The Future Scholars Academy
Class-10, Practical
Session:2024-25
Expt.No.-(CH)-2 Date:
Aim :
To study combination reaction
Materials Required
1. Quick lime (Calcium oxide)
2. Glass beaker (100ml)
3. Glass rod
4. Distilled water
5. Dropper
6. Test tube
7. Litmus paper strips
Theory
When calcium oxide is mixed in water it dissolves and forms calcium hydroxide
(basic in nature). During this reaction, a lot of heat is liberated and therefore, it
is called an exothermic reaction. The equation is as follows:
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + Heat ………(1)
Due to the basic nature of calcium hydroxide, it turns red litmus paper blue in
colour. When carbon dioxide gas is passed through the calcium hydroxide the
solution turns milky white.
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
In the reaction (1) slaked lime is formed by combining two products viz, quick
lime and water. Therefore, when two or more than two substances combine to
give a single product it is termed as combination reaction. The reactions
accompanied by the evolution of heat are called exothermic reactions.
Experiment :
(1) About 10 g of quick lime (CaO) was taken in a clean beaker.
(2) Some water was poured in the beaker with the help of a dropper
(3) The mixture of quick lime and water in the beaker was stirred with a
clean glass rod .
(4) The beaker was touched carefully from outside.
(5) With the help of dropper a few drops of the mixture was taken from the
beaker and placed on red and blue litmus paper strips separately.
Observation
Experiment Observation
Water was added to quick lime. A hissing sound was heard during the
reaction . The solution in the beaker was
hot.as heat was evolved during the reaction.
Solution on litmus paper Drops on the red litmus paper strip changed
the colour of the paper to blue whereas
there was no colour change observed on the
blue litmus paper.
Inferences :
(1) The reaction between quick lime and water is exothermic reaction.
(2) Here calcium oxide and water react to form calcium hydroxide (slaked
lime).
(3) This is an example of combination reaction.
(4) The clear solution obtained after the suspension settles is called lime water.
Precautions :
(1) Quick lime should not be put in water. It may cause the lime water splash
out of the beaker and damage eyes or skin.
(2) Finger should not be dipped in lime water or to touch at the time of
experiment
Expt.No.-(CH)-3 Date:
Aim :
To study decomposition reaction.
Materials Required
1. Ferrous sulphate crystals
2. Test tube
3. Test tube holder
4. Bunsen burner
5. Litmus paper strips
Theory
Ferrous sulphate crystals are ferrous sulphate heptahydrate with a chemical
formula FeSO4.7H2O and are green in colour.
On heating the ferrous sulphate heptahydrate it loses seven water molecules to
form anhydrous ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) and is white in colour. The reaction is
as follows:
FeSO4.7H2O → FeSO4(s) + 7H2O ………….(1)
(Green colour) (white colour)
Ferrous sulphate when heated is decomposed to ferric oxide, sulphur trioxide,
and sulphur dioxide. The reaction is as follows:
FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g) ………….(2)
(White colour) (brown colour) (colourless) (colourless)
In the reaction (2) one substance FeSO4 (Ferrous sulphate) splits into three
substances ferric oxide (Fe2O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and sulphur trioxide
(SO3) due to heat. Therefore, this reaction is called decomposition reaction or
also known as a thermal decomposition reaction.
We can combine reaction (1) and (2) and write it as follows:
2FeSO4.7H2O(s) → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g) + 14H2O(g)
Experiment :
(1) About 10 g of ferrous sulphate crystals were taken in a clean and dry
hard glass test tube and the colour of the crystals was observed.
(2) The test tube was heated gently on low flame of a burner for about 10minutes.
(3) The smell and colour of the gas evolved was noted.
(4) Heating was continued till the colour of the residue in the test tube
changes.
(6) The colour of the residue was observed after cooling and the odour of
the gases evolved was observed.
(7) Wet blue and red litmus paper strips. was held one by one separately
near the mouth of the test tube and the colour change was observed.
Observation
Sl.No Experiment Observation
.
1 The original colour of ferrous Light green
sulphate
2 Ferrous sulphate was heated Colour of Ferrous sulphate
crystals changes from green to
white and later brown.
The gas evolved smells like
burning sulphur.
Tiny colourless water droplets
are seen near the neck of the
tube.
3 Colour of the gas evolved Colourless
during heating
4 The colour of the residue in the Reddish brown
cold test tube
5 Litmus paper test Blue litmus paper strip turned
red when come in contact with
gas.
Inferences :
(1) Light green crystals of ferrous sulphate on heating undergo decomposition.
A mixture of Fe2O3,SO3 andSO2 gases formed.
