Unit 4 compute md
Introduction to Computer Networks
o Computer Network is a group of computers connected with
each other through wires, optical fibres or optical links so that
various devices can interact with each other through a
network.
o The aim of the computer network is the sharing of resources
among various devices.
o In the case of computer network technology, there are several
types of networks that vary from simple to complex level
Unit 4 compute md
What is the Internet?
Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers
across the world with each other and to the World Wide Web.
• standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to connect billions of
computer users worldwide.
• It is set up by using cables such as optical fibers and other
wireless and networking technologies.
• At present, internet is the fastest mean of sending or
exchanging information and data between computers across
the world.
• Here are some examples of specific uses for the Internet:
o Using social media and content sharing.
o Instant messaging, video conferencing, Internet Relay Chat
(IRC), Internet telephony, and email are all examples of
electronic communication. These all are used through the
Internet.
Unit 4 compute md
o Access to online degree programs, courses, and workshops for
education and self-improvement.
o Searching for jobs: To advertise available positions, submit job
applications, and hire candidates identified on social
networking sites like LinkedIn, both employers and applicants
use the Internet.
Other examples include:
o Online dating
o Online gaming
o Research
o Reading electronic newspapers and magazines
o Online shopping, or e-commerce.
o Online discussion groups and forums
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of public web pages that
are accessible through the internet. It's also known as the "Web" or
"W3".
How it works
• The WWW uses hypertext and multimedia techniques to make
it easy to browse and contribute to.
• Users access web pages using a uniform resource locator (URL)
or uniform resource identifier (URI).
• The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) governs how data is
transferred between a server and a client.
• The HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the most common
format for publishing web documents.
Unit 4 compute md
Basic of Computer networks
A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices that share resources and
information..
These devices can include computers, servers, printers, and other hardware.
Networks allow for the efficient exchange of data, enabling various applications such as
email, file sharing, and internet browsing.
LAN - Local Area Network
LAN stands for Local Area Network, which is a computer network that connects devices
within a single location:
• Definition: A LAN connects devices like computers, printers, and servers within a
limited area, such as a home, office, or school. LANs allow users to share data,
devices, and internet access.
• Size: LANs can range in size from a home network with one user to an enterprise
network with thousands of users.
• Devices: A LAN can include a mix of wired and wireless devices, such as laptops,
desktops, smart televisions, and smart monitors.
• Topology: LANs can use three basic topologies:
o Star topology: All nodes are linked to a central node.
o Ring topology: Nodes are linked in a closed loop, and each node uses a token
to communicate with the nodes on either side.
o Bus topology: All nodes are linked by a single cable.
• Benefits: LANs can streamline workplace productivity and information flow.
• Comparison to WAN: A WAN (wide area network) or MAN (metropolitan area
network) covers a larger geographic area than a LAN. Some WANs and MANs connect
many LANs together.
• History: LANs predate the internet and can function without an internet connection.
Wide Area Network
Unit 4 compute md
WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is a network that connects devices across large
geographical areas, such as cities, countries, or even the world. WANs are made up of
smaller networks, called Local Area Networks (LANs).
How does a WAN work?
• A WAN connects devices in different locations, allowing them to share information
and communicate.
• A WAN allows devices in different offices, cities, or countries to connect and share
information.
• A WAN allows businesses to operate efficiently across geographical boundaries.
What are the benefits of a WAN?
• WANs allow businesses to share resources, exchange data, and access applications
centrally.
• WANs allow businesses to operate efficiently across geographical boundaries.
What are some best practices for WAN implementation?
• Configure your WAN for wireless connectivity
• Set up multiple layers of failsafe mechanisms
• Develop a WAN security strategy
• Take advantage of WAN optimization technologies
• Review your WAN architecture regularly and upgrade with emerging solutions
Unit 4 compute md
Concept of Internet
Applications of Internet
The internet has many applications, including:
Communication
Users can chat with friends and family, send emails, and connect with others from anywhere
in the world.
Social media
Users can communicate with friends, family, classmates, and promote their businesses.
Video conferencing
Users can connect live and visually with others in different locations.
Education
Users can access educational material from any server across the web, including courses for
those who can't attend physical classes.
Unit 4 compute md
Health
Doctors can monitor a patient's condition in real-time using wearables or sensors connected
to the patient.
Online shopping
Users can purchase goods and services from e-commerce websites.
Research
Scientists use the internet to calculate the speed and gravity of the earth, make satellites,
and move them into space.
• Sports
Computers can check the medical condition of sportspersons and calculate their timings.
• Electronic mail
At least 85% of internet users send and receive emails.
• Downloading files
Users can download files from the internet.
