Circuits and Systems Lab

(EEC-253/EEC-254)

B.Tech. Programme
(IT)

LAB MANUAL

Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology

(NAAC and NBA Accredited)
Affiliated to GGSIP University
C-4, Janak Puri, New Delhi - 110058
 CONTENTS

1.​ Vision, Mission, PEO and PSO Statements

2.​ Program Outcome

3.​ CO-PO Mapping

4.​ Introduction

5.​ Hardware and Software requirements

6.​ List of Experiments

7.​ Experiment-Course Outcome Matrix

8.​ Marking scheme for the Practical lab Examination

9.​ Detail of Experiments

10.​ Expected Viva Voce Questions

11.​ References
 Department of Information Technology

1.​ Vision, Mission, PEOs and PSOs

Vision of the Institute
To become one of the most admired centers of academics excellence in the field of Engineering
& Technology for all-round professional development of students to enable them to meet the
growing technological needs of the country.

Mission of the Institute

Developing new paradigm in imparting education in the fields of Engineering and Technology
and to imbibe national values leading to student's empowerment, with a view to prepare them to
meet the national and global challenges.

Vision of Department
To build a culture of innovation and research in students and make them capable to solve
upcoming challenges of human life using computing.

Mission of Department
M1.​ To develop 'educational pathways' so that students can take their career towards
success.

M2.​ To imbibe curiosity and support innovativeness by providing guidance to use the
technology effectively.

M3.​ To inculcate management skills, integrity, honesty and human values through
curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities.
Program Educational Objectives

PEO1. Graduates of IT program are prepared to be employed by IT industries and be

engaged in learning, understanding and applying new ideas.
PEO2. The graduates are prepared to perform effectively as individuals and team
members in the workplace, growing into highly technical or project management and
leadership roles.
PEO3. Graduates are prepared to apply basic principles of practices of computing
grounded in mathematics and science for successfully completing software related
projects to satisfy customer business objectives and productively engage in research.
PEO4. Graduates are prepared to pursue higher studies so that they can contribute to the
teaching profession, research & development of information technology and other allied
fields.

Program Specific Outcomes

PSO 1: Ability to understand the principles and working of hardware and software aspects in
information technology.

PSO 2: Ability to explore and develop innovative ideas to solve real world problem using IT
skills.
 2.​ PROGRAM OUTCOME (POs)

PO1. Engineering Knowledge : Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
PO8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
PO11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
3.​ CO-PO Mapping
 4.​ Introduction
Introduction to Circuits & Systems
Circuit and system theory forms the foundation of electrical and electronics engineering. It
focuses on analyzing and designing electrical circuits and systems to perform specific functions,
ranging from signal processing to power delivery. This theory serves as the backbone of
technologies such as telecommunications, robotics, and embedded systems, connecting
theoretical principles to real-world applications.

Circuit

Circuits refer to a network of electrical components interconnected by conductive paths to

achieve a desired function. These components include resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes,
and transistors. Two fundamental laws govern the behavior of electrical circuits:

●​ Ohm’s Law: V=IRV = IRV=IR, which relates voltage, current, and resistance.
●​ Kirchhoff’s Laws:
○​ Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): The total current entering a junction equals the
total current leaving it.
○​ Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of all voltages in a closed loop equals
zero.

Circuit analysis determines the behavior of electrical circuits under various conditions. Key
methods include:

●​ Nodal Analysis: Uses KCL to calculate voltages at various nodes.

●​ Mesh Analysis: Employs KVL to compute currents in circuit loops.
●​ Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems: Simplify complex circuits into equivalent
single-source models for easier analysis.
●​ Superposition Theorem: Analyzes circuits with multiple independent sources by
considering one source at a time.

System
System theory extends the concept of circuits to a broader domain, analyzing the behavior of
interconnected components or systems. It is widely used in fields like control engineering,
communication systems, and signal processing.

A system is a collection of elements working together to produce a defined output when

subjected to an input. For instance:

●​ An electrical amplifier is a system that amplifies a weak input signal.

●​ A control system regulates the temperature of an air conditioner.

Signals represent the input and output of systems. Understanding signals is crucial in system
theory. A signal is a function that is used to describe an observed physical variable of a physical
process; it is an abstract mathematical description of the observation. Hence, a signal provides
the most basic connecting link between the physical process, in which we are ultimately
interested, and the mathematical analysis techniques developed in this text. Everything grows
from a signal.

●​ Types of Signals: Continuous, discrete, periodic, and aperiodic.

●​ Frequency Domain Analysis: Signals can be analyzed using Fourier transform to
understand their spectral components.
●​ Laplace Transform: Helps analyze circuits and systems in the s-domain, making it
easier to handle differential equations.

Network Theorems and Analysis

To understand circuit behavior comprehensively, network theorems and advanced analysis

techniques are employed:

●​ Impedance and Admittance: Represent the opposition to current in AC circuits.

●​ Two-Port Networks: Analyze systems with an input port and output port using
parameters like Z, Y, and h-parameters.
●​ Transfer Functions: Represent the relationship between input and output in the
frequency domain.
The students, lab assistant, and faculty coordinator all have certain responsibilities towards
successful completion of the lab's goals and objectives.

Students’ Responsibilities:
The students are expected to be read the lab experiment and related textbook materials before
coming to Lab. Active participation by each student in lab is expected. They are advised not to
make unnecessary R & D without permission of the faculty or lab assistant for the safety of
lab. Understanding the concepts and procedure of each lab is necessary for successful
completion of the lab. They must keep a professional and accurate record of the lab experiments
in a laboratory notebook. Students should report any errors in the lab manual to the Lab
assistant.

Laboratory Assistants’ Responsibilities:

Laboratory Assistant (LA) needs to be completely familiar with all the experiments related to the
lab. LA shall provide the students with a safety review during the first class. LA is responsible
for the availability of all the necessary equipment required in the lab and ensures that all are in
working condition. LA should be ready to answer any questions posed by the students. They
should supervise the student’s performance during the lab, assist the concerned faculty and help
the students in conducting the experiments. LA should report any errors in the lab to the Lab
in-charge / Faculty coordinator.

