R PROJECT

Company: PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK

Submitted by: Mahial Singh

Submitted to: Gurpal Singh

Class: B.COM (Hons.) Section B

Roll Number: 17342205182

 Contents
 INTRODUCTION TO R
 FEATURE OF R
 BENEFITS TO R
 OVERVIEW OF PNB
#PNB
#HISTORY
#PNB BOARD OF DIRECTORS
#USES OF R IN PNB
#FINANCIAL REPORTS OF PNB (2023-24)
 CONCLUSION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction to R

R is a programming language and software environment specifically designed

for statistical computing, data analysis, and data visualization. It is an open-
source language, which means it is freely available for anyone to use, modify,
and share. R is widely used in fields such as data science, statistics,
bioinformatics, social science, economics, and machine learning. It was created
in the early 1990s by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at the University of
Auckland, New Zealand.

The R environment R is an integrated suite of software facilities for data

manipulation, calculation and graphical display. Among other things it has

• An effective data handling and storage facility,

• A suite of operators for calculations on arrays, in particular matrices,

• A large, coherent, integrated collection of intermediate tools for data

analysis,

• Graphical facilities for data analysis and display either directly at the
computer or on hardcopy,

• A well developed, simple and effective programming language (called ‘S’)

which includes conditionals, loops, user defined recursive functions and input
and output facilities. (Indeed most of the system supplied functions are
themselves written in the S language.) The term “environment” is intended to
characterize it as a fully planned and coherent system, rather than an
incremental accretion of very specific and inflexible tools, as is frequently the
case with other data analysis software. R is very much a vehicle for newly
developing methods of interactive data analysis. It has developed rapidly, and
has been extended by a large collection of packages. However, most programs
written in R are essentially ephemeral, written for a single piece of data
analysis.
 Features of R
1. Comprehensive Statistical Analysis:

R provides a wide array of built-in statistical functions to handle everything from basic data
analysis to complex statistical modeling.

 Descriptive Statistics: Measures of central tendency (mean, median), dispersion

(variance, standard deviation), and distribution (histograms, box plots).
 Inferential Statistics: Functions for hypothesis testing, t-tests, ANOVA, chi-squared
tests, correlation, regression, and more.
 Multivariate Statistics: Principal Component Analysis (PCA), factor analysis,
multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis.
 Time Series Analysis: ARIMA models, trend analysis, and forecasting methods for
analyzing time-dependent data.

2. Data Manipulation and Cleaning:

R excels at manipulating and cleaning data, allowing for efficient transformation, filtering, and
aggregation of data. Some key tools for data manipulation are:

 dplyr: A package for data manipulation that provides intuitive functions for selecting,
filtering, mutating, and summarizing data.
 tidyr: A package for tidying data, reshaping it into long or wide formats, and filling in
missing values.
 data.table: A fast, high-performance version of data frames for handling large datasets
efficiently.

3. Data Visualization:

R has powerful and flexible visualization capabilities for creating high-quality plots, charts, and
graphs. The key features include:

 ggplot2: A widely used package that implements the "Grammar of Graphics" and allows
you to create a variety of static plots, such as scatter plots, bar charts, histograms, and box
plots, with intricate customizations.
 lattice: Another visualization package, which provides multi-panel conditioning plots
that can be useful for displaying relationships in multivariate data.
 plotly: A package for creating interactive visualizations, ideal for web-based or dynamic
reports.
4. Reproducible Research:

R enables the creation of reproducible reports that combine analysis, text, and visualizations in a
single document.

 R Markdown: This feature allows users to integrate R code with markdown to produce
dynamic documents. These documents can be knitted to formats such as HTML, PDF,
and Word, and they allow for embedding the results of analyses directly in the report.
 knitr: A tool used for dynamic report generation. It allows for the execution of R code
chunks embedded in markdown files to produce a formatted report.

5. Open Source and Free:

R is open-source and free to use, which makes it accessible to everyone. The open-source nature
of R allows for constant updates, modifications, and contributions by users and developers
around the world.

 CRAN: The Comprehensive R Archive Network is a repository of thousands of R

packages contributed by users worldwide. You can easily download and install packages
for specific tasks, from statistical analysis to machine learning, web scraping, and more.

6. Extensive Libraries and Packages:

R has a rich ecosystem of over 18,000 packages available on CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive
Network) and Bioconductor (for bioinformatics and related fields). Some notable packages
include:

 caret: A package for training and evaluating machine learning models.

 randomForest: For building random forest models for classification and regression.
 shiny: A framework for building interactive web applications with R.
 lubridate: For easy date and time manipulation.
 xgboost: A popular library for high-performance machine learning using gradient
boosting.

7. Machine Learning Capabilities:

R supports a variety of machine learning algorithms, both supervised and unsupervised. It
provides easy-to-use interfaces to train, evaluate, and tune models.

 Supervised Learning: Linear regression, decision trees, support vector machines (SVM),
k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), etc.
 Unsupervised Learning: Clustering (e.g., k-means, hierarchical clustering), PCA, and
dimensionality reduction techniques.
 Ensemble Learning: Random forests, boosting (e.g., xgboost, lightgbm), bagging, etc.

8. Big Data and High-Performance Computing:

R is capable of working with large datasets, and there are tools to speed up processing for larger
data sets. Some features include:

 parallel: A built-in package that allows parallel computing, enabling users to run
multiple tasks simultaneously and improve computation time.
 sparklyr: Connects R with Apache Spark, allowing for distributed computing on large
datasets.
 bigmemory: Allows R to handle data that does not fit into memory by managing large
datasets efficiently.

9. Cross-Platform Compatibility:

R is available for Windows, macOS, and Linux, which makes it highly flexible for users on
different operating systems. Code written in R will work across all platforms without
modification.

10. Interactivity and Web Applications:

R allows you to build interactive applications and dashboards that can be used on the web. Key
features include:

 Shiny: A package for creating interactive web applications directly from R. You can use
Shiny to develop apps with user input (sliders, drop-down menus) and dynamic outputs
(plots, tables).
 RStudio Connect: A platform for deploying Shiny apps, R Markdown documents, and
interactive reports.
11. Data Import and Export:

R has strong support for reading from and writing to a variety of file formats, such as:

 CSV, Excel, and text files: Using read.csv(), write.csv(), readxl package for Excel
files.
 SQL databases: R can connect to databases (like MySQL, PostgreSQL) via packages
like RMySQL and DBI.
 JSON, XML, and web scraping: R has packages like jsonlite and XML for working
with web data and APIs.

12. Graphics and Customization:

R allows users to create publication-quality graphics and customize plots and charts extensively.

 Base R graphics: R's built-in functions can create a variety of plots, including bar charts,
line graphs, histograms, and pie charts.
 ggplot2: A highly customizable and powerful plotting system that enables users to build
complex and layered graphics.
 Interactive Graphics: Using packages like plotly and shiny, R can create interactive
graphics and dashboards for web-based data exploration.

13. Advanced Programming Capabilities:

R also supports advanced programming concepts, such as:

 Functions: R allows users to define their own functions, making code more reusable and
modular.
 Control Structures: R supports if statements, for loops, while loops, and apply()
functions for iteration.
 Object-Oriented Programming: R supports both S3 and S4 object-oriented
programming systems, allowing users to create and manage objects with specific
methods.
 Packages: R’s package system allows for easy extension and reuse of code. Custom
packages can be developed for specialized analysis and shared across the R community.

14. Statistical Reporting:

R makes it easy to combine statistical analysis with written explanations and visualizations,
making it ideal for generating reports and documents.

 R Markdown: A dynamic document format that combines R code, output, and

markdown to produce reports in HTML, PDF, or Word formats.
 LaTeX: R integrates with LaTeX for high-quality typesetting, especially for creating
professional reports and academic papers.

Benefits of R

1. Open Source and Free to Use:

 Cost-Effective: R is completely free, making it an excellent choice for individuals,

students, businesses, and academic researchers without the financial constraints
associated with proprietary software like SAS, SPSS, or MATLAB.
 Community Contributions: Being open-source, R has a large, active community that
continuously develops packages, tools, and updates, ensuring its growth and relevance in
the field of data analysis.

