenser:
i) Write an enthalpy balance in the condenser:
mw in Hw in þ mv2 Hv2 ¼ mw out Hw out þ mc Hc
or
mw in cp w inTw in þ mv2 Hv2 ¼ mw out cpw out Tw out þ mc Hc (16:13)
with
Exercises 225
mv2 ¼ mc ¼ 1:843 kg=s
Hcl at 57:6o C ¼ 241 kJ=kgðfrom steam tablesÞ
mw in ¼ mw out ¼ mw
cpw in cpw out 4190J=kg C
ii) Solve eqn (16.13) for mw, substitute values, and calculate the cooling
water flow rate:
mv2 ðHv2 Hc Þ ð1:843 kg=sÞ ð2605000 241000ÞJ=kg
mw ¼ ¼ ¼ 69:3 kg=s
cp w ðTw out Tw in Þ ð4190 J=kg 8CÞð45 30Þ 8C
Exercises
Exercise 16.1
Calculate the steam consumption in a single effect evaporator with 25 m2 heat
transfer area, which is being used to concentrate a fruit juice. The juice enters
the evaporator at 70 8C, the saturation pressure in the evaporator is 31.19
kPa, saturated steam at 100 8C is used as the heating medium, the condensate
exits at 95 8C, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 1500 W/m2 8C.
Step 1
Draw the process diagram:
mf , xf , Tf
ms , Ts
mv , Tv
mc , Tc
Tb
mp , xp , Tp
