D3.
2
Inheritance
What patterns of inheritance exist in plants and animals?
What is the molecular basis of inheritance patterns?
Contents of this topic
D3.2.1—Production of haploid gametes in parents and their fusion to form a diploid zygote as the means
of inheritance
D3.2.2—Methods for conducting genetic crosses in flowering plants
D3.2.3—Genotype as the combination of alleles inherited by an organism
D3.2.4—Phenotype as the observable traits of an organism resulting from genotype and environmental
factors
D3.2.5—Effects of dominant and recessive alleles on phenotype
D3.2.6—Phenotypic plasticity as the capacity to develop traits suited to the environment experienced by
an organism, by varying patterns of gene expression
D3.2.7—Phenylketonuria as an example of a human disease due to a recessive allele
D3.2.8—Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and multiple alleles in gene pools
D3.2.9—ABO blood groups as an example of multiple alleles
Contents of this topic
D3.2.10—Incomplete dominance and codominance
D3.2.11—Sex determination in humans and inheritance of genes on sex chromosomes
D3.2.12—Haemophilia as an example of a sex-linked genetic disorder
D3.2.13—Pedigree charts to deduce patterns of inheritance of genetic disorders
D3.2.14—Continuous variation due to polygenic inheritance and/or environmental factors ( mean, median and mode)
D3.2.15—Box-and-whisker plots to represent data for a continuous variable such as student height
D3.2.1—Production of haploid gametes in parents and their fusion to form
a diploid zygote as the means of inheritance
The cell that only contains 23 chromosomes in total (1n): the sex
cells, also called gametes.
Because the chromosomes in sperm and egg cells do not come in
pairs, but rather only have a single chromosome from each pair,
they are said to be haploid.
**The adult form of animal cells is rarely haploid, but there are
exceptions, for example male bee, wasp and ant cells are haploid**
The zygote as the first cell of a new being is diploid (2n)
D3.2.2—Methods for conducting genetic crosses in flowering plants
Gregor Mendel published the results of his experiments on how garden pea plants passed on their characteristics,
Mendel’s Laws. And the famous ratio 3:1
Parental generation
purebred
Filial generation
Cross pollination vs
self-pollination
DOMINANT - always is expressed (phenotype)
recessive - expressed only when is homozygous recessive
Genotypes
Homozygous- both alleles same
Heterozygous - mixed alleles
Punnet grid
D3.2.3—Genotype as the combination of alleles inherited by an organism
An allele is one specific form of a gene, differing from other alleles by one or a few bases.
The genotype is the symbolic representation of the pair of alleles possessed by an organism,
typically represented by two letters, one from each parent: Tt, Bb, GG
Homozygous and Heterozygous**
** Carrier (Aa) a= albinism and aa = albine
D3.2.4—Phenotype as the observable traits of an organism resulting from
genotype and environmental
factors
The phenotype is the observable characteristics or traits of an organism.
Phenotypes produced exclusively by genetics include:
• ABO blood type • genetic conditions such as Huntington’s disease, cystic fibrosis and colour
blindness.
Phenotypes produced exclusively by the environment include:
• learned behaviour (e.g. birds learning a new song, humans learning mathematics) • acquired
physical traits (such as a scar or large muscles from weightlifting).
Phenotypes produced by an interaction between genes and the environment include:
• height in humans (while the maximum height is genetic, a poorly nourished person might not reach
their maximum potential) • cancer (which can have a genetic component but is often triggered by
cancer-causing substances in the environment).
D3.2.5—Effects of dominant and recessive alleles on phenotype
A dominant allele is an allele that has the same effect on the phenotype whether it is
paired with the same allele or a different one. Dominant alleles are always expressed in
the phenotype.
A recessive allele is an allele that has an effect on the phenotype only when no
dominant allele is present to mask it.
Codominant alleles are pairs of alleles that both affect the phenotype when present in
a heterozygote. (Non-mendelian heredity)
Divide the content in four ideas
Mars Venus
Mars is actually a very Venus has extremely
cold place high temperatures
Jupiter Saturn
Jupiter is the biggest Saturn is a gas giant
planet of them all and has several rings
Reviewing concepts is a good idea
Mars Venus Neptune
Mars is actually a very Venus has extremely Neptune is very far
cold place high temperatures away from the Sun
Mercury Saturn Jupiter
Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant Jupiter is the biggest
planet to the Sun with several rings planet of them all
Awesome
words
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom
that someone important said and that
can inspire the reader”
—Someone Famous
A picture is worth
a thousand words
A picture
always
reinforces
the concept
Images reveal large amounts of
data, so remember: use an image
instead of a long text. Your
audience will appreciate it
02
Name of the section
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
4,498,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
9h 55m 23s
Jupiter's rotation period
333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s
386,000 km
Distance between Earth and the Moon
Let’s use some percentages
25% 50% 75%
Mercury Venus Mars
Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful Despite being red, Mars is
planet to the Sun and the name and is the second actually a cold place. It’s
smallest of them all planet from the Sun full of iron oxide dust
Computer
mockup
You can replace the image on
the screen with your own
work. Just right-click on it and
select “Replace image”
Tablet
mockup
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select “Replace image”
Phone
mockup
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the screen with your own
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select “Replace image”
This is a map
Mercury Venus Neptune
Mercury is very small Venus is a hot planet Neptune is far from the Sun
History of genetics
01 02 03 04
Mercury Jupiter Mars Venus
Mercury is the Jupiter is the Despite being red, Venus is the
closest planet to biggest planet of Mars is actually a second planet
the Sun them all very cold place from the Sun
You can use this graph
Mercury Earth
Mercury is the Earth is the
smallest planet planet with life
Jupiter Saturn
Jupiter is the Saturn is a gas
biggest planet giant with rings
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
DNA structure
Adenine Cytosine
Mercury is the closest Venus is the second
planet to the Sun planet from the Sun
Thymine Guanine
Jupiter is the biggest Mars is actually a
planet of them all very cold place
Genetic discoveries
Scientist Experiment Date
Name 01 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun 2XXX
Name 02 Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all 2XXX
Name 03 Mars is a very cold place 2XXX
Name 04 Venus is the second planet from the Sun 2XXX
Exercise 01
Identify the type of chromosome
Neptune is very far Jupiter is the biggest
away from the Sun planet of them all
Saturn is one of the Sirius is the brightest
planets with rings star in the night sky
Exercise 02
Answer true or false as appropriate
Molecular biology deals with the study of DNA is an antiparallel double helix made
the structure and function of genes up of two polynucleotide molecules
True False True False
Any new cell in the organism must Histones are proteins that give structural
contain the same information support to compacted DNA
True False True False
Exercise 03
Discuss the differences between molecular genetics and molecular biology
Molecular genetics Molecular biology
● Here you can write about ● Here you can write about
molecular genetics molecular biology
● Here you can write about ● Here you can write about
molecular genetics molecular biology
● Here you can write about ● Here you can write about
molecular genetics molecular biology
● Here you can write about ● Here you can write about
molecular genetics molecular biology
Exercise 04
Watch the following video and comment on what's going on
Conclusion
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● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
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● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
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