2. Comprehensive Statistical Analysis:

 Built-in Statistical Functions: R comes with a vast library of built-in statistical functions
and techniques. It supports a wide range of statistical analyses, including:
o Descriptive statistics (mean, median, variance)
o Inferential statistics (hypothesis testing, ANOVA, regression)
o Multivariate analysis (PCA, factor analysis)
o Time series analysis (ARIMA, forecasting)
o Advanced machine learning algorithms
 Statistical Power: R is specifically designed for statistical computing, making it the
preferred language for statisticians and researchers.

3. Extensive Data Visualization Capabilities:

 ggplot2: One of R's most popular packages, ggplot2, allows users to create high-quality,
customizable static visualizations like scatter plots, bar charts, histograms, and more. The
“Grammar of Graphics” approach enables users to build complex plots with simple code.
  Interactive Plots: R can create interactive and web-based visualizations through
packages like plotly and shiny, allowing users to build dynamic dashboards and data
exploration tools.
 Publication-Quality Graphics: R can produce highly polished and publication-ready
visualizations, making it a go-to tool for academic research, business presentations, and
reporting.

4. Wide Range of Packages and Libraries:

 CRAN Repository: R has an extensive collection of over 18,000 packages available on

CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network). These packages extend R’s functionality
and cover a wide array of topics including machine learning, bioinformatics, financial
modeling, social sciences, and more.
 Bioconductor: A repository specifically for bioinformatics packages, enabling R to be a
powerful tool in genomics, biostatistics, and related fields.
 Data Science and Machine Learning: With libraries like caret, randomForest,
xgboost, keras, and tensorflow, R supports a wide range of machine learning techniques,
including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and deep learning.

5. Reproducible Research and Reporting:

 R Markdown: R supports R Markdown, which allows users to combine R code, output,

and narrative text into one dynamic report. This makes it easy to share findings and
ensure that analyses can be reproduced and verified by others.
 LaTeX Integration: R seamlessly integrates with LaTeX, making it an excellent tool for
creating technical and academic papers that require precise formatting and mathematical
expressions.
 Dynamic Documents: The use of knitr allows you to integrate code, outputs, and
explanations directly into reports, ensuring transparency and reproducibility of results.

6. Cross-Platform Compatibility:

 Works on Multiple Platforms: R is available on Windows, macOS, and Linux,

ensuring that it can be used by a wide variety of users regardless of their operating
system.
 Code Portability: Code written in R is portable across different platforms, allowing
users to share code and results with minimal adjustments.
7. Machine Learning and Big Data Support:

 Advanced Machine Learning: R offers comprehensive support for machine learning

tasks, including classification, regression, clustering, and deep learning. Key libraries like
caret, randomForest, xgboost, and keras make it easy to develop and evaluate machine
learning models.
 Big Data Handling: R can handle large datasets with packages like data.table and dplyr
for efficient data manipulation. For even larger datasets, R can integrate with distributed
computing frameworks like Apache Spark via the sparklyr package.

8. Interoperability with Other Languages and Technologies:

 Integration with Python, C++, Java: R can interface with other programming
languages, such as Python, C++, and Java, allowing for enhanced performance and
flexibility in complex applications.
 Database Connectivity: R provides excellent support for working with databases,
allowing users to connect to SQL databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL) and NoSQL
databases to retrieve and analyze large datasets.
 Web and API Integration: R can interface with web APIs, enabling it to retrieve data
from online sources, perform analyses, and share the results.

9. High-Quality Documentation and Learning Resources:

 Extensive Documentation: R has a comprehensive set of manuals, tutorials, and

references available online. The CRAN website hosts detailed documentation for all R
packages and functions.
 Vibrant Community: R has a large, active online community (forums, blogs, Stack
Overflow), which provides ample support for beginners and advanced users alike.
 Books and Courses: Numerous books and online courses are available to help users
learn R, from introductory programming to advanced statistical analysis.

10. Customization and Extensibility:

 Package Development: R allows users to develop custom packages to extend its

functionality, making it highly adaptable to specific needs. Whether you need specialized
statistical techniques, data processing tools, or domain-specific functionality, R allows
you to build and share packages.
 Customizable Visualizations: With ggplot2 and other plotting tools, R enables
extensive customization of visualizations, giving users full control over plot aesthetics,
scales, labels, themes, and more.
11. Data Import and Export:

 Versatile Data I/O: R provides built-in functions to read and write a wide range of file
formats, including CSV, Excel, SQL databases, JSON, and XML, among others.
 Web Scraping: R has packages like rvest and httr for scraping and extracting data from
websites and APIs, which is useful for gathering real-time data for analysis.

12. Real-Time Interactive Web Applications:

 Shiny: One of R's most powerful features is Shiny, which allows users to build
interactive web applications directly from R. These applications can include dynamic
user inputs (e.g., sliders, text boxes) and responsive outputs (e.g., plots, tables), making it
easy to create real-time data analysis tools and dashboards.
 ShinyApps.io: Users can deploy their Shiny applications online with ShinyApps.io,
enabling access to interactive data exploration on the web.

13. Strong Support for Statistical Research and Academic Use:

 Academic Focus: R is widely used in academia, particularly in fields like statistics,

biology, economics, and social sciences. Its vast statistical capabilities, open-source
nature, and ability to create reproducible research make it ideal for academic research and
collaboration.
 Citations and Reproducibility: R facilitates transparent, reproducible research, which is
essential for ensuring the validity and reliability of scientific findings.
 PNB
Punjab National Bank (PNB) is one of the largest and oldest commercial banks
in India. Founded in 1894, it is headquartered in New Delhi, India. The bank has
a rich history and legacy of providing banking services to individuals,
businesses, and governments across the country and internationally. PNB
operates as a public sector bank, which means it is owned by the government
of India.

History of PNB
Punjab National Bank (PNB), one of India's oldest and largest public sector
banks, has a rich history that dates back to the pre-independence era. It has
played a pivotal role in shaping India's banking industry and contributing to the
nation's economic development.

 1894: Punjab National Bank was founded in Lahore, which was part of
undivided India, by a group of prominent businessmen.

 1969: PNB was nationalized by the Indian government, becoming one of the
14 major banks taken under state ownership.

 1990s: PNB started expanding its international presence by opening branches

in other countries.

 2000s: The bank was part of the modernization movement in Indian banking,
adopting new technologies, introducing ATM services, and internet banking.

 2010s: It went through further digital transformation, including launching

mobile banking services and strengthening its internet banking platform.
 PNB Board of Directors
Designation Name
Chairman Shri Kalyan Kumar
Director Shri Rakesh Gandhi
Director Shri Sunil Kumar Chugh
Director Sh. Sunil Agrawal
Managing Director & CEO Shri Taufique Alam

Uses of R IN PNB
R, a programming language and software environment for statistical
computing and graphics, has widespread applications in various sectors,
including banking and finance. While specific details about PNB's use of R are
not publicly available, banks like PNB typically use R for data analysis, decision-
making, and enhancing operational efficiency in several areas. Below are some
key ways in which R could be utilized in Punjab National Bank (PNB) for its
operations:

1) Financial Data Analysis: R can be used to analyze financial statements,

transaction records, and performance indicators. It can help detect trends
in interest rates, loan performance, and customer behavior.
2) Financial Reporting: By leveraging R’s data manipulation packages like
dplyr, tidyr, and ggplot2, PNB can generate detailed and insightful reports
on various aspects of its business such as profits, risk exposure, loan
growth, etc.
3) Performance Monitoring: R can create dashboards and reports that help
senior management monitor the bank’s performance against key metrics.
4) Credit Risk Modeling: R is used to develop credit risk models to
evaluate the likelihood that a borrower may default on a loan. Techniques
like logistic regression, decision trees, and support vector machines
(SVM) are often applied for this purpose.
 5) Credit Risk Modeling: R is used to develop credit risk models to
evaluate the likelihood that a borrower may default on a loan. Techniques
like logistic regression, decision trees, and support vector machines
(SVM) are often applied for this purpose.
6) Market Risk Analysis: R can be used to perform Value-at-Risk (VaR)
calculations, analyze portfolio risk, and model various financial products,
helping PNB assess potential losses under different market scenarios.
7) Fraud Detection: With R’s capabilities in machine learning and anomaly
detection, PNB can build systems to detect unusual patterns of financial
transactions, potentially identifying fraudulent activity early.
8) Stress Testing: R can be used to simulate different economic scenarios
(e.g., interest rate changes, financial crises) to assess how the bank's
assets and liabilities would be affected.
9) Customer Segmentation: By analyzing transaction data, demographic
details, and product usage patterns, PNB can use clustering algorithms
(e.g., k-means, hierarchical clustering) to segment customers into
different groups for targeted marketing and personalized offerings.
10) Churn Prediction: R can be used to predict the likelihood that
customers may leave the bank (churn). Using machine learning models
like random forests or logistic regression, PNB can identify at-risk
customers and design retention strategies.
11) Sentiment Analysis: By analyzing customer feedback, reviews,
and social media interactions, R can be used to gauge customer sentiment
toward the bank, helping PNB understand public perception and improve
services.
12) Portfolio Optimization: PNB’s wealth management or treasury
division could use R to apply techniques like mean-variance
optimization, the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), and efficient
frontier analysis to optimize investment portfolios for risk and return.
13) Asset Valuation: Banks can use R to model asset prices, forecast
trends, and calculate the fair value of securities (e.g., stocks, bonds).
Techniques like time series analysis, ARIMA models, and Monte Carlo
simulations are frequently applied.
14) Customer Advisory: R can assist PNB in developing advisory
models for high-net-worth individuals (HNIs), helping them optimize
their investment strategies and manage wealth more effectively.
The use of R in Punjab National Bank could span multiple domains, from
improving risk management, fraud detection, and customer insights to
optimizing portfolio management and streamlining regulatory compliance
processes. By leveraging R's powerful statistical, analytical, and graphical
capabilities, PNB can make data-driven decisions, enhance operational
efficiency, and provide better services to its customers.

Financial reports of year (2023-24)

 Bar Graph of Total Income
Syntax of Bar Graph
> x = c(990849,1223940)
> y = c(2023,2024)
> barplot(x,names.arg = y,xlab = "years",ylab = "income",col =
c(1,2),main = "total income")

This bar graph shows revenue of PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK for financial year 2023-2024, the
revenue shows increase from 990849 to 1223940.

Bar Graph of Total Expenses

> x = c(243357,288090)

> y = c(2023,2024)

> barplot(x,names.arg = y,xlab = "years",ylab = "expense",col = c(1,2),main =

"total expenses")
This bar graph shows revenue of PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK for financial year 2023-2024, the
expense shows increase from 243357 to 288090.

PNB
 Pie Chart of Total Assets
Syntax of pie chart
> x = c(1028805,8374590,12903471,4169138)
> y = c("cash and balances with Reserve Bank of India", "Balances with banks
& money at call and short notice","investments","advances","fixed
assets","Oher assets")
> pie(x,y,main = "total assets",col = c(1,2,3,4,5,6),radius = 0.7)
The pie chart shows distribution of total assets the company has current assets
worth 9403395. And fixed assets worth 4169138.

Pie Chart of Total LIABILITIES

Syntax of pie chart
> x = c(13792252,725856)
> y = c("capital", "Employees stock options outstanding","Reserves &
surplus","Deposits","Borrowings","other liabilities & provision")
> pie(x,y,main = "total liabilities",col = c(1,2,3,4,5))
 Histogram of Total Liabilities
Syntax of Histogram
> x = c(725856,13792252)
> hist(x , xlab = "total liabilities" ,ylab = "frequency",col =
"white",border = "black",main = "equity and liabilities")
 Conclusion
In conclusion, PNB’s strategic focus on digital transformation, customer-centric
products, and strong financial management positions it for sustainable growth
and competitiveness in India's evolving banking landscape. With its rich legacy
and strong presence, PNB continues to be a vital player in India's banking
industry, driving economic development and contributing to the nation’s
financial stability.

Punjab National Bank (PNB) is one of India's largest and most prominent public
sector banks with a rich legacy spanning over 125 years. Established in 1894,
the bank has played a significant role in shaping India's banking landscape and
continues to be a critical player in the Indian financial system. With a vast
network of branches, PNB serves millions of customers, providing a wide range
of banking products and services, from retail banking to corporate and treasury
services.
 Bibliography
Financial reports of PNB

https://www.pnbindia.in/