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David Griffiths and the Missionary
“History of Madagascar”
Studies in Christian Mission

General Editor
Heleen L. Murre-van den Berg, Leiden University

Editorial Board
Peggy Brock, Edith Cowan University
James Grayson, University of Sheffield
David Maxwell, Keele University
Mark R. Spindler, Leiden University

Volume 41

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/scm

 David Griffiths
and the Missionary
“History of Madagascar”

By
Gwyn Campbell

Leiden • boston
2012
Cover illustration: Oil painting, reproduced with the permission of Keith Greenlaw and
Carmarthen Museum.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Campbell, Gwyn, 1952–

David Griffiths and the missionary “History of Madagascar” / by Gwyn Campbell.
   p. cm. — (Studies in Christian mission, ISSN 0924-9389 ; v. 41)
 Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
 ISBN 978-90-04-20980-0 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Griffiths, David, 1792–1863. Hanes
Madagascar. 2. Ellis, William, 1794–1872. History of Madagascar. 3. Missions—Madagascar—
History. 4. Madagascar—Church history. I. Griffiths, David, 1792–1863. Hanes Madagascar.
English. II. Title.

BV3625.M2G7533 2012
266.009691—dc23
2011039519

ISSN 0924-9389
ISBN 978 90 04 20980 0 (hardback)
ISBN 978 90 04 19518 9 (e-book)

Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing,
IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV
provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center,
222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.
Er cof annwyl am fy rhieni, Jack ac Eileen
 Contents

List of Illustrations, Maps, Tables and Poems .............................. ix

Acknowledgements / Cydnabyddiaethau ....................................... xv
Abbreviations ...................................................................................... xvii
Preface .................................................................................................. xix

Part A

David Griffiths and the Missionary

“History of Madagascar”

  I.Griffiths: Origins and Background . ....................................... 3

 II.Griffiths in Madagascar, 1821–30 .......................................... 41
III.Freeman’s Challenge ................................................................ 74
IV. The Battle for Publications and the History of
the Mission . ............................................................................... 114
V. The Histories of Griffiths and Ellis Compared .................... 165
VI. Aftermath ................................................................................... 212

Part B

David Griffiths, History of Madagascar (1843)

Introduction ........................................................................................ 262

Explanation of the Pictures . ............................................................. 264
Chapter 1 ............................................................................................. 271
Chapter 2 ............................................................................................. 276
Chapter 3 ............................................................................................. 289
Chapter 4 ............................................................................................. 296
Chapter 5 ............................................................................................. 302
Chapter 6 ............................................................................................. 310
Chapter 7 ............................................................................................. 315
Chapter 8 ............................................................................................. 324
Chapter 9 ............................................................................................. 330
Chapter 10 ........................................................................................... 336
Chapter 11 ........................................................................................... 340
Chapter 12 ........................................................................................... 349
viii contents

Chapter 13 ........................................................................................... 355

Chapter 14 ........................................................................................... 367
Chapter 15 ........................................................................................... 376
Chapter 16 ........................................................................................... 382
Chapter 17 ........................................................................................... 390

Part C

Commentary on Griffiths’
History of Madagascar 403

Part D

Annexes

1. Books Published in English about Madagascar, 1838–70 . .. 933

2. The Library of Robert Farquhar on Mauritius ..................... 935
3. List of Publications from the LMS Press in Madagascar
up to 1835 and by David Griffiths, 1835–62 . ....................... 938
4. David Jones and David Griffiths, “An Account of the
Ceremony of Circumcision as Performed by the
Madegasse.” . ............................................................................... 943
5. David Jones, “Infanticide Among the Malagassy” ............... 951
6. Facts and Observations Illustrative of the Tanghen
Communicated in a Letter to Charles Telfair, Esq., by the
Rev. Edward Baker—1831 ........................................................ 958
7. Extracts from Jones’ Journal (1820) ....................................... 961
8. The Britanno-Merina Treaty, 1820 ......................................... 972
9. Particulars of the Illness and Decease of the late James
Hastie, Esq., Agent of the British Government at
Tananarivou, the Capital of Madagascar; Chiefly
Abstracted from Communications Transmitted by the
Missionaries ................................................................................ 978
10. Poetry Published in Britain about the Malagasy Refugees . 982
11. Freeman’s Poems ....................................................................... 984
12. Edward Baker, “Memorial to the Directors of the London
Missionary Society” [1832] ...................................................... 986

Glossary of Selected Malagasy Terms found in Text ................... 1001

Bibliography ........................................................................................ 1015
Hanes Madagascar Index .................................................................. 1057
General Index ...................................................................................... 1076
 List of ILLUSTRATIONS, Maps, Tables and Poems

Illustrations

1. David Griffiths ........................................................................... xxiii

2. Capel Gwynfe Region . ............................................................. 5
3. Fan Brycheiniog ........................................................................ 5
4. Capel Jerusalem (Annibynwyr), Gwynfe ............................... 15
5. Neuaddlwyd Academy c. 1870 ............................................... 20
6. Llanwddyn (between Llanfyllin and Bala) pre. 1888 .......... 23
7. Welsh Drovers, 1850 ................................................................ 23
8. Wrexham High Street c. 1831 ................................................ 27
9. Allt y Gader, Llanfyllin, c. 1916 ............................................. 27
10. Llanwrin (between Llanfyllin and Machynlleth) c. 1830 .... 32
11. Old Parliament House, Machynlleth ..................................... 32
12. David Bogue . ............................................................................. 37
13. David Jones ................................................................................ 43
14. The Procession of James Hastie’s Funeral ............................ 50
15. Rasatranabo, 1837 ..................................................................... 64
16. 1863 Merina Embassy to Britain ............................................ 65
17. Rahaniraka and Raombana ..................................................... 66
18. Jean Laborde .............................................................................. 73
19. Silver Street Chapel . ................................................................. 77
20. Joseph John Freeman (c. 1827) .............................................. 80
21. Baxter Congregational Church, Kidderminster . ................. 81
22. Rafiringa (Rainilaiarivony) ...................................................... 101
23. Ambatonakanga Chapel . ......................................................... 122
24. Freeman’s English-Malagasy Dictionary, 1835
(frontispiece) .............................................................................. 127
25. William Ellis .............................................................................. 150
26. The Execution of Rasalama ..................................................... 175
27. John Philip ................................................................................. 195
28. Jan Tzatzoe, Andries Stoffles, John Philip & James Read,
Sr. and Jr. Giving Evidence before the Committee of the
House of Commons . ................................................................ 197
29. Freeman and the Merina Embassy meet Queen Adelaide
(7 March 1837) . ........................................................................ 201
x list of illustrations, maps, tables and poems

30. Portraits of Radama I  ............................................................... 207

31. Ranavalona I  .............................................................................. 208
32. Ranavalona I in a Procession . ................................................ 209
33. Exeter Hall, LMS Anniversary Meeting, 1845 ..................... 216
34. Aborigines’ Protection Society Logo ..................................... 220
35. “A Little Girls’ Missionary Meeting” . ................................... 224
36. LMS Jubilee Medals (1844) ..................................................... 225
37. The John Williams . ................................................................... 226
38. Freeman Chapel, Kingston, Jamaica . .................................... 228
39. Joseph John Freeman, 1841 .................................................... 229
40. Mission House, Blomfield St, Finsbury, London ................ 230
41. Illustrations to Accompany Accounts of Freeman’s
Voyage in South Africa . .......................................................... 239
42. A Tetrawan ................................................................................ 243
43. Memorial Plaque to Ebenezer Griffiths (in Ebenezer
Chapel, Hay) .............................................................................. 252
44. David Griffiths Pictured with a Grandchild Shortly
before his Death ........................................................................ 254
45. Capel Y. Graig, Machynlleth . ................................................. 255
46. Ambodin’Andohalo, the House and Missionary Chapel .... 259
47. The Manner in which Nine Christians were Martyred in
Madagascar . ............................................................................... 260
48. Hanes Madagascar (title page) ............................................... 261
49. Betanimena . ............................................................................... 412
50. Sainte-Marie . ............................................................................. 413
51. Indigenous Fruits (including Melon, Pomegranate, and
Lemon) . ...................................................................................... 417
52. Merina Officers wearing Silk and Cotton Lamba ............... 432
53. Kafir Orange (Strychnos Apinosa) . ........................................ 446
54. Embarking Cattle at the Port of Tamatave, Madagascar .... 451
55. Weaving Raffia Cloth ............................................................... 458
56. Indris Brevicaudatus in the Alamazaotra, or Eastern
Forest . ......................................................................................... 465
57. Aye-Aye ...................................................................................... 465
58. Fosa . ............................................................................................ 466
59. Æpyornis .................................................................................... 468
60. Great Madagascar Bat .............................................................. 468
61. Boys Fishing in an Inland Lake . ............................................ 470
62. Trondromainty (Ptychochromoides Itasy) . ........................... 474
63. Modern Satellite Image of Lake Itasy Region ...................... 476
 list of illustrations, maps, tables and poems xi

64. Angavo ...................................................................................... 481

65. A Tsingy Forest . ...................................................................... 483
66. Alamazaotra Forest ................................................................. 484
67. Lake Anosy . ............................................................................. 487
68. Mangoro River: Ferry at Andakana ..................................... 489
69. The River Ikopa at Farahantsana, c. 1906 . ......................... 491
70. Andrianampoinimerina ......................................................... 499
71. Radama I  .................................................................................. 502
72. Betsimisaraka ........................................................................... 507
73. Group of Sakalava in Antananarivo c. 1880 ...................... 508
74. Members of the 1837 Merina Embassy to Europe . .......... 509
75. Use of Angady in Ricefields .................................................. 510
76. Dioscorea Soso Jum. & H. Perrier var. Trichopoda (Jum. &
H. Perrier) Burkill & H. Perrier [family Dioscoeaceae] . .. 513
77. Malagasy Rice Plant (Oryza Sativa) . ................................... 518
78. Transplanting Rice . ................................................................ 521
79. Preparing Bread from the Manioc Root ............................. 523
80. Rakelimalaza ............................................................................ 536
81. Goaika ....................................................................................... 538
82. Ramahavaly .............................................................................. 542
83. Ramanjakatsiroa ...................................................................... 544
84. Rafantaka .................................................................................. 545
85. Sampy ........................................................................................ 549
86. Representations of Infanticide in Madagascar . ................. 554
87. Fandroana Bullock c. 1896 . .................................................. 559
88. Betsimisaraka Rum-Vendor (1888) ..................................... 561
89. Tangena Plant .......................................................................... 571
90. Representation of the Tangena Ordeal ............................... 572
91. British Crown Coin ................................................................ 573
92. Madio Procession . .................................................................. 576
93. Thomas Bevan (1795–1819) .................................................. 592
94. Tamatave in the 1860s ........................................................... 599
95. Storm at Sea ............................................................................. 604
96. Port Louis, 1829 ...................................................................... 605
97. Fairfax Moresby ...................................................................... 609
98. Soanieranana Palace, c. 1865 ................................................ 611
99. Juliette Fiche c. 1857 .............................................................. 616
100. Embarking in Dug-Outs on East Coast Lagoons,
c. 1880s ..................................................................................... 618
101. Bridge over a Forest Stream . ................................................ 619
xii list of illustrations, maps, tables and poems