Faculty Coordinator & Lab In-charge’s Responsibilities:

Lab In-charge should ensure that the laboratory is properly equipped before the starting of the
semester. The Lab In-charge is responsible for ensuring that the necessary Hardware/Software
equipment’s are continually updated and available. The faculty co-ordinator is responsible for
resolving any questions or problems that are identified by the Lab assistants or the students. The
faculty coordinator is responsible for the proper conduct of experiments during the semester,
grading the students as per their performance and conducts the practical exams at the end of the
semester.
Do’s & Don’ts in the Lab
1.​ Review the lab manual and experiment objectives before starting.
2.​ Inspect wires, resistors, and other components for damage before use.
3.​ Assemble the circuit exactly as specified in the schematic.
4.​ Ensure all connections are secure and correct before powering on the circuit.
5.​ Note all readings and observations in your lab notebook with proper units.
6.​ Cross-check results with theoretical values to ensure accuracy.
7.​ Approach your instructor or lab assistant if you are unsure about a procedure.
8.​ If components heat up or emit smoke, disconnect the power immediately.
9.​ Turn off all instruments after use.
10.​Remove connections gently to avoid damaging components.
11.​No foodstuffs are allowed in the Lab.
12.​Always SHUT DOWN the computer systems or return the HARDWARE kit before
leaving the Lab.
13.​Arrange the chairs while leaving the lab.
 5.​ Hardware and Software requirements​
Software Requirements:

• Matlab

Operating System:

• Windows 10.

Hardware Requirements:

●​ Processor: Intel Core i3 or higher

●​ RAM: Minimum 8 GB
●​ Storage: 256 GB HDD or SSD
●​ Electronic Circuit Trainer Kit
●​ Digital Multimeter
●​ Series RLC circuit
●​ Parallel RLC circuit
●​ Function Generator
 Circuits and System (EEC-253 & EEC-254)

List of Equipments

S.No. Name of Equipments Quantity

1. Electronic Circuit Trainer Kit 07
2. Dell Precision 3660 workstation, Intel Core i7-13700 03
Processor, Intel Q 670 Chipset Motherboard, 32 GB
DDR5 RAM, 1 TB PCLe NVMe M.2 SSD, Nvidia
Quadro 8 GB T1000 Graphic Card, Integrated Gigabit
LAN/Dual Band Wifi+Blth, keyboard and Mouse,
23.8”{ FHD Led Monitor/Ubuntu
3 Dell intel® Core ™ i7-14700 14th generation 2.10 ghz 03
16.0 GB DDR5 RAM,500 HDD,19.5” LED Screen
with dell Mouse and Keyboard with APC UPS 600VA
4 ACER ,P-V Core i5 processor, 2nd generation,3.0 GHz, 03
4GB DDR3 RAM,500 GB HDD, DVD R/W,
Keyboard, Optical Mouse, TFT 18.5 Color Monitor,
UPS, APC 600 VA
5. Digital Multimeter 04
5. Kits to study transient response of series RLC circuit 01
with digital meter
6. Kits to study transient response of parallel RLC circuit 01
with digital meter
7. Function gen, 1Mhz required for transient response 01
8. DC power Supply 01
 Circuits and System Lab (EEC-253/ EEC-254)
Paper Code: EEC-254 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ L ​ T/P ​ C

Paper: Circuits and Systems Lab ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 0​ 2​ 1

S.N Name of the Experiment

o.
1 Introduction to MATLAB and its basic commands.
2 Plot unit step, unit impulse, unit ramp, exponential, parabolic functions and sinusoidal
signals
3 Plot the linear convolution of two sequences
4 To verify Z-Parameters by using MATLAB software.
5 To verify the reciprocity theorem by using MATLAB software.
6 To determine Z and Y parameters of the given two port network.
7 To determine ABCD parameters of the given two port network.
8 To verify various theorems in AC Circuits.
9 To determine Hybrid parameters of the given two port network.
10 To design Cascade Connection and determine ABCD parameters of the given two port
network.
11 To design Series-Series Connection and determine Z parameters of the given two port
network.
12 To design Parallel-Parallel Connection and determine Y parameters of the given two port
network.
13 To design Series-Parallel Connection and determine h parameters of the given two port
network.

14 Study the transient response of series RLC circuit for different types of waveforms on
CRO and verify using MATLAB

15 Study the time response of a simulated linear system and verify the unit step and square
wave response of first order and second order, type 0,1 system
 7. Experiment-Course Outcome Matrix

Sr. No Title of the Experiment CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4

1 Introduction to MATLAB and its basic √

commands.

2 Plot unit step, unit impulse, unit ramp, √

exponential, parabolic functions and sinusoidal
signals

3 Plot the linear convolution of two sequences √

4 To verify Z-Parameters by using MATLAB √

software.

5 To verify the reciprocity theorem by using √

MATLAB software.

6 To determine Z and Y parameters of the given √

two port network.

7 To determine ABCD parameters of the given √

two port network.

8 To verify various theorems in AC Circuits. √

9 To determine Hybrid parameters of the given √

two port network.

10 To design Cascade Connection and determine √

ABCD parameters of the given two port
network.

11 To design Series-Series Connection and √

determine Z parameters of the given two port
network.

12 To design Parallel-Parallel Connection and √

determine Y parameters of the given two port
network.

13 To design Series-Parallel Connection and √

determine h parameters of the given two port
network.
14 Study the transient response of series RLC √ √
circuit for different types of waveforms on
CRO and verify using MATLAB

15 Study the time response of a simulated linear √ √

system and verify the unit step and square
wave response of first order and second order,
type 0,1 system
 8. Marking Scheme for the Practical Lab Exam
There will be two practical exams in each semester.
●​ Internal Practical Exam
●​ External Practical Exam
Internal Practical Exam
It is taken by the concerned Faculty member of the batch.
Marking Scheme:
Total Marks:​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 40
Division of 40 marks is as follows:
●​ Punctuality/Attendance​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 10
●​ File (Organization and File checking status)​ ​ ​ 10
●​ Viva Voce​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 20
NOTE: In every lab, marks are awarded to the student out of 40 for each experiment
performed in the lab and at the end the average marks are given out of 40.
External Practical Exam
It is taken by the concerned faculty member of the batch and by an external examiner. In this
exam student needs to perform the experiment allotted at the time of the examination, a sheet
will be given to the student in which some details asked by the examiner needs to be written
and at last viva will be taken by the external examiner.
Marking Scheme:
Total Marks:​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 60
Division of 60 marks is as follows:
a.​ Evaluation of the answer sheet ​ ​ ​ 20
b.​ Viva Voce​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 15
c.​ Experiment performance​ ​ ​ ​ 15
d.​ File submitted​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 10
NOTE​ ​
●​ Internal marks + External marks = Total marks given to the students
​ ​ (40 marks)​ (60 marks) (100 marks)
●​ Experiments given to perform can be from any section of the lab.​
 9. Detail of Experiments

Experiment No. 1

Aim: Introduction to MATLAB and its basic commands.

