CHAPTER 7 HOMEWORK

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SECTION A [50]

1. The end product of glycolysis is 9. The direct source of energy for the ATP
A. NADH produced by ATP synthase comes from
B acetyl-CoA A. the electron transport chain.
C. lactate B. a proton gradient.
D. pyruvate C. substrate-level phosphorylation.
D. the oxidation reactions occurring during
2. The final output of the Krebs cycle respiration.
includes all of the following except
A. NADP 10. A chemical agent that makes holes in the
B. FADH2 inner membrane of the mitochondria
C. ATP would
D. CO2 A. stop the movement of electrons down the
electron transport chain.
3. Methanogens use_____ to synthesize B. stop ATP synthesis.
methane C. stop the Krebs cycle.
A. sulphur D. all the choices are correct.
B.. CO2
C. H2O 11. What is the role of NAD+ in the process
D. CO3 of cellular respiration? It
A. functions as an electron carrier.
4. Which of the following organisms carries B. functions as an enzyme.
out cellular respiration? C. is the final electron acceptor for
A. corn plant anaerobic respiration
B. dog D. is a nucleotide source for the synthesis of
C. yeast ATP.
D. all are correct
12. Under normal conditions, as electrons flow
5. Oxidizing which of the following down the electron transport chain of the
substances yields the most energy? mitochondria:
A. NADH and FADH2 are oxidized.
A. proteins
B. the pH of the matrix increases.
B. glucose C. the electrons lose free energy.
C. fatty acids D. all are correct.
D. alcohol
13. ATP can be formed through substrate-level
6. Respiration that occurs without oxygen is phosphorylation and this process requires
classified as which of the following A. an input of energy
A. chemotrophic B. a high-energy phosphate group that is
B. phototrophic transferred directly to ADP
C. aerobic C. a concentration gradient of protons
D. the protein ATP synthase
D. anaerobic
14. The oxidation of glucose to two molecules
7. What type of metabolic reaction involves each of pyruvate, ATP, and NADH is called
a gain of electrons by the molecule ________ and occurs in the ________.
involved? A. glycolysis; cytoplasm
A. oxidation B. fermentation; cytoplasm
B. reduction C. the Krebs cycle; matrix of the mitochondrion
C. phosphorylation D. anaerobic respiration; cytoplasm
D. isomerization
15. The theoretical energy yield of energy during
respiration is higher than the actual yield due
8. What is the main cellular structure
to
involved in respiration? A. “leaky” inner membrane
A. nucleus B. use of the proton gradient for purposes other
B. Golgi apparatus than ATP synthesis
C. mitochondria C. phosphorylation
D. ER D. both A and C are correct

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16. During which metabolic stage is glucose D. occur only in heterotrophs
broken down to pyruvate?
A. glycolysis 24. During what stage of cellular respiration is
B. the citric acid cycle the most ATP synthesized?
C. the electron transport chain A. glycolysis
D. oxidative phosphorylation B. oxidation of pyruvate
C. fermentation
17. A cell culture was supplied with D. oxidative phosphorylation
radioactively labelled O2. The cells were
monitored. In a few minutes the 25. What role does O2 play in aerobic
radioactive oxygen atoms were present in respiration? It
A. plays no role
which of the following compounds:
B. combines with acetyl-CoA at the start of the
A. carbon dioxide Krebs cycle
B. NADH and FADH2 C. is given off as a by-product during the
C. water oxidation of pyruvate
D. ATP D. is the final electron acceptor at the end of the
electron transport chain
18. What type of metabolic reaction does not
change the atomic make-up of the molecule 26. When energy-depleted elements associated
involved? with a proton are accepted by an organic
A. oxidation molecule, the process is called
B. reduction A. fermentation
C. phosphorylation B anaerobic
D. isomerization C. aerobic
D. catabolism
19. Heterotrophs require _________ and
produce _________ while phototrophs 27. An example of anaerobic would be
require _________ and produce _________. A. production of sulphates from H2S
A. water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen.
B. production of methane by methanogens
B. oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide,
oxygen. C. glycolysis by purple bacteria
C. oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water. D. utilization of methane by methanogens
D. oxygen, water, phosphate, nitrogen
28. The usefulness of fermentation as a
20. In aerobic cellular respiration, which means of deriving energy is limited
generates more ATP? because
A. substrate-level phosphorylation A. it cannot generate enough ATP
B. chemiosmosis B. it produces too much NH2
C. both generate the same amount of ATP B. the end products are toxic to the producer
D. neither generates any ATP C. it uses more energy than it produces