102. Travelling through the Eastern Forest, 1850s .................... 620

103. Ambatovory, c. 1880s ............................................................. 621
104. Antananarivo c. 1857 ............................................................. 622
105. Andohalo: a Kabary . .............................................................. 622
106. Early Military Training Ground, Antananarivo [Sahafa?]  625
107. Sorabe (17th century) . ........................................................... 628
108. Ampanga or Maria Theresa Dollar ...................................... 637
109. Hair Style of a Widow in Mourning ................................... 640
110. Prince Ratefy . .......................................................................... 641
111. John Jeffreys ............................................................................. 644
112. Wenceslas Bojer ...................................................................... 651
113. Mahazoarivo Royal Gardens ................................................. 652
114. Merina Hunting Party . .......................................................... 654
115. Madagascar Owl (Asio Madagascariensis) .......................... 660
116. Ambatomanga, 1862 . ............................................................. 666
117. David Johns . ............................................................................ 675
118. James Cameron seated outside his House in Analakely
c. 1870 ....................................................................................... 679
119. French Attack on Tamatave, 1829 ....................................... 697
120. Ambohipotsy . .......................................................................... 702
121. Daniel Tyerman ...................................................................... 710
122. George Bennet ......................................................................... 710
123. Wooden Tombs . ..................................................................... 717
124. Rafaralahy . ............................................................................... 718
125. Majunga .................................................................................... 721
126. Sultan Abdullah, 1829 ............................................................ 723
127. Jumbe-Souli, Daughter of Ramanetaka and Cousin of
Radama II  ................................................................................. 728
128. John Cummins, c. 1855 ......................................................... 736
129. Galbraith Lowry Cole ............................................................. 738
130. Audience at the Palace, 5 September 1856 . ....................... 753
131. Ambohijanahary c. 1870 ........................................................ 755
132. East Coast Sugar Refinery, 1863 . ......................................... 760
133. Theophilus Atkinson .............................................................. 778
134. Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope, 1844 ................................. 780
135. Ikongo ....................................................................................... 783
136. Cannons at Ambodin’Andohalo c. 1870 ............................ 800
137. Mahamasina: Military Drill c. 1870 ..................................... 801
138. James Cameron and Daughter Mary, Madagascar
c. 1870 ....................................................................................... 809
139. Depictions of the Execution of Rasalama ........................... 823
 list of illustrations, maps, tables and poems xiii

140. The Merina Christian Escapees, 1838 . ................................ 826

141. Aerial View of Nosy Mitsio .................................................. 831
142. Nosy Be . ................................................................................... 832
143. Portuguese Slave Brig with 35-–man Crew, and 576
Slaves, Captured by HMS Scout, 11 January 1837 ............ 839
144. Toamasina Fort, c. 1845 ........................................................ 865
145. Aftermath of the Franco-British Attack on Tamatave,
1845 ........................................................................................... 866
146. Gravestone of Edward and Ruth Baker .............................. 873
147. Charles Manthorpe ................................................................. 875
148. Beforona ................................................................................... 882
149. The Tsitialaingia (centre) . ..................................................... 885
150. A Woman’s Palanquin, near Toamasina (the Merina
Fort at Tamatave), 1865 . ....................................................... 890
151. Griffiths’ House and Wall . .................................................... 894
152. The LMS Chapel in Port Louis, Mauritius ......................... 917
153. Merina Rice Granaries ........................................................... 919
154. Thomas Fowell Buxton .......................................................... 929

Maps

1. David Griffiths’ Wales .............................................................. 17

2. State-Mission Schools in Central Imerina, 1828–32 . ......... 53
3. Madagascar and the Southwestern Indian Ocean ............... 407
4. Gold Deposits in Madagascar ................................................. 427
5. LMS Map of Lake Itasy and Region, 1875 ........................... 476
6. Imerina . ...................................................................................... 501
7. Tamatave-Antananarivo Route . ............................................. 617
8. Comoro Islands ......................................................................... 724
9. Nzwani (Johanna / Anjouan), 1748 . ..................................... 725
10. Royal Palace, Antananarivo (1829) . ...................................... 730
11. Andohalo, 1829 ......................................................................... 751
12. Fort Dauphin, July 1829 .......................................................... 769
13. Baly Bay ...................................................................................... 922