(2) A residue of reddish brown colour remains in the test tube.
(3) This is an example of decomposition reaction.
Precautions :
(1) Hard glass test tube should be used for heating the substance.
(2) During heating the test tube should keep away from us..
(2) The smell of the gas should not be taken directly . It must be taken gently
towards the nose and the gas should be blown with hand.
(3) Care must be taken to keep the sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide gas
coming in contact with eyes as they cause irritation to eyes.
Expt.No. (CH)-4 Date:
Aim :
To study single displacement reaction.
Materials Required
1. Test tube stand
2. Two test tubes
3. Two iron nails
4. Measuring cylinder
5. Beaker
6. Sandpaper
7. Copper sulphate solution
8. Laboratory stand with clamp
9. Distilled water
10.Thread
Theory
As per the reactivity series, the more reactive metals displace the less reactive
metals. When iron is compared with copper, it is placed above copper in activity
series. Therefore the metals placed above are more reactive whereas the metals
placed below are less reactive.
When iron nails are placed in CuSO4 iron displaces copper from copper sulphate
to form ferrous sulphate. The iron nails get deposited with a brownish red
substance of the copper metal. The reaction is as follows:
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Metallic iron displaces copper ion (Cu2+) from its salt is an example of a
chemical displacement reaction. Metallic iron is converted to ferrous iron, the
cupric ion is converted to metallic copper. The reaction is as follows:
Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) +Cu(s)
Experiment :
(1) About 20 ml of copper sulphate solution was taken in a test tube and its
colour was noted down.
(2) 2 or 3 iron nails free from rust were taken and cleaned them with sandpaper
and washed with water. The colour of the iron nails were observed.
(3) The iron nails were placed in copper sulphate solution for about
15 minutes.
(4) The nails were removed from the solution, washed them with water and
dried with the filter paper.
(5) The colour of the solution as well as the nails was noted after reaction.
Observation:
Sl.No Experiment Observation
.
1 Colour of copper sulphate The colour of copper sulphate solution
before experiment before the experiment was blue
2 Colour of iron nail before Colour of iron nail before the experiment
the experiment. was steel grey.
3 Colour of copper sulphate Solution became light green after the
solution after experiment experiment
4 Colour of iron nail after the The iron nail became reddish brown after
experiment. the experiment
Inferences :
(1) On immersing the brown coloured iron nails in blue coloured copper
sulphate solution, they displace copper from the copper sulphate solution and
their colour becomes reddish
(2) This is a displacement reaction.
Precaution :
1. The iron nails must be cleaned by rubbing it with sandpaper for effective
result.
2. Dilute CuSO4 solution should be used for the experiment otherwise; the
colour change will not be seen in its concentrated form.
Expt.No.-(CH)-5 Date:
Aim: To study Double Displacement Reaction
Materials Required
1. Test tube stand
2. Measuring cylinder
3. Two test tubes
4. Glass rod
5. Conical flask
6. Barium chloride solution
7. Sodium sulphate solution
Theory
Reactions occurring in the solution by exchanging ionic compounds to form
new compounds are called double displacement reactions. The ionic compounds
considered as reactants are water soluble. One of the products is formed as a
precipitate or as a gas which is water soluble.
When two solutions viz sodium sulphate and barium chloride are mixed, double
displacement reaction as below occurs.
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(s)
Sulphate ions from the solution of sodium sulphate are displaced by chloride
ions and the chloride ions from the solution of barium chloride are displaced by
sulphate ions.
Experiment:
1. Two test tubes were taken, washed them with distilled water and dried the
test tubes.
2. The test tubes were labelled as P and Q.
3. 5mL of barium chloride was poured in the test tube P and the colour was
observed.
4. 5mL of sodium sulphate was poured in the test tube Q and the colour
was observed.
5. A conical flask was taken the solutions from both the test tubes were
poured into it.
6. The mixture was stirred with a glass rod and kept it undisturbed for some
time.
7. The change in colour of the solution was observed.
Observation
Experiment Observation
Colour of test tube P and test Colourless
tube Q
Mixture of solution in conical Precipitation was formed
flask
Inference
The reaction occurred on mixing the solutions of barium chloride and sodium
sulphate produce a white precipitate compound by exchanging their ions. This
reaction is known as a double displacement reaction.
Precautions
The test tube, glass rod, and conical flask should be washed with distilled
water and dried before the experiment.
The volume of sodium sulphate and barium chloride should be equal.
The chemicals should not be touched or tasted
While combining the solutions in the mixture sodium sulphate should be
poured first and then slowly barium chloride to be added.