• Discussion groups
Users can participate in discussion groups.
• Interactive games
Users can play interactive games.
• Friendship and dating
Users can use the internet for friendship and dating.
Unit 4 compute md
• Electronic newspapers and magazines
Users can access electronic newspapers and magazines.
connecting to internet
To connect to the internet, you can use Wi-Fi, an ethernet cable, or dial-up. You can also
create a wireless network to connect multiple devices.
Wi-Fi
1. Go to your device's network settings
2. Turn on Wi-Fi
3. Select your network name
4. If prompted, enter the network password
Ethernet
1. Connect an ethernet cable to your computer and router or modem
2. Your computer should automatically detect the connection
Dial-up
1. Plug your modem into a phone jack
2. Connect your computer to the modem
Creating a wireless network
1. Use a wireless router to broadcast your internet connection from your modem
throughout your home
2. Follow the instructions that came with your router
You can also use a satellite connection.
What is ISP
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides myriad services related to
accessing, using, managing, or participating in the Internet.
ISPs can be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit,
or otherwise privately owned.
Unit 4 compute md
Web browsing software
Web browsing software, or web browsers, allow users to access the internet and view web
pages. Some popular web browsers include:
Opera
A browser with privacy features, a turbo mode, and a battery saver mode. However, some
say it's not as fast as Chrome or Firefox.
Safari
The default browser for Mac devices, Safari is known for its stability.
Internet Explorer
A browser developed by Microsoft that was popular in the early days of the internet.
Unit 4 compute md
Vivaldi
A browser with built-in ad blockers and tracking protection. It also allows users to sync open
tabs, saved logins, and notes across devices.
Chromium
A free and open-source browser project developed by Google.
Avast Secure Browser
A browser with built-in privacy features and ad-blocking.
Arc
A browser with a collapsible side panel for tabs, instead of tabs across the top.
Firefox Focus
A free and open-source mobile browser from Mozilla that focuses on privacy.
Unit 4 compute md
Search Engines
A search engine is a software system that provides hyperlinks to web pages and other
relevant information based on a user's query. Users can input a query into a web browser or
mobile app to get search results.
Popular search engines
Google
The most popular search engine, with over 92% of the global search engine market share
Microsoft Bing
The second most popular search engine, with just over 1% of the global search engine
market share
Yahoo
The third most popular search engine, with nearly 4% of the global search engine market
share
DuckDuckGo
A popular search engine that focuses on protecting users' private search data
Unit 4 compute md
Baidu
A popular search engine that's good for targeting the Chinese market
Understanding URL
A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is an address that points to a
unique resource on the internet, such as a web page, image, or CSS
document. Users can access a resource by typing the URL into a
browser's address bar or clicking a hyperlink.
Here are some things to know about URLs:
• Parts of a URL: A URL has multiple parts, including a protocol
identifier and a domain name. The protocol identifier tells the
browser how to retrieve the resource. For example, in the
URL http://example.com, the protocol identifier is http.
• Sub-directories: Elements that appear after the domain
indicate sub-directories. For example, in the
URL writingcommons.org/open-text, open-text is a sub-
directory of the domain writingcommons.org.
• Anchors: Anchors, which usually start with a hashtag, tell the
browser to scroll to or load a specific part of a page.
• URL structure: A URL's structure can affect a website's SEO and
user experience.
• HTTPS: URLs that use the https scheme require a secure
connection to the website.
Unit 4 compute md
Domain name
A domain name is a name that identifies a website, email service, or
other internet resource. It's a human-friendly way to access a
website by typing it into a browser. For example, the domain name
for Google is "google.com".
How it works
• A domain name is associated with a unique IP address.
• When you type a domain name into a browser, the Domain
Name System (DNS) translates it into the IP address.
• This allows you to access the website associated with that IP
address.
How to get a domain name
• You can purchase a domain name from a domain registrar or
host.
• You can search for available domain names and pay a small
annual fee to own it.
Domain name conventions
• Domain names can't contain spaces or special characters like !,
$, &, and _.
• Hyphens can be used, but not at the beginning or end of the
domain name.
• Two hyphens together are usually not allowed.
Examples of domain names google.com, wikipedia.org, example.com,
mail.google.com, and docs.google.com.
Unit 4 compute md
What is an IP Address?
An IP address, or Internet Protocol address, is a unique string of numbers assigned to each
device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication. It serves as an identifier that allows devices to send and receive data over
the network, ensuring that this data reaches the correct destination.
Types of IP Address
• 1. Based on Addressing Scheme (IPv4 vs. IPv6)
• 2. Based on Usage (Public vs. Private)
• 3. Based on Assignment Method (Static vs.
Dynamic)
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