1. Brief Introduction to Matlab

MATLAB, short for Matrix Laboratory, is a high-performance programming language and environment
designed for technical computing. Developed by MathWorks, MATLAB provides a powerful platform for
tasks like matrix computations, algorithm development, data analysis, visualization, and numerical
simulations. It is widely used in academia, research, and industry for engineering, scientific, and
mathematical applications.

Starting Matlab: Open the Matlab command window by double clicking on the Matlab icon.
This text-based interface will be the way you will control most of Matlab's functionality.

Matlab as a calculator: You can use the Matlab command window as a calculator, with basic operations
+, -, *, / and ^ representing addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation (raising a
number to a given exponent), respectively. For example, type 4 +6 + 2 and press <Return>. Observe that
you can edit previous commands by using the up and down keys.
Matlab as a programming environment: You can also save the values of the variables as you go. For
example, type a=2; b=6; c=2; d=a+b+c; to see your answer, type d and press <Return>.
Note that variable names are case sensitive, can contain up to 31 characters, must start with a letter and
cannot contain punctuation. Note also that commands which are terminated by a semicolon will not
produce any displayed output in the command window, whereas commands which are not terminated by a
semicolon will display the results in the command window.
Online help: Matlab has an extensive on-line reference. To view information about a given command,
type help <command name>. To do a keyword search, type look for <keyword>. Most commands have
rather intuitive names, as we will see below.
Mathematical functions: Most standard mathematical functions have standard names. For example, type
help <command name> for the following commands: cos, sin, atan, exp, log, sqrt, abs, angle, conj, real,
imag. Note that most of these functions can be applied directly to vectors, as well as to scalars.
Constructing vectors and matrices: Vectors and matrices are most conveniently formed in a row-wise
fashion, with brackets delimiting the matrix construction commands, commas separating the elements of
the row, and semicolons separating the rows. For example, type [1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9] and press <Return>.
Special vectors and matrices: Matlab provides some convenient routines for producing vectors and
matrices with special structure. To discover some of these, consult the help for colon, punct, linspace,
logspace, zeros and ones.
Indexing of elements of vectors and matrices: The first element of a vector is indexed by 1, and the top
left corner of a matrix is indexed by (1,1). For example, type A=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9] and press <Return>.
Then type A (1, 1) and press <Return>. Repeat for A(1,2), A(2,1) and A(3,3).
Displaying and listening to results: Matlab has some convenient routines for displaying results. Consult
the help on plot, subplot, axis and hold. You may also want to listen to some of the waveforms you
generate. Type help sound or help soundsc for information on how to do this.
Flow control: Matlab has many of the flow control functions of standard programming languages, such
as C. Type help for, help while, and help if for information on for loops, while loops and conditional
execution statements, respectively.
Aborting execution: A command can be aborted by typing <CTRL-c>. That is, by holding down the
<CTRL> key and pressing c.
Clearing variables: You can clear the current list of saved variables using the clear command.
Matlab Script and Function Files
For simple problems, it often suffices to use Matlab like a calculator, but for more complicated problems
it would be more convenient to store the sequence of instructions in a (text) file, and simply type the name
of that file. This is exactly what the Matlab script and function files allow you to do. (Matlab is an
interpretive environment, so these commands are interpreted command-by-command each time you
invoke the file. There is no need for external compilation and linking as in compiler-based languages,
such as C.)
The Matlab script and function files are text files and should be saved with a `.m' extension.
For this reason they are often called m-files. You can use your favorite text editor to write these files, but
on a Windows machine the simplest thing to do is to choose New from the File menu above the Matlab
command window, and select M-File. This will invoke a simple text editor with the standard Windows
`look and feel' which will suffice for our labs. You can add comments to these files by inserting % signs.
Any text on a given line to the right of a % sign is ignored by Matlab.
Script Files are simply a collection of Matlab commands which are executed sequentially. The commands
operate on the variables in the current workspace, just as if they were typed at the prompt. Once you have
typed the sequence of commands in the text editor, and have saved the file, you can run the script file by
just typing the filename, without the `.m' extension, at the prompt. Note that Matlab will have to have the
folder in which the file is saved on its search path. You can add a folder to the search path by using the
edit path command.
Function Files are different from script files in that they have a formal set of input variables, a formal set
of output variables, and work on a variable space which is independent of the main workspace. As such,
they are much like `function' subroutines in standard programming languages, such as C. You can create
and save function files in the same way as script files.

1. Basic Commands

Starting MATLAB

●​ clc: Clears the command window.

●​ clear: Removes all variables from the workspace.
●​ who / whos: Lists variables in the workspace (whos provides detailed information).

Arithmetic Operations

MATLAB supports basic arithmetic operations:

●​ +: Addition
●​ -: Subtraction
●​ *: Multiplication
●​ /: Division
●​ ^: Power

Example:​
matlab​
CopyEdit​
a = 5;
b = 3;
c = a + b; % c = 8

Relational Operators

MATLAB provides relational operators for logical comparisons:

 ●​ >, <, >=, <=, ==, ~=

Example:​
matlab​
CopyEdit​
result = (5 > 3); % result = true (1)

2. Matrix Operations

MATLAB is built around matrix computations. Key commands include:

Creating Matrices:​
matlab​
CopyEdit​
A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];
B = [10; 20; 30];

Transposing a Matrix:​
matlab​
CopyEdit​
AT = A'; % Transpose of A

Matrix Multiplication:​
matlab​
CopyEdit​
C = A * B;

Element-wise Operations: Use a dot before the operator (e.g., .*, ./, .^).​
matlab​
CopyEdit​
D = A .* A; % Element-wise multiplication

3. Common Mathematical Functions

MATLAB provides numerous built-in mathematical functions:

 ●​ Trigonometric: sin, cos, tan, etc.
●​ Exponential and Logarithmic: exp, log, log10
●​ Rounding: round, floor, ceil
●​ Square Root: sqrt

Example:​
matlab​
CopyEdit​
x = pi / 4;
y = sin(x); % y = 0.7071

4. Plotting and Visualization

MATLAB's plotting tools are straightforward:

Plotting a 2D Graph:​
matlab​
CopyEdit​
x = 0:0.1:2*pi; % Generate x values
y = sin(x); % Compute sine values
plot(x, y); % Plot y vs. x

Adding Titles and Labels:​

matlab​
CopyEdit​
title('Sine Wave');
xlabel('x-axis');
ylabel('y-axis');

Subplots:​
matlab​
CopyEdit​
subplot(2, 1, 1);
plot(x, sin(x));
subplot(2, 1, 2);
plot(x, cos(x));

5. File and Data Management

Reading Data from Files:​
matlab​
CopyEdit​
data = load('datafile.txt');

Saving Variables to Files:​

matlab​
CopyEdit​
save('mydata.mat', 'A', 'B');

6. Programming Constructs

MATLAB supports common programming constructs:

If-Else:​
matlab​
CopyEdit​
if a > b
disp('a is greater than b');
else
disp('b is greater than or equal to a');
end

For Loop:​
matlab​
CopyEdit​
for i = 1:10
disp(i);
end

While Loop:​
matlab​
CopyEdit​
i = 1;
while i <= 10
disp(i);
i = i + 1;
end

7. Help and Documentation

MATLAB provides extensive documentation:

help: Displays help for a command.​

matlab​
CopyEdit​
help plot;

●​ doc: Opens the documentation browser.

 Experiment No. 2

Aim: Write a MATLAB program for generation of basic signals Sine, Cosine, Ramp, Impulse,
Exponential in continuous and discrete domains.

Procedure:-
●​ Open MATLAB
●​ Open new M-file
●​ Type the program
●​ Save in current directory
●​ Compile and Run the program
●​ For the output see command window\ Figure window
Program:

% Program for the generation of unit impulse signal

clc;
clear all;
close all;
t = -2:1:2;
y = [zeros(1,2),ones(1,1),zeros(1,2)];
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(t,y);
ylabel (‘Amplitude ’);
xlabel (‘(a) n ’);

% Program for the generation of unit step sequence [u(n)2 u(n 2 N]

n = input(‘enter the N value’);

t = 0:1:n-1;
y = ones(1,n);
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t,y1);
ylabel(‘Amplitude ’);
xlabel(‘(b) n ’);

% Program for the generation of ramp sequence

n = input(‘enter the length of ramp sequence’);

t = 0:n-1;
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(t,t);
ylabel(‘Amplitude ’);
xlabel(‘(c) n ’);

% Program for the generation of exponential sequence

n = input(‘enter the length of exponential sequence’);

t = 0:n-2;
a = input(‘Enter the ‘a’ value’);
y = exp(a*t);
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(t,y2);
ylabel(‘Amplitude ’);
xlabel(‘(d) n ’);

% Program for the generation of sine sequence

t=0:.01:pi;
y = sin(2*pi*t);
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t,y);
ylabel(‘Amplitude ’);
xlabel(‘(a) n ’);

% Program for the generation of cosine sequence

t=0:.01:pi;
y = cos(2*pi*t);
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t,y);
ylabel(‘Amplitude ’);
xlabel(‘(b) n ’);

Result:
Thus the Generation of basic signals like unit impulse, unit step,
unit ramp, exponential signal and sinusoidal signals was successfully
completed.

Output:
 Experiment No. 3

Aim: Write a MATLAB program to plot the convolution of two sequences.

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=0:8;
x1=1;
x2=0;
y1=x1.*(n>=0 & n<=2)+x2.*(n>=2 & n<=8);
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n,y1);
axis([0 8 0 1.5]);
xlabel('time n ---->');
ylabel('amplitude---->');
title('the sequence y1[n]')
y2=x1.*(n>=0 & n<=4)+x2.*(n>=4 & n<=8);
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n,y2);
axis([0 8 0 1.5]);
xlabel('time n ---->');
ylabel('amplitude---->');
title('the sequence y2[n]')
y=conv(y1,y2);
L=length(y);
n=0:L-1;
subplot(2,2,[3,4]);
stem(n,y);
axis([0 10 0 4]);
xlabel('time n ---->');
ylabel('amplitude---->');
title('the convolution sequence of y1[n]&y2[n]');
Result:

Thus the MATLAB Program to plot the convolution of two sequences

is completed successfully.
Output:
 EXPERIMENT NO.4

AIM:-To verify Z-Parameter by using MATLAB software.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:- PC, MATLAB 2008b installed , Printer etc.

THEORY:-
MATLAB software is used for ideal & pre analysis of circuit output before implementing it by
real hardwares.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Taken as PRINT OUT from MATLAB WINDOW):-

PROCEDURE:-

1)​ Switch ON the pc & open MATLAB 2008b software.

2)​ In FILE MENU under NEW option select MODEL.
3)​ Open SIMULINK LIBRARY
4)​ Under SIM POWER SYSTEMS select ELECTRICAL SOURCES for choosing DC
Voltage Source, select ELEMENTS for choosing R-L-C SERIES BRANCH and make
it pure RESISTANCE by assigning any numeric value to R assigning 0 value to L & inf
value TO C .Select MEASUREMENTS for choosing VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
& CURRENT MEASUREMENT as voltmeter & ammeter respectively.
5)​ Under SIMULINK SELECT SINKS for choosing DISPLAY.
 6)​ Drag all these ELECTRICAL SOURCE , ELEMENTS & DISPLAY into MODEL &
arrange according to ckt as shown in FIG.4-a & 4-b and assign value to DC Voltage
Source & RESISTANCE by double clicking each of them.
7)​ Save the file with any name having extension*.mdl.
8)​ Now SIMULATE the MODEL by pressing RUN button & note down all reading of
display.
9)​ Now compute the value of Z11(V1/I1), Z21(V2/I1) from fig. 4-a display values &
Z12(V1/I2) & Z22 (V2/I2) from fig.4-b display values. These also equal to theoritical
value find by applying KVL in both circuit using resistances values.
10)​

RESULT:-
Z –Parameter has been successfully simulted using MATLAB software.
 EXPERIMENT NO.5

AIM:- To verify reciprocity theorem by using MATLAB software.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-PC, MATLAB 2008b installed, Printer etc.

THEORY:-
MATLAB software is used for ideal & pre analysis of circuit output before implementing it by
real hardwares.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Taken as PRINT OUT from MATLAB WINDOW):-

PROCEDURE:-

1)​ Switch ON the pc & open MATLAB 2008b software.

2)​ In FILE MENU under NEW option select MODEL.
3)​ Open SIMULINK LIBRARY
4)​ Under SIM POWER SYSTEMS select ELECTRICAL SOURCES for choosing DC
Voltage Source, select ELEMENTS for choosing R-L-C SERIES BRANCH and make
it pure RESISTANCE by assigning any numeric value to R , assigning 0 value to L &
inf value TO C .Select MEASUREMENTS for choosing VOLTAGE
 MEASUREMENT & CURRENT MEASUREMENT as voltmeter & ammeter
respectively.
5)​ Under SIMULINK select SINKS for choosing DISPLAY.
6)​ Drag all these ELECTRICAL SOURCE, ELEMENTS & DISPLAY into MODEL &
arrange according to ckt as shown in FIG.1 & 2 and assign value to DC Voltage Source
& RESISTANCE by double clicking each of them.
7)​ Save the file with any name having extension*.mdl.
8)​ Now SIMULATE the MODEL by pressing RUN button & note down all reading of
display.
9)​ Now compare the value of both current, & result is both currents are same & also equal to
theoritical value find by applying KVL in both circuit.

RESULT:-

Reciprocity theorem has been successfully simulted using MATLAB software.

 EXPERIMENT NO : 6

AIM: To calculate and verify 'Z' & 'Y' parameters of two-port network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:Electronic Circuit Trainer Kit , Three resistances, Connecting

Wires .

BRIEF THEORY:

'Z' PARAMETERS :

In Z parameters of a two-port, the input & output voltages V1& V2 canbe expressed in terms of
input & output currents I1& I2. Out of four variables (i.e V1, V2, I1,I2 ) V1& V2 are dependent
variables whereas I1& I2 are independent variables. Thus,

V1= Z11I1+ Z12I2 -----(1)

V2= Z21I1+ Z22I2 -----(2)

Here Z11& Z22 are the input & output driving point impedances while Z12& Z21 are
thereverse & forward transfer impedances.

PROCEDURE:

a)​ Connect the variable voltage to port 1 and keep the port 2 open circuit i.e. I2 = 0as
shown in fig.4.a .Set different voltages on V1and measure V1,V2and I1 for each
setting and tabulate Z11& Z21.
b)​ Connect the variable voltage to port 2 and keep the port1 open circuit i.e. I1 = 0 as
shown in fig.4.b. Set different voltages at V2 and measureV2, V1, I2 for each setting
and tabulate Z12& Z22.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

​
Fig 1-a: Circuit for determining Z11 & Z21

Fig 1-b: Circuit for determining Z12& Z22

OBSERVATIONS:

For Z parameters :

S. When Port 2 is open ckt I2 = 0 When Port 1 is open ckt I1 = 0

NO.
V1(V) V2(V) I1(mA) Z11 = Z21 = V1(V V2(V I2(mA) Z12 = Z22 =
V1/I1(Ω) V2 /I1(Ω) ) ) V1/I2(Ω) V2 /I2(Ω)

2
CALCULATION:-

R1=……Ω R2=…….Ω R3=…….Ω

(i) Z11
Practically (P) Z11= (V1/I1 )=……..Ω

Theoretical (T) Z11 = (R1+R3) =……...Ω

(ii) Z22

Practically (P) Z22 = (V2/I2 )=…….Ω

Theoretical (T) Z22=(R2+R3) =…….Ω

(iii) Z21

Practically (P) Z21= (V2/I1 ) =………..Ω

Theoretical (T) Z21= (R3) =…………Ω

Ω
(iv) Z12

PRACTICALLY (P) Z12= (V1/I2)=…….,Ω

THEORETICAL (T)Z12= (R3) =…………Ω

'Y' PARAMETERS

BRIEF THEORY :

In Y parameters of a two-port ,the input & output currents I1& I2 can be expressed in terms of
input & output voltages V1& V2 . Out of four variables (i.e I1, I2, V1, V2 )I1& I2 are dependent
variables whereas V1& V2 are independent variables.

I1= Y11V2 + Y12V2-------(1)

I2= Y21V1 + Y 22V2-------(2)

Here Y11& Y22 are the input & output driving point admittances while Y12& Y21are the
reverse& forward transfer admittances.

PROCEDURE :

a)​ Connect the variable voltage to port 1 and keep the port 2short circuit i.e. V2 = 0as
shown in fig.4.a .Set different voltages on V1and measure V1,I2and I1 for each setting
and tabulate Y11& Y21.
b)​ Connect the variable voltage to port 2 and keep the port1 short circuit i.e. V1 = 0 as
shown in fig.4.b. Set different voltages at V2 and measureV2, I1, I2 for each setting
and tabulate Y12& Y22.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 OBSERVATIONS:

For Y parameters:

S. When Port 2 is shortcktV2 = 0 When Port 1 is shortcktV1 = 0

NO.
V1 I1 (mA) I2 (mA) Y11 = Y21 = V2(V I1 I2(mA) Y12 = Y22 =
(V) I1/V1 (℧) I2 /V1(℧) ) (mA) I1/V2(℧) I2 /V2(℧)

Calculation:

R1=……Ω R2=…….Ω R3=…….Ω

(i) Y11
Practically (P) Y11=(I1/V1 )=…………Ʊ

Theoretical (T) Y11 = 1

𝑅1
+
1
𝑅2
………………………. Ʊ

(ii) Y22
Practically (P) Y22 = (I2/V2 )=…………..Ʊ
Theoretical (T) Y22 = 1
𝑅1
+
1
𝑅3
………………………. Ʊ

(iii) Y21
PRACTICALLY (P) Y21= (I2/V1 )=………….Ʊ

1
THEORETICAL (T) Y21 = 𝑅1

(iv) Y12

PRACTICALLY (P)Y12 = (I1/V2)=……………Ʊ

1
THEORETICAL (T) Y21 = 𝑅1
=……. Ʊ

Z Parameters Y Parameters
Practical Theoretical % Practical Theoretical % error
Values Values error Values Values
Z11 Y11
Z12 Y12
Z21 Y21
Z22 Y22
Mean % error Mean % error

PRECAUTIONS:

a) Make the connections according to the circuit diagram. Power supply should be
switched off.
b) Connections should be tight.
c) Note the readings carefully.

RESULT:

The 'Z' &'Y' parameters of the given two port network has been calculated and verified &
corresponding errors are found.
 EXPERIMENT NO :7

AIM: To calculate and verify 'ABCD' parameters of two-port network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Electronic Circuit Trainer Kit , Three resistances, Connecting

Wires.

BRIEF THEORY:

ABCD parameters are widely used in analysis of power transmission engineering where
they are termed as "Circuit Parameters". ABCD parameters are also known as "Transmission
Parameters". In these parameters, the voltage & current at the sending end terminals can be
expressed in terms of voltage & current at the receiving end.

Thus, ​ V­1 = AV2 + B (-I2)

​ I1 = CV2 + D(-I2)

Here "A" is called reverse voltage ratio, "B" is called transfer impedance "C" is called
transfer admittance & "D" is called reverse current ratio.

PROCEDURE:

a) Connect the variable voltage to port 1 and keep the port 2 open circuit i.e. I2 = 0

as shown in fig.1.a .Set different voltages on V1 and measure V1, V2 and I­1 for each
setting and calculate A & C parameters.

b) ​ Connect the variable voltage to port 1 and keep the port 2 short circuit i.e. V2 = 0

as shown in fig.1.b. Set different voltages at V1 and measure V1, I2, I­1 for each
setting and calculate B & D. parameters
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

​Fig 1-a: Circuit for determining A & C parameters

Fig 1-b: Circuit for determining B & D parameters

OBSERVATIONS:

S.
NO When Port 2 is open circuited I2 = 0 When Port 2 is short circuited V2 = 0

V1(V) V2(V) I1 A = C = I1/V2 V2(V) I1 I2(mA) B = D =

(mA) V­1/V2 (℧) (mA) -V1/I2(Ω) -I1/I2

3
CALCULATION:-

R1=……Ω ​ R2=…….Ω​ R3=…….Ω

(i) A parameter

​ PRACTICALLY (P) A = (V1/V2 ) =…….........

​ ​ THEORETICAL (T) = (R1 + R2)/ R3

(ii) C parameter

​ PRACTICALLY (P) C= (I1/ V2 ) =…………..Ʊ

​ THEORETICAL (T) C = 1/ R3 =......……… Ʊ

(iii) B parameter

​ ​ PRACTICALLY (P) B = (V1/I2 ) =………….Ω

(iv) D parameter

​ PRACTICALLY (P) D = (I1/I2 ) =……..............

ABCD Parameters

Practical Values Theoretical Values % error

Mean % error
PRECAUTIONS:

a) Make the connections according to the circuit diagram. Power supply should be

switched off.

b) Connections should be tight.

c) Note the readings carefully.

RESULT:

The ABCD parameters of the given two port network has been calculated and verified &
corresponding errors are found.
 EXPERIMENT NO.-8

Aim: To verify Reciprocity Theorem for the given two port network

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Power Supply, Bread Board, Three resistances, Connecting

Leads. Voltmeter, Ammeter, etc.​

THEORY:

In any linear bilateral network, if a source of e.m.f E in any branch produces a current I in any
other branch, then the same e.m.f E acting in the second branch would produce the same current
I in first branch.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig 1-d.

2. Apply some voltage V
3. Note down the ammeter reading as “I1”
4. Inter change ammeter and voltage source as shown in Fig 1-e. and read the ammeter
reading as “I2”
5. Repeat the above procedure for different values or V and tabulate the values.
6. I1 should be equal to I2 in ideal case otherwise find error ( I1- I2 ) .

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION TABLE:

PREACAUTIONS:

1.​ Connect the circuit elements as per the circuit diagram.

2.​ Avoid loose connections of the circuit elements.
3.​ Take the readings carefully and accurately.
4.​ Do not tamper the circuit elements.

RESULT:-

Reciprocity theorem has been verified for different voltage sources & resistances and
corresponding errors are found.
 EXPERIMENT NO :9

AIM: To calculate and verify 'h' hybrid parameters of the given two-port network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Electronic Circuit Trainer Kit , Three resistances, Connecting

Wires.

BRIEF THEORY:

In 'h' parameters of a two port network, voltage of the input port and the current of the output
port are expressed in terms of the current of the input port and the voltage of the output
port. Due to this reason, these parameters are called as 'hybrid' parameters, i.e. out of four
variables (i.e. V1, V2, I1, I2) , V1 & I2 are dependent variables. Thus,

V1 = h11I1 + h12V2

I2 = h21I1 + h22V2

h11 and h22 are input impedance and output admittance.

h21 and h12 are forward current gain and reverse voltage gain.

PROCEDURE:

a) ​Connect the variable voltage to port 1 and keep the port 2 short circuit i.e. V2 = 0 as
shown in fig.1.a .Set different voltages on V1 and measure V1, I2 and I­1 for each setting and
calculate h11 and h21.

b) Connect the variable voltage to port 2 and keep the port 1open circuit i.e. I1 = 0 as
shown in fig.1.b. Set different voltages at V2 and measure V1, V2, I­2 for each setting and
calculate h12 and h22.

PRECAUTIONS:

a) Make the connections according to the circuit diagram. Power supply should be switched
off.

b) Connections should be tight.

c) Note the readings carefully.

RESULT: The h-parameters of the two port network has been calculated and verified&
corresponding errors are found.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

​ Fig 1-a: Circuit for determining h11 and h21. parameters ​

Fig 1-b: Circuit for determining h12 and h22.parameters

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. When Port 2 is is short circug vited, V2 = When port 1 is open circuited, I1 = 0

NO. 0

V1 I1 I2(mA) h11 = h21 = V2 I2 V1 h12 = h22 =

(V) (mA) V1/I1(Ω) V1/V2 I2/V2(℧)
I2 /I1 (V) (mA) (V)

CALCULATION:

R1=……Ω ​ R2=…….Ω ​ R3=…….Ω

(i) h11

PRACTICALLY (P) h11 = (V1/I1) =……........ Ω

(ii) h12

PRACTICALLY (P)h12 = (V1/ V2 ) =…………..

(iii) h22

PRACTICALLY (P) h22= (I2/V2 ) =………….Ʊ

(iv) h21

PRACTICALLY (P) h21 = (I2/I1) =……..............

 ‘h’ HYBRID Parameters

Practical Values Theoretical Values % error

h11

h12

h22

h21

Mean % error
 EXPERIMENT NO: 10

AIM: To determine the 'ABCD' parameters of the cascade connection of given two-port
networks.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:Electronic Circuit Trainer Kit,Resistances,Connecting

Leads,Multi-meter.

BRIEF THEORY:

Two networks are said to be connected in cascade if the output port of the first network is the
input port of the second network as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig 1: Two cascaded networks and their equivalent network

Where for the cascaded network equations are as:

V­1 = AV2 + B (-I2)

I1 = CV2 + D(-I2)

Combination of above two network, gives

So ​ A =A1A2+ B1C2, ​ B= A1B2 + B1D2, ​ C =C1A2 + D1C2, ​ D= C1B2 + D1D2

Thus the overall ABCD matrix for two cascaded networks is equal to the product of ABCD
matrices of the individual networks taken in order: The result may be extended to any number of
cascaded networks.

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig and switch 'ON' the experiment board.

2) Open the port 2 & excite port 1 with a known voltage source Vs so thatV1= VS&

I2 = 0.We determine to V2(V2b) ,V1(V1a),V1b(V2a), I1(I1a), & I2a(I1b)to obtain

A, A1, A2,C C1& C2 as shown in fig 2.

3) Port 1 is excited with the same voltage source Vs so that V1 = Vs & port 2 short

circuited & V2 = 0.We determine V1(V1a),V1b(V2a), I1(I1a), & I2a(I1b) & I2(I2b)to obtain B,B1 B2,
D, D1& D2 as shown in fig 3

4) Switch OFF the supply after taking the readings.

PRECAUTIONS:

a) Make the connections according to the circuit diagram. Power supply should be

switched off while making connections.

b) Connections should be tight.

c) Note the readings carefully.

RESULT:

'ABCD' parameters of the cascade connection of two-port network has been determined &
corresponding errors are found.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig 3: Circuit for determining ‘B’ and ‘D’ parameters

OBSERVATION TABLE:

For A and C parameters :

For B and D parameters :

CALCULATION:

A =......... ​ A1A2+ B1C2=............

B = ........... Ω ​ A1B2 + B1D2=........... Ω.

C =.............℧ ​C1A2 + D1C2=.........℧

D=............. ​ C1B2 + D1D2 =..........

 EXPERIMENT NO.-11

AIM:To determine the equivalent parameters of series connection of two port network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Power Supply, Bread Board, Resistances, Connecting Leads,

Multimeteretc.​

BRIEF THEORY: Two 2-port networks are said to be connected in series if the corresponding
ports are connected in series, as shown in Fig.1.

Let Na be described by Za parameters, Nb by Zb and the overall two port network N by Z

parameters. Before the networks are interconnected, the relationship between voltages and
currents for the network N are given by :

In matrix form we can write

For the overall network N,

Thus, the Z matrix of the two 2-port networks connected in series-series is equal to the sum of
the Z matrices of the individual networks,

[z] = [za] + [zb]

This result may be generalized for any number of 2-port networks connected in series. The
overall z matrix for the series-series connected 2-port networks is the sum of z matrices of the
individual networks. Thus

Z11= Z11a + Z11b,

Z22= Z22a + Z22b,

Z22= Z22a + Z22b ,

Z12 =Z12a + Z12b,

Z21= Z21a + Z21b

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig 1-a: Circuit for determining Z11 & Z21

​
Fig 1-b:
Circuit for
determining
Z12& Z22

Fig1 :

Series-series interconnection of two 2-port networks

 PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig and switch 'ON' the experiment board.

2) Open the output port & excite input port with a known voltage source Vs so that V1= VS&I2
= 0.We determine to V2 ,V1a ,V1b,V2a,V2b&I1 to obtain Z11, Z11a , Z11b Z21 ,Z21a& Z21b.

3) Input port is open circuited & Output port is excited with the same voltage source Vs sothat
V2= Vs& I1 = 0.We determine V1 ,V1a,V1b,V2a,V2b& I2to obtain Z22, Z22a , Z22b, Z12 ,Z12a&Z12b.

4) Switch OFF the supply after taking the readings.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. When Outport Port is open circuited

N
O. V2 V1a V1b V2a V2b Z11a=V1a Z11b Z21a=V2a/ Z21b= Z11= Z21=
V1 I1=I1a=I1b
(V (V (V (V (V / I1a(Ω) =V1b / I1a(Ω) V2b / I1b V1/I V2/I1
) (V ) ) ) ) (mA) I1b(Ω) (Ω) 1(Ω) (Ω)
)

S. When Input Port is open circuited

N
O. V2 V1a V1b V2a V2b Z22a = Z22b = Z12a = Z12b = Z12 = Z22 =
V1 I2=I2a=I2b
(V (V (V (V (V V2a / I2a V2b / I2b V1a / I2a V1b / I2b V1/I V2/I2
) (V ) ) ) ) (mA) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) 2(Ω) (Ω)
)

2
CALCUlATION:
(i)
Z11=......... Ω Z11a + Z11b=............ Ω.

(ii)
Z22= ......... Ω Z22a + Z22b=............Ω

(iii)
Z12 =........ Ω Z12a+ Z12b=............. Ω

(iv)
Z21=........ Ω Z21a + Z21b=............... Ω

PRECAUTIONS:

a) Make the connections according to the circuit diagram. Power supply should be
switched off.

b) Connections should be tight.

c) Note the readings carefully.

RESULT/CONCLUSION:

The Z-parameters of series connection of two-port network has been determined and
corresponding errors are found.
 EXPERIMENT NO: 12

AIM: To determine equivalent ‘Y’ parameters of parallel connection of given 2 two-port

networks.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Electronic Circuit Trainer Kit , Wires, Six Resistances,

Connecting Wires, Voltmeter, and Ammeter etc.

BRIEF THEORY:

The method of interconnecting two 2-port networks shown in Fig. is called a parallel- parallel
connection of two ports because the corresponding ports of each network are connected in
parallel. Let us find the ‘Y’ admittance parameters of the overall 2-port network N.

In matrix form we can write

For the overall network N,

Thus, the Y matrix of the two 2-port networks connected in parallel- parallel is equal to the sum
of the Y matrices of the individual networks,

[Y] = [Ya] + [Yb]

This result may be generalized for any number of 2-port networks connected in parallel. Thus

Y11= Y11a +Y11b , ​ Y21 =Z21a + Y21b ,​ Y22= Y22a + Y22b , ​ Y12 =Y12a + Y12b.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig 1: Circuit for determining ‘Y’ parameters of parallel-parallel connection

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. and switch 'ON' the experiment board.
2) Short the port 2 & excite port 1 with a known voltage source Vs so that V1= VS& V2 = 0. We
determine to V1 ,V1a ,V1b, I2a, I2b, I2& I1 to obtain Y11, Y11a , Y11b Y21 ,Z21a& Y21b.

3) Port 1 is short circuited & port 2 is excited with the same voltage source Vs so that V2 = Vs &
I1 = 0. We determine I1a, I1b, I2a, I2b& I1, I2 &V2 to obtain Y22, Y22a , Y22b, Y12 , Y12a& Y12b.