Tables

1. David Griffiths’ Family Tree ..................................................... 6

2. Students at Wrexham and Llanfyllin Academies .................. 29
3. Members of the Early Madagascar Mission ........................... 45
xiv list of illustrations, maps, tables and poems

4. Mission Schools, 1828–29 . ...................................................... 56

5. Mission School Teachers, 1826–27 ........................................ 57
6. The Roambinifololahy, 1824 and 1826–28 ............................ 59
7. Schema of the Histories of Madagascar . .............................. 167
8. Comparative Significance of Individual Missionaries
according to Ellis and Griffiths . ............................................. 185
9. Comparison of References in Ellis’ History vol. 2 and
Griffiths’ Hanes to Leading LMS Agents and British
Political Agents Connected to Madagascar, 1810–36 and
the English Monarchy .............................................................. 204
10. Weaving Terms ......................................................................... 433
11. Months in Different Malagasy Dialects ................................ 478
12. Malagasy Dollar Subdivisions and Rice Equivalents .......... 497
13. Malagasy Monetary Weights Expressed in Rice Grains . ... 497
14. Select Merina and Betsileo Vocabulary . ............................... 525
15. Cult Vazimba Tombs in Central Imerina ............................ 530
16. Merina Lunar Calendar ........................................................... 558
17. Examples of the Traditional Merina New Year . ................. 562
18. Merina Expressions of Time ................................................... 577
19. Mauritius. British Vessels Sailing to and from
Madagascar, 1845–46 ............................................................... 868
20. Mauritius. Oxen and Rice Imports from Madagascar,
1835–44 . ..................................................................................... 869

Poems

1. Dafydd [David] Jones’ Farewell Poem .................................... 591

2. Matilda McCroby’s Farewell Poem .......................................... 682
3. George Bennet’s Poem ............................................................... 734
4. An Australian Girl’s Farewell . .................................................. 874
5. The Embarkation of the Malagasy Christians ........................ 982
6. Rafaravavy and Joseph Driven Away . ..................................... 983
7. Thoughts at Sea . .......................................................................... 984
8. The “Magnificent” in South Africa . ......................................... 985
 Acknowledgements
CYDNABYDDIAETHAU

I Eleri Edwards a gyflwynodd imi gyhoeddiadau David Griffiths; i

Elwyn Hughes, cyfaill cadarn, am ei gymorth gyda’r cyfieithu; i Anna
Brueton, Valerie Haynes, Richard Glanville-Brown, Joy Jones, Keith
Greenlaw, Edward Hood a Trefor Jenkins am eu cyfraniadau; i Linda
Janeiro am wella’r mapiau a’r darluniau ac am ddarllen a gwirio’r
cyfan; i Marianne am ei diddordeb a chyngor; ac i Rhiannon, Rhys a
Lludd am eu hamynedd dros y blynyddoedd.
This research was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities
Research Council of Canada.
 Abbreviations

