LECTURE 5 : WEEK 5
CSC-110
MOBILE ALERT
2
Kindly Switch Off your Mobile/Cell Phone
OR
Switch it to Silent Mode Please
Learning Objectives
3
We will be looking,
What is a Number System
Decimal & Binary Number System
How Data Represented in Computer
Binary & Switches, Bits & Bytes
Binary Number System Explained
Writing Binary Numbers, Expanded Notation
Conversions
Binary to Decimal
Decimal to Binary
Exercise
How Data Represented in Computer
4
How Data Represented in Computer
5
Computers Are Electronic Devices
The computer uses electricity (CPU, RAM, MB etc)
not mechanical parts
Electricity moves very fast through wires
Electrical parts fail less frequently than mechanical
parts
Internal data processing and storage is electronic
How Data Represented in Computer
6
Binary and Switches. Binary is a mathematical
number system, a way of counting
The computer has switches to represent data
Switches have only two states: ON and OFF
Binary has two digits to do the counting: two states
of a switch (0 = OFF, 1 = ON).
How Data Represented in Computer
7
Bits and Bytes One binary
digit (0 or 1) is referred to as
a bit, which is short for binary
digit. Thus, one bit can be
implemented by one switch
Implementing a Byte
How Data Represented in Computer
8
Representing Data In Bytes
A single byte can represent many different kinds of data.
What data it actually represents depends on how the
computer uses the byte.
For instance, the byte: 01000011
Can represent the integer 67 (to ALU)
The character ‘C’ (to Monitor)
The 67th decibel level for a part of a sound (to Speaker)
The 67th level of darkness for a dot in a picture (to Graphics)
An instruction to the computer like "move to memory“ (to CPU)
How Data Represented in Computer
9
Characters. The computer also uses a single byte to
represent a single character
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASCII-8, also called extended ASCII
Uses 8 bits per character and can represent 256
different characters
ASCII representation has been adopted as a
standard particularly in minicomputers and
microcomputers
ASCII-8 Code Example
10
What is a Number System ?
11
A number system is a way to represent numbers
Any system using a range of digits organized in a
series of columns or "places" that represents a
specific quantity.
The most common numbering systems are decimal,
binary, octal, and hexadecimal.
Decimal Number System : Base 10
12
The decimal numeral system (also called base 10 or
occasionally denary) has Ten as its base. It is
the numerical base most widely used by modern
civilizations.
The decimal number system consists of ten single-
digit numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
(28)10 = (011100)2 48-D = 110000-B
Binary Number System : Base 2
13
Also called as base-2 number system. This system uses
only 0s and 1s to represent letters, numbers and other
characters and it is used by almost all modern
computers.
Numbering system that represents numeric values using
two unique digits (0 and 1).
(1100)2 = (12)10 (0101)2 = (5)10
(1010)2 = (10)10 (1111)2 = (15)10
Binary Number System
14
Binary Numbers
A binary number is a sequence of the digits 0 and 1, such as
1101001
The number shown has no fractional part and so is called a
binary integer.
A binary number having a fractional part contains a binary
point (also called a radix point), as in the number
1001.01
Binary Number System
15
Base or Radix
The base of a number system (also called the radix) is equal to the number of
digits used in the system.
Bits, Bytes, and Words
Each of the digits is called a bit, from binary digit. A byte is a group of 8 bits
A word is the largest string of bits that a computer can handle in one operation
Different computers have different word lengths, with 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits
Half a byte (4 bits) is called a Nibble.
A kilobyte (Kbyte or KB) is 1024 (210 ) bytes
0
A megabyte (MByte or MB) is 1,048,575 (220 ) bytes.
0
Binary Number System
16
Writing Binary Numbers
A binary number is sometimes written with a subscript 2
when there is a chance that the binary number would
otherwise be mistaken for a decimal number.
Example: The binary number 110 could easily be mistaken
for the decimal number 110, unless we write it
1102
Similarly, a decimal number that may be mistaken for
binary is often written with a subscript 10, as in
11010
Binary Number System
17
The number 100100010100.001001 is easier to
read when written as
1001 0001 0100.0010 01
The leftmost bit in a binary number is called the
high-order or Most significant bit (MSB).
The bit at the extreme right of the number is the
low-order or Least significant bit (LSB).
Binary Number System
18
Place Value
A positional number system is one in which the
position of a digit determines its value,
And each position in a number has a place value
equal to the base of the number system raised to
the position number.
Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal
19
The place values in the binary number system are
Binary Number System
20
Expanded Notation
Example :
The binary number 1011 can be
expressed as
Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal
21
To convert a binary number to decimal, simply write
the binary number in expanded notation (omitting
those where the bit is 0), and add the resulting
values.
Example : Convert the binary number
1001.011to decimal.
Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal
22
Converting Decimal Integers to Binary
23
To convert a decimal integer to binary
First divide it by 2, obtaining a Quotient and a
Remainder.
Write down the remainder and divide the quotient
by 2, getting a new quotient and remainder
Repeat this process until the quotient is zero.
Converting Decimal Integers to Binary
24
Example : Convert the decimal integer 59 to binary.
Solution:We divide 59 by 2, getting a quotient of 29
and a remainder of 1. Then
Dividing 29 by 2 gives a quotient of 14 and a
remainder of 1.
These calculations, can be arranged in a table, as
follows:
Converting Decimal Integers to Binary
25
Our binary number then
consists of the digits in the
remainders
Thus
5910 = 1110112
Converting Decimal Fraction to Binary
26
To convert a decimal fraction to binary, we first
multiply it by 2, remove the integer part of the
product, and multiply by 2 again.
We then repeat the procedure
Example : Convert the decimal fraction 0.546875
to binary.
Converting Decimal Fraction to Binary
27
Solution: We multiply the given
number by 2, getting 1.09375.
We remove the integer part, 1,
leaving 0.09375, which we again
multiply by 2, getting 0.1875.
We repeat the computation until we
get a product that has a fractional
part of zero (Not possible always), as
shown on R.H.S, so
0.54687510 = 0.1000 112
Converting Decimal to Binary
28
To convert a decimal number having both an integer part
and a fractional part to binary, convert each part
separately, and then combine
Example : Convert the number 59.54687510 to binary.
Solution: From the preceding examples,
5910 = 1110112
0.54687510 = 0.1000 112
So, 59.546875 = 11 1011.1000 11
Class Exercise
29
Convert each binary number to decimal.
1001 0110 1111
0111.111 1100.001 1101 0010.1011
21 64 93
274.25 128.12 256.0005
Convert each decimal number to binary.
Home Exercise
30
Convert each binary number to decimal.
1100 0110.11 1111 1111 11.001 1100 00.110011
Convert each decimal number to binary.
333.125 928.78 12351.999
Home Exercise
31
Convert each binary number to decimal.
1100 0110.11= 1111 1111 11.001= 1100 00.110011=
198.7510 1023.12510 48.79687510
Convert each decimal number to binary.
333.125 = 928.78 = 12351.999 =
101001101.0012 001110100000.11000112 0011000000111111.11111112
Learning Outcome
32
After this lecture students must have clear understanding of the
following,
What is a Number System
Decimal & Binary Number System
How Data Represented in Computer
Binary & Switches, Bits & Bytes
Binary Number System Explained
Writing Binary Numbers, Expanded Notation
Conversions
Binary to Decimal
Decimal to Binary
