A

PROJECT REPORT ON
“Gender equality”

SUBMITTED TO
CHHATRAPATI SHAHU JI MAHARAJ UNIVERSITY (CSJMU),
KANPUR, U.P
IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF
FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
SUBMITTED BY: GAURI OMAR
ROLL NUMBER:24015002722

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

MS. NISHA NANCY DANIEL
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
 Gender Equality
 The view that both men and women should receive equal treatment and
not be discriminated against based on their gender.
 Also known as sex equality , gender equalitarianism, sexual equality or
equality of the genders.
 The process of being fair to women and men.
 Requires equal enjoyment by women and men of socially valued- goods,
opportunities, resources and rewards.
 It doesn’t mean men and women being the same.
Cont…..
Factors responsible Illiteracy
for Gender In-
Poor
equality medical
care
Child
marriage

Lack of
legal Social evil
protection
Factors
responsible

Discriminatio Job
n against the segration
girls child

Lack of
bodily Unemployment
autonomy
Factors responsible for gender inequality
Illiteracy

Illiteracy is one of the factors responsible for gender inequality. According to 2011 census
of India., the literacy level in India is 74.04% in which the male literacy level is 82.14%
and female literacy level is only 65.46%.
Child Marriage
Children specially the girls are married at a very young age. This proves fatal for their
overall development and have a negative impact on their health, too.
Social evils
Social evils like dowry system, sati system, are also responsible for the low status of
women.
Discrimination against the girl child
The girl child is not treated properly in the family. People still prefer the birth of a
boy rather than a girl. The girl child is basