Conditionals:

Summary: C Statements and Blocks

A statement in C refers to a single expression terminated by a semicolon (;).
Examples include:
• Assignment statements (e.g., c = a + b;)
• Increment or decrement statements (e.g., i++;)
• Print statements (e.g., printf("Hello World!");)
On the other hand, a block or compound statement in C is a collection of
statements enclosed within curly braces {}. Blocks are used to group multiple
statements together and can be controlled by conditional expressions, such as
if-else statements.
Blocks become useful when making decisions based on conditions and executing
different sets of statements depending on the outcome. In these situations,
blocks provide a clear way to organize code and improve readability.
Key Takeaways:
• Statements in C are single expressions terminated by semicolons.
• Blocks or compound statements group multiple statements together within
curly braces.
• Blocks can be controlled by conditional expressions like if-else statements.
• Blocks help improve code organization and readability, especially when
making decisions based on conditions.
Summary
The ”if” statement in C programming is a branching or conditional statement
that helps make decisions and follow corresponding paths of action. It uses a
conditional expression (true or false) to determine whether certain statements
are executed.
Key Takeaways:
1. Conditional Expression: A combination of relational operators and
logical operators results in a true or false value.
2. Syntax: The ”if” statement syntax is ”If condition then statement”.
3. Branching Logic: If the conditional expression evaluates to true, the
statements within the if block are executed; otherwise, they are skipped.
Examples:
1. A simple program checks if an entered number is positive or not.
2. Examples of conditional expressions include:
• X + Y > 10
• Marks >= 90 and Marks <= 100
How it Works:

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 1. The user enters a value.
2. The value is evaluated against the conditional expression (true or false).
3. If true, the statements within the if block are executed; otherwise, they
are skipped.
By understanding how to use the ”if” statement in C programming, developers
can write more efficient and logical code that responds correctly to different
conditions.
Summary: The If-Else Statement in C
The if-else statement is a branching statement that allows for conditional exe-
cution of code based on a condition being true or false.
• If Block: When the condition is true, the code following the if keyword
executes.
• Else Block: If the condition is false, the code following the else keyword
executes instead.
• Exclusive Execution: Only one block (either if or else) will be executed
depending on whether the condition evaluates to true or false.
The Else-If Ladder
When multiple conditions need to be checked in sequence:
1. Check a primary condition using an if.
2. If that condition is not met, check secondary conditions one by one with
subsequent else if statements.
3. Each else if statement can have its own set of conditional checks and
code execution.
Example Use Case: Student Grade Calculator
A simple C program was presented to demonstrate the use of an if-else
ladder. The program calculates a student’s grade based on their marks:
1. If marks are greater than 90, print ”Grade A”.
2. Else if marks are between 80 and 90 (inclusive), print ”Grade B”.
3. Else if marks are between 70 and 80 (inclusive), print ”Grade C”.
4. Otherwise, the grade is FAIL.
This example shows how an if-else ladder can be used to execute different
code paths based on multiple conditions being met or not.
Summary: Nested If-Else Statements in C
A nested if-else statement is when an if statement exists inside the body of
another if or else. This allows for complex decision-making and can involve
multiple levels of nesting.
The syntax involves one condition being checked, followed by another condition
within the body of the first condition. If both conditions are true, a specific ac-

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tion takes place; otherwise, an alternative path is executed based on subsequent
conditions.
Example Program: Computing Largest Number
A code snippet was shown to demonstrate calculating the largest number among
three user-input values A, B, and C:
1. First if statement checks if A is greater than B.
2. If true, another if statement inside it checks if A is also greater than C
(nested).
3. If both conditions are true, print capital ”A”.
4. Otherwise (else), since A was not the largest, check which one between
B and C is larger.
Program Logic Breakdown
Assuming input values: a=2, b=8, c=4
• if (a > b) is false.
• The program moves to the right-hand side (else) of this statement:
– Inside the else part of if (a > b), check if b is greater than c.
∗ Since 8 is indeed greater than 4, print capital ”B”.
Key Takeaways
• Nested if-else statements are used to make complex decisions in C.
• The structure can involve multiple levels of nesting and includes both con-
ditions being true or an alternative path based on subsequent conditions.
By understanding how nested if-else statements work, developers can write effi-
cient code that effectively handles a wide range of logical scenarios.
Switch Statement Summary
The switch statement is a compact structure used for multi-way decision making
in C programming.

Key Features:
• Evaluates an integer expression
• Matches the expression value with one of several possible values (cases)
• Executes statements associated with each case and breaks when finished
• Optional default case handles any unmatched expressions
Important Keywords:
1. Switch: The statement name
2. Case: Defines different possible values for the expression
3. Break: Ends execution of a case and exits the switch statement
4. Default: Handles cases where no match is found among specified values

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Example Use Cases:
• Simple decision-making with multiple options (e.g., validating user input)
• Handling integer expressions with multiple potential outcomes
Key Takeaways:
1. The switch statement uses an expression value to determine which case to
execute.
2. Each case requires a break keyword to prevent ”fall-through” behavior
and exit the switch statement.
3. A default case can be used when no match is found among specified values.
By following these guidelines, developers can effectively utilize the switch state-
ment for efficient multi-way decision making in C programming.
Loops:
Loop Concept Summary
Loops play a crucial role in C programming by allowing developers to efficiently
solve repetitive problems.

Key Features:
• Repetitive problems: Loops help with tasks like enumerating numbers
(1-500), computing average scores for hundreds of students, or summing
digits of an N-digit number.
• Finite steps: Loops must terminate after a finite number of steps to avoid
infinite loops and resource consumption.
• Key elements:
– Conditional expression: Evaluates a key variable to determine
whether the loop should continue (true) or exit (false).
– Body of the loop: Executes statements when the condition is true,
typically including updates to the key variable.

Basic Loop Structure:

1. Initialize a key variable.
2. Evaluate the conditional expression involving the key variable.
3. If true, execute the body of the loop and update the key variable.
4. Go back to step 2 until the condition fails (false).
5. Exit the loop when the condition is false.

Types of Loops:
While C provides various types of loops, their basic structure remains similar
with minor variations.
Example Walkthrough:

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Suppose we have a variable X with value 25 and want to check if it’s less than
50.
1. Conditional expression: Is X < 50 (true)?
2. Body of the loop:
• Print the value of X.
• Update X by incrementing its value.
3. Go back to step 1 until the condition fails (X becomes 50).
4. Exit the loop when the condition is false.
By understanding loops and their key elements, developers can efficiently solve
repetitive problems in C programming.
The provided text is an explanation and discussion about using the ”while”
loop in C programming. Here’s a rewritten version with minor adjustments for
clarity:
Using While Loops
In C programming, the while loop allows us to execute a block of code repeat-
edly as long as a certain condition remains true.

Syntax
The basic syntax of the while loop is:
while (condition) {
// Code to be executed
}
• The expression inside parentheses (condition) will be evaluated at the
beginning of each iteration.
• As long as condition evaluates to true, the code within the curly brackets
(// Code to be executed) will run.

Example
Suppose we have a variable named ”var” initialized with the value 1. We can
use a while loop to print numbers from 1 to 3.
int main() {
int var = 1;

while (var <= 3) {

printf("%d ", var++);
}

return 0;
}

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In this example, the condition var <= 3 is checked at each iteration. Since it
starts as true, and increments by 1 in each loop iteration due to var++, we get
output like: 1 2 3.

Avoiding Infinite Loops

One common mistake when using while loops is forgetting a semicolon (;) after
the closing parenthesis of the condition, which leads to an infinite loop. To
prevent this, ensure you’ve included everything inside the curly brackets.
while (condition); {
// Code to be executed
}
This corrected code means ”Do nothing until expression is false.” If left unat-
tended and used with a starting value that always evaluates true (e.g., using
num > 0 in an empty while loop), it can lead to infinite execution.

Using While Loop for Calculations

We may also use the while loop to perform repetitive calculations, such as
printing sums of natural numbers. Let’s see how we could modify our earlier
program to compute the sum.
#include <stdio.h>

#define N 10

int main() {
int index = 1;
int sum = 0;

while (index <= N) {

printf("%d\n", index);
sum += index++;
}

return printf("Sum of %d numbers is: %d\n", N, sum), 0;

}
Here we calculate and print the first ’N’ natural numbers in one line. After
looping through all these values to compute their sum and display it using
printf(), the program returns 0.
When you compile this example with gcc sum_n.c followed by executing .
./a.out. on your terminal, or running ./sum_n.exe under Windows, after
putting N as 10 into the C source file named ”sum_n.c” we get an output like:
Sum of 10 numbers is:55

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While Loop Example: Ensuring User Enters Positive Integer
This C program demonstrates the use of a while loop to ensure that the user
enters a positive integer.

Program Code
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int num;

printf("Enter a positive integer: ");

scanf("%d", &num);

while (num <= 0) {

printf("\nPlease enter a positive integer\n");
printf("Enter a value for num: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
}

printf("\nSquare of %d is %d\n", num, num * num);

return 0;
}

How it Works
1. The program asks the user to enter a positive integer using printf and
scanf.
2. If the input number is less than or equal to zero, the loop condition (num
<= 0) is true.
3. Inside the loop:
• A message asking for a positive integer is printed using printf.
• The program asks for a new value of num using another scanf.
4. Once a positive number is entered, the loop exits because num > 0, and
the square of that number is calculated and printed.
5. Finally, the program returns 0 to indicate successful execution.

Key Points
• The while loop runs until the condition (num <= 0) is true.
• Inside the loop, a message and another input request are made, which
changes the value of num.
• Once the number becomes positive (i.e., greater than zero), the loop exits.
• This example demonstrates how a while loop can be used to handle un-
certain or dynamic scenarios where you don’t know in advance how many
iterations will occur.

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Summary: Nested While Loops
The video demonstrates how to use nested while loops in C programming to
solve a problem where marks need to be input for three subjects per student,
and then calculate the average marks obtained by each student.
Key Takeaways:
1. Outer Loop: The first loop iterates over all students (N number of stu-
dents), with index as the counter variable.
2. Inner Loop: For each student, a second while loop is used to input
marks for three subjects (marks[0], marks[1], and marks[2]) using an
inner index variable j.
3. Calculating Average Marks: After obtaining all subject scores for a
particular student, the average marks are calculated by summing up the
scores (sum = 0; while (j <= 2) { sum += marks[j]; j++; }) and
then dividing by 3.0.
4. Printing Results: The program prints out the average marks obtained
by each student using printf.
5. Incrementing Loop Counters: Both outer and inner loop counters
(index and j, respectively) are incremented at the end of their respective
loops to avoid infinite loops.
Example Output:
The example output shows how the program calculates and prints the average
marks for two students, with input scores for each subject.
Summary: Break and Continue Statements
The video demonstrates how to use break and continue statements in a C pro-
gram.
• Break Statement: The break statement forces the immediate enclosing
loop to come out, even before its control expression is evaluated.
• Continue Statement: The continue statement skips the subsequent
statements in the body of the immediately enclosing loop and proceeds
to its next iteration.
Example Program:
The example program calculates the sum of positive numbers entered by a user.
If a negative value is entered, it ignores it and prompts the user to enter another
positive number. When zero is entered, it terminates the loop using break
statement.
• The program declares an integer num to store input values.
• It initializes a variable sum to zero to accumulate the sum of positive
numbers.
• An infinite loop is used initially, which will be terminated when the user
enters a zero.

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 • Inside the loop:
– If a negative number is entered (num < 0), it uses continue statement
to ignore it and prompts for another input.
– If a non-negative value (positive or zero) is entered, it adds that value
to sum.
– When the user enters a zero, it breaks out of the loop using break
statement.
Compilation and Execution:
The program is compiled with gcc and executed. The output shows that only
positive numbers are accumulated in sum, while negative values entered by the
user are ignored.
The provided text is an explanation and example guide on using For Loops in
C programming.
Here are some key points from the transcript:
• The structure of a for loop includes initialization, condition, body (loop
body), increment/decrement.
• Once the condition becomes false, you come out of the loop altogether and
it terminates.
• A simple example is given where numbers 1 to 3 are printed using a For
Loop.
• It’s noted that if a return statement is placed inside the for loop body, it
will immediately terminate the loop and function execution.
Key points from examples in transcript:
• Initialization can be taken outside of the for loop as a previous statement.
• Increment/decrement does not need to always use num++ but can vary
depending on requirements.
• A strange form of For Loop with two semicolons means there’s no initial-
ization, condition checking or increment/decrement. This will result in an
infinite loop until another mechanism like break is used.
Key points from program explanation:
• An example C Program calculates the sum of first N natural numbers
using a for loop.
• It defines variables i and sum (to track cumulative sum) initialized to zero.
• For Loop iterates over values 1 through N, adding each new value to ”sum”
variable in its body.
Overall, this transcript aims at providing detailed explanation on how to struc-
ture use a for loop effectively with examples of different variations.
Summary: Implementing a For Loop to Calculate Sum
This video demonstrates how to write a C program using a for loop to calculate
the sum of numbers from 1 through 1000 that are multiples of 3 but not multiples

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of 4.
Key Takeaways:
• The program uses a for loop with a conditional statement inside it.
• The condition checks if i is both a multiple of 3 (i%3==0) and not a
multiple of 4 (i%4!=0).
• If the condition is true, the sum is incremented by i.
• The program uses logical AND operator to combine two conditions.
Code Implementation:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int i, sum = 0;
for (i = 1; i <= 1000; i++) {
if ((i%3==0) && (i%4!=0)) {
sum += i;
}
}
printf("Required Output: %d\n", sum);
return 0;
}
Compilation and Testing:
• The program is compiled using gcc and run.
• The output is verified to be correct by manually calculating the sum for
a smaller range (1-10).
• The program’s correctness is confirmed, demonstrating its ability to solve
more complex problems with increased tools.
Here is the code that meets the specifications:
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int N;
printf("Enter value of n: ");
scanf("%d", &N);

for (int i_row = 1; i_row <= N; i_row++) {

for (int i_col = 1; i_col <= i_row; i_col++) {
printf("* ");
}
printf("\n");
}

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 return 0;
}
This code will print a triangle of stars, where the number of rows is determined
by the user’s input N. The outer loop iterates over each row, and the inner loop
prints the corresponding number of stars for that row.
Summary
The video discusses the differences between for loops and while loops in pro-
gramming.
Key Takeaways:
1. Initialization: In a for loop, initialization happens only once after which
it never comes back to that. In contrast, if initialization is combined with
condition in a while loop, it will be done every time in the iteration of
the loop.
2. Condition: A for loop can have an empty condition, making it run for
infinite times. On the other hand, leaving out the condition in a while
loop results in a compile-time error.
3. Iteration: In a for loop, iteration is placed at the top, while in a while
loop, iteration can be anywhere (combined with condition or done at the
end of the body).
4. When to use each:
• Use for loops when you know exactly how many times you want to
iterate.
• Use while loops when you don’t know beforehand how many times
the loop will run.
Key Points:
1. A program that can be written using a while loop can always be written
using a for loop and vice versa.
2. The choice of which loop to use depends on whether you know exactly
how many times the iteration should occur.
3. While loops are useful when dealing with unknown or variable numbers
of iterations.
Implications:
1. Understand the differences between while and for loops in programming.
2. Choose the correct type of loop based on your specific use case (exact
number of iterations vs. unknown number).
3. Consider using a different approach if you’re unsure whether to use a
while or for loop.

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