AAM Archives de l’Académie Malgache, Antananarivo

AAMM Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine
AHVP Archives historiques de la Vice-Province Société de Jésus de
Madagascar, Antananarivo
ALGC Archifdy Llyfrgell Genelaethol Cymru / Archives of the
National Library of Wales.
BAM Bulletin de l’Académie Malgache
BFBS British and Foreign Bible Society
BL British Library, London, England.
CO Colonial Office series in the Public Records Office,
London.
CWM Council for World Mission.
EMMC Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle
FJKM Fiangonana Jesosy Kristy aty Madagascar (Protestant Church
of Madagascar)
HdR Callet, R.P. Histoire des Rois. Tantara ny Andriana.
JAH Journal of African History
JMM Juvenile Missionary Magazine
LMS London Missionary Society.
MIL Madagascar, Incoming Letters.
MJMM Madagascar. Journals Madagascar and Mauritius 1. 1816–
1824
MMC Missionary Magazine and Chronicle
MOL Madagascar, Outgoing Letters.
MR Missionary Register
MSC Meeting of Southern Committee of the LMS
ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
PRO Public Record Office, Kew, London.
QCT Quarterly Chronicle of the Transactions of the London
Missionary Society
SACA South African Commercial Advertiser
SOAS School of Oriental and African Studies, University of
London.
SPCK Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge
 Preface

In 1838, Fisher, Son, & Co., a reputable London printer, published

a two volume History of Madagascar by William Ellis (1794–1872),
Foreign Secretary of the London Missionary Society (LMS) and editor
of the society’s journals.1 A description of the first Protestant mission
to Madagascar and its impact upon Malagasy society, Ellis’ History
has long been regarded as an important historical source for late eigh-
teenth and early nineteenth-century Malagasy history. What isn’t gen-
erally acknowledged is that Ellis had yet to visit the island when the
volumes bearing his name were published. The work was in fact a
collaboration based on the research of at least four missionaries who
had been in the field for some years. Ellis, who went on to write sev-
eral other books about Madagascar, did not visit the island until 1853,
almost two decades after the first LMS mission collapsed.
How did an important editor and high-profile LMS leader come
to claim sole authorship for a work he clearly could not have written
alone? This question has puzzled me for decades. My parents were
Welsh missionaries; I was born in Madagascar, grew up in Wales
and have written extensively on island’s economic history as well
as the mission.2 Shortly after my return to Madagascar in 1978 for
a two-year research stint, I met a Welsh-speaking missionary, Eleri
Edwards, who had known my parents and was part of the long tradi-
tion of Welsh missionaries to the island that began in 1818. A dedi-
cated teacher, Eleri also had a keen interest in history. She gave me

1
William Ellis, History of Madagascar. Comprising also the Progress of the Christian
Mission established in 1818; and an Authentic Account of the Recent Martyrdom of
Rafaravavy; and of the Persecution of the Native Christians, 2 vols. (London: Fisher,
Son, & Co, 1838).
2
See e.g. Gwyn Campbell, An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–
1895. The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2005); Idem, “The Role of the London Missionary Society in the Rise of the Merina
Empire, 1810–1861” PhD. University of Wales, Swansea, 1985; Idem, “Missionaries,
Fanompoana and the Menalamba Revolt in late nineteenth century Madagascar”
Journal of Southern African Studies 15.1 (1988), 54–73; Idem, “Currency Crisis,
Missionaries, and the French Takeover in Madagascar, 1861–1895” International
Journal of African Historical Studies 21.2 (1988), 273–89; Idem, “Crisis of Faith and
Colonial Conquest. The Impact of Famine and Disease in Late Nineteenth-Century
Madagascar” Cahiers d’études africaines 32.127 (1992), 409–53.
xx preface

a small, cloth-bound volume entitled Hanes Madagascar—literally

“History of Madagascar”—by David Griffiths written in Welsh.3 Of
course I knew Griffiths (1792–1863) as co-founder, along with David
Jones (1796–1841), of the first LMS Malagasy mission, and its lon-
gest serving member. However, I was not aware that he had published
a history of the island—I might add, an unauthorized history in his
native language—as all writings by missionaries were considered the
property of the LMS. Realizing that few outside Welsh circles knew of
the book, I undertook a translation—with the invaluable assistance of
Elwyn Hughes.
Written for a Welsh reading public, but one which gave strong sup-
port to the LMS, Griffiths’ volume differs from that of Ellis in that it
gives the Welsh missionaries pride of place, and diminishes the impor-
tance Ellis affords to English missionaries and political interests. It also
adds new information on the indigenous Christians, and their survival
under persecution.
However, as significant as Giffiths’ book is, the story behind its
authorship is perhaps of greater importance to our understanding of
the history of the mission, its impact on Malagasy society, and on the
wider political context in which missionary activity took place. The
LMS was at the time a global enterprise; Ellis had taken over publica-
tion of all LMS journals world-wide and as Foreign Secretary, was a
powerful force in many LMS areas of activity. His attention was drawn
to Madagascar through a vigorous campaign waged by London-born
missionary Joseph John Freeman (1794–1851)—who was also a fam-
ily friend—to discredit Griffiths and force him to leave Madagascar.
Freeman had been sent to the island in 1827 to wrest leadership from
Jones and Griffiths, whom the LMS considered troublesome charac-
ters. Griffiths’ story is one of on-going battles with the LMS, and his
eventual return and attempt to set the record straight through writ-
ing. The archives reveal evidence of bitter rivalry, personal enmity and
appropriation of authorship, which seriously diminished the impor-
tance of Griffiths’ and to some extent Jones’ role in the history of the
mission. The evidence strongly suggests that Ellis’ book, which con-

3
David Griffiths, Hanes Madagascar, neu Grynodeb o Hanes yr Ynys, ei Chynyrch,
ei Masnach, ac Ansawdd ei Thrigolion; yn nghyda’u Harferiadau Creulon, a’u
Heilunaddoliaeth Ffiaidd. Hefyd, Hanes y Genadaeth, yn ei Llwyddiant a’i Haflwyddiant;
yn nghyda’u Herledigaethau a’u Merthyrdodau, o’r Dechreuad yn 1818, hyd 1843
(Machynlleth: Richard Jones, 1843).
 preface xxi

tains significant errors, was published in haste in order to pre-empt an

attempt by Griffiths to publish his own version of events. I argue that
the core of Ellis’ work derived chiefly from the work of Griffiths and
secondarily Jones—notably a manuscript which originally bore their
names and their correspondence back to mission headquarters.
This volume consists of three parts. The first section, based on
extensive research in mission and other archives, analyses the back-
ground, work and character of David Griffiths, traces the making of
the histories of the first Madagascar Mission, investigates the true
authorship of the LMS sanctioned History of Madagascar, and com-
pares and contrasts it with Griffiths’ Hanes Madagascar. It presents,
for the first time, not only evidence that Griffiths’ work provided the
core of the missionary sources used for the LMS-authorised History,
but that Freeman and Ellis deliberately denied Griffiths any claim to
authorship, and downplayed his role in the mission.
The second part presents a translation of Hanes Madagascar, mak-
ing it available to non-Welsh readers for the first time. The original
page numbers are marked in bold in square brackets. The third section
comprises an extensive commentary on Griffith’s book—thus helping
to restore to the man and his work a value the LMS hierarchy sought
to deny.
This study will, I hope, open the door to a serious re-evaluation,
not only of the Madagascar Mission, but of early nineteenth-century
British imperialism and its relationship to the global evangelical enter-
prise. Clearly, Welsh and English missionaries carried their cultural
perceptions and agendas with them into the mission field. These dif-
ferences predisposed them to view the indigenous Malagasy and thus
their evangelical mission quite differently. The resulting tensions inev-
itably moulded the destiny of the mission. Records show that the LMS
did its utmost to conceal such disputes from the British Foreign Office
and Christian public, and to remove any evidence of such tensions
from published documents. I hope this book will not only inspire a re-
evaluation of missionary history and its relationship to British impe-
rial policy, but will begin the restoration of David Griffiths’ place in
history as a pioneering missionary and important writer. This restitu-
tion is long overdue.
David Griffiths. Oil painting, reproduced with the permission of Keith
Greenlaw and Carmarthen Museum.
 Part A

David Griffiths and the Missionary

“History of Madagascar”
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