4) Switch OFF the supply after taking the readings.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

When Port2 is short circuited,V2=0

When Port 1 short circuited,V1=0

CALCULATION:

(i)Y11

(ii)Y22

(iii)Y12

(iv)Y21

PRECAUTIONS:

a) Make the connections according to the circuit diagram. Power supply should be

switched off.

b) Connections should be tight.

c) Note the readings carefully.

RESULT/CONCLUSION:

The Y-parameters of parallel-parallel connection of 2 two-port networks has been determined

and corresponding errors are found.
 EXPERIMENT NO.-13

AIM: To determine the equivalent ‘h’ parameters of series-parallel interconnection of 2- two

port networks.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Electronic Circuit Trainer Kit , Six resistances, Connecting

Wires , Multimeter
BRIEF THEORY:

Two port network are said to be connected in series-parallel if the input ports are
connected in series while the output ports are connected in parallel as shown in fig 1 , such that:

V1 = V1a + V1b
I1 = I1a = I1b
V2 = V2a = V2b
I2 = I2a + I2b
So, the h-parameters of the series –parallel connected network can be written as

V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2
Where

h11 = h11a + h11b

h12 = h12a + h12b

h21 = h21a + h21b

h22 = h22a + h22b

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 1 : Series-Parallel interconnection of 2-two port networks
 PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in fig and switch 'ON' the experiment board.
2) Short the port 2 & excite port 1 with a known voltage source Vs so that V1= VS & V2 = 0.We
determine V1 ,I1a ,I1b, I2a, I2b, I2 & I1 to obtain h11, h11a , h11b h21 ,h21a & h21b.
3) Port 1 is open circuited & port 2 is excited with the some voltage source Vs so that V2 = Vs &
I1 = 0.We determine V2 , I2 ,I2a,I2b,V1a,V1b & V1 to obtain h22, h22a , h22b, h12 , h12a & h12b.
4) Switch OFF the supply after taking the readings.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

When port 2 is short circuited,V2=0

S. V1=V1b = I 1 I1a I1b I2a I2b I2 h11 h21 h11a = h11b= h21a = h21b=
NO V1a (m (m (m (m (m (mA = = I2 V1a / V1b / I2a / I2b /
. (V) A) A) A) A) A) ) V1/ /I1 I1a I1b I1a I1b
I1 (Ω) (Ω)
(Ω)
1

When port 1 is open circuited, I1=0

S V2=V2b = V1 V1a V1b I2a I2b I2 h22= h12= h22a = h22b= h12a = h12b =
. V2a (V (V (V (mA (mA (mA I2/V V1/ I2a / I2b / V1a / V1b
N (V) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2 V2 V2a V2b V2a /V2b
o (℧) (℧) (℧)
.
1

2
CALCULATION:
(i) h11
h11=......... Ω h11a + h11b=............ Ω.

(ii) h22
h22= ........ ℧ h22a + h22b=...........℧

(iii) h12
h12 =........ h12a + h12b=.............

(iv) h21
h21=........ h21a + h21b=...............

PRECAUTIONS:
a) Make the connections according to the circuit diagram. Power supply should be

switched off.

b) Connections should be tight.

c) Note the readings carefully.

RESULT/CONCLUSION:

The h-parameters of series -parallel connection of 2- two-port networks has been determined
& corresponding errors are found.
 10. Expected Viva Voce Questions
1.​ Is there Matlab Compiler in Matlab Tool?
2.​ What are disadvantages of Matlab?
3.​ Matlab stands for……………………………………………………………….
4.​ What is the basic data element of Matlab?
5.​ What is the extension of the code written in Matlab?
6.​ What is the role of Editor Window?
7.​ Give steps to run the written code in matlab.
8.​ Give the matlab function to generate sinusoidal waveform.
9.​ Give the matlab function to generate co-sinusoidal waveform.
10.​ How the amplitude of the sin waveform can be changed in Matlab.
11.​ How the frequency of the sin waveform can be increased or decreased.
12.​ Give the matlab code to plot the waveform.
13.​ How two waveforms can be plotted on the same graph and with different colours to differentiate?
14.​ Define Signal.
15.​ Define system.
16.​ What are the major classifications of the signal?
17.​ Define discrete time signals and classify them.
18.​ Define continuous time signals and classify them.
19.​ Define discrete time unit step &unit impulse.
20.​ Define continuous time unit step and unit impulse.
21.​ Define unit ramp signal.
22.​ Define periodic signal and non-periodic signal.
23.​ Define even and odd signal?
24.​ Define Energy and power signal.
25.​ What is the difference between plot and subplot?
26.​ Write matlab function to find inverse of the matrix.
27.​ How we can create an Identity Matrix in Matlab.
28.​ What is a two-port network? Explain with an example.
29.​ What are the primary parameters used to describe a two-port network?
30.​ How do two-port networks differ from single-port networks?
31.​ Can a two-port network have dependent sources? Why or why not?
32.​ What are the applications of two-port networks in real-life circuits?
33.​ What are the Z-parameters (impedance parameters), and how are they defined?
34.​ What are Y-parameters (admittance parameters), and how do they differ from Z-parameters?
35.​ Define h-parameters (hybrid parameters) and explain their significance.
36.​ What are ABCD parameters? Where are they most commonly used?
37.​ hat is a reciprocal network? Give an example.
38.​ How do you test whether a two-port network is reciprocal?
39.​ What does it mean for a two-port network to be symmetric?
40.​ Is it possible for a network to be symmetric but not reciprocal? Explain.
41.​ How does reciprocity apply to passive networks?
42.​ Write the general equations for Z-parameters and explain each term.
43.​ Derive the relationship between input and output currents and voltages using Y-parameters.
44.​ How do you determine the input impedance of a two-port network using Z-parameters?
45.​ What is the significance of the determinant of the Z-parameter matrix?
46.​ How are ABCD parameters represented in terms of input and output voltages and currents?
47.​ hat happens to the two-port parameters if the network is short-circuited?
48.​ What changes occur in the parameters when the network is open-circuited?
 References

AlanV.Oppenheim, Alan S.Willsky, S.Hamid Nawab, “Signals & Systems”, 2nd edition,
Pearson Education, 1997.
M.J.Roberts, “Signals and Systems Analysis using Transform Method and MATLAB”, TMH 2003.
Rudra Pratap, “Getting Started with MATLAB”, Oxford University Press, USA.
A. H. Robbins and W. C. Miller, “Circuit Analysis: Theory and Practice”, Thomson Learning/Delmar
Pub., 2007.