21. ATP formation by glycolysis 29. During aerobic respiration, FADH2 is

A. occurs through aerobic respiration produced in
B. is an extremely efficient method of acquiring A. glycolysis
energy by the cell B. the oxidation of pyruvate
C. requires oxygen
C. the Krebs cycle
D. involves substrate-level phosphorylation
D. the electron transport chain
22. During chemiosmosis in aerobic respiration,
protons are pumped 30. NADH is produced during
A. out of the cell A. glycolysis
B. out of the mitochondria into the cell B. the oxidation of pyruvate
cytoplasm C. the Krebs cycle
C. out of the mitochondrial matrix into the outer D. all are correct
compartment of the mitochondria
D. out of the cell cytoplasm into the matrix of 31. The electron transport chain in
the mitochondria
respiration are
23. Catabolic processes A. found in the matrix
A. make complex molecules from simpler ones B. embedded in the inner mitochondrial
B. break complex molecules into simpler ones membrane
C. occur only in autotrophs C. located in the intermembrane space

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D. found in the catalytic side of ATP D. transported into the matrix of the
synthase mitochondrion.

32. A gram of fat oxidized by respiration 37. Oxygen gas (O2) is one of the strongest
produces approximately twice as much oxidizing agents known. The explanation
ATP as a gram of carbohydrate. Which for this is that _____.
of the following best explains this A. oxygen is so abundant in the atmosphere
observation? B. oxygen gas is composed of two atoms of
A. Fats are produced when cells take in oxygen
more food than they need. C. oxygen gas contains a double bond
B. Fats are better electron donors to oxygen D. the oxygen atom is very electronegative
than are sugars.
C. Fats are less soluble in water than sugars. 38. What is the importance of fermentation
D. Fats do not form true macromolecules as to cellular metabolism? It
sugars do. A generates glucose for the cell in the
absence of O2.
33. During respiration, NADH donates two B oxidizes NADH to NAD+ during electron
electrons to the carrier known as transport.
ubiquinone. When this happens, C oxidizes NADH to NAD+ in the absence
ubiquinone: of O2.
A. becomes oxidized. D reduces NADH to NAD+ in the absence
B. passes the electrons directly to O2 which of O2.
is reduced to water.
C. pumps protons across the inner 39. ATP is an important biological molecule
mitochondrial membrane. that transports chemical energy within
D. all of the above. cells and powers many biochemical
reactions. Which of the following
34. Proteins and fats can be nutritional correctly describes the structure of ATP
sources of energy provided that and how it provides energy?
A. they are converted into glucose A ATP contains a 5-carbon sugar, three
B. the enter their own pathways that are phosphate groups, and an adenine base.
separate from the glucose metabolic Energy is released when the bond
pathways between the adenine base and the sugar
C. they are degraded completely into atoms is broken.
before entering a pathway B. ATP contains a 5-carbon sugar, three
D. they are modified so that they can enter phosphate groups, and an adenine base.
the glucose metabolic pathways Energy is released when the bond
between the second phosphate group and
35. Under which condition would you expect third phosphate group is broken
the mitochondrial proton gradient to be C. ATP contains a 5-carbon sugar, two
highest and therefore ATP synthesis to phosphate groups, and an adenine base.
proceed? Energy is released when a single
A. pyruvate (present)-oxygen (present)- phosphate group is added to the existing
ATP levels (high) two phosphate groups
B. pyruvate (present)-oxygen (present)- D. ATP contains a 5-carbon sugar, three
ATP levels (low) phosphate groups, and an adenine base.
C. pyruvate (present)-oxygen (absent)-ATP Energy is released when a single
levels (high) phosphate group is added to the existing
D. pyruvate (absent)-oxygen (present)-ATP two phosphate groups
levels (low)

36. The electrons carried by NADH and 40. Which of the following is true of electron
FADH2 can be carriers NADH and FADH2?
A. pumped into the intermembrane space. A. FADH2 is a better electron donor than
B. transferred to the ATP synthase. NADH because it allows more H+ ions to
C. moved between proteins in the inner be pumped across the membrane.
membrane of the mitochondrion. B. All the electrons that enter the transport
chain (ETC) come from NADH and

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 FADH2 molecules which are produced A. oxidation of NADH and FADH2
during earlier phases of cellular B. flow of H+ across a membrane through
respiration. the ATP synthase enzyme
C. NADH and FADH2 are single-use C. reduction of oxygen
molecules so once they donate their D. movement of electrons through a series
electrons, they cannot be used again. of carriers
D. NADH is the oxidized form of NAD+ and
FADH2 is the reduced form of FADH. 46. Which of the following accompanies the
conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
41. Which of the following statements about before the citric acid cycle?
the Krebs cycle is most accurate? A. formation of CO2 and ATP
A. the Krebs cycle occurs as part of both B formation of CO2 and NADH
cellular respiration and photosynthesis. C. formation of CO2 and coenzyme A
B. oxygen and water are produced in the D. removal of coenzyme A
Krebs cycle. regeneration of NAD+
C. the Krebs cycle is the first step in cellular
respiration. 47. Anaerobic respiration
D. not all living things engage in the Krebs A. occurs in humans in the absence of O2.
cycle B. occurs in yeast and is how we make beer
and wine.
42. What is getting oxidized and reduced C. yields less energy than aerobic
during cellular respiration? respiration because other final electron
A. Both the carbon atoms in glucose and acceptors have lower affinity for
oxygen are reduced. electrons than O2.
B The carbon atoms in glucose are D. yields more energy than aerobic
oxidized, and oxygen is reduced. respiration because other final electron
C. The carbon atoms in glucose are acceptors have higher affinity for
reduced, and oxygen is oxidized. electrons than O2.
D. Both the carbon atoms in glucose and
oxygen are reduced 48. The link between electron transport and
ATP synthesis
43. What is the main transformation that A. is a high-energy intermediate like
occurs during glycolysis? phosphoenol pyruvate.
A. glycolysis produces pyruvate and ATP B. is the transfer of electrons to ATP
through by oxidizing glucose and NAD+. synthase.
B. glycolysis produces ATP, pyruvate, and C. is a proton gradient.
NADH by oxidizing glucose D. depends on the absence of oxygen
C. glycolysis produces CO2, NAD, and
pyruvate by oxidizing glucose 49. Which of the following is NOT a true
D. glycolysis produces ATP through the statement regarding cellular respiration?
process of oxidative phosphorylation A. enzymes catalyse reactions that transfer
electrons.
44. Naturally produced wines contain about B. electrons have a higher potential energy
12% ethanol because at the end of the process.
A. the yeast production becomes maximum C. carbon dioxide gas is a by-product.
around 12% ethanol concentration D. the process involves multiple redox
B. yeast enzymes reach optimum function reactions
around 12% ethanol concentration
C. as the ethanol concentration approaches 50. A possible reason why aerobic
12 %, it begins to kill the yeast respiration burns fat while anaerobic
D. no answer respiration does not
A. deamination
45. The ATP synthase in a human cell B. glycolysis
obtains energy for making ATP directly C. fermentation
from which of the following processes? D. none of the above
QUESTION 1 [14]

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(a) Suggest a possible reason why many animals store excess energy in the form of fat rather than a
carbohydrate. (2)
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(b) Distinguish between substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation (2)
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(c) Based on your knowledge of ATP and glucose, together with the information in class plus the
video on cellular respiration, why do cells use energy from ATP instead of using the energy
directly from glucose to drive endergonic reactions? (2)
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(d) Briefly describe the electron transport chain (3)
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(e) Distinguish between aerobic respiration , anaerobic respiration and fermentation in relation to
final electron acceptors (3)
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(f) Name a type of archaeon involved in enteric fermentation and state its role (2)
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QUESTION 2 [16]

(a) ATP synthase uses a fascinating molecular mechanism when performing its function. Briefly
discuss the structure of ATP synthase and relate the structure to the function it performs (8)

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(b) Compare and contrast two types of fermentation (6)

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(c) Define chemiosmosis (1)

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(d) Suggest a reason why aerobic exercises burn fat and anaerobic exercises do not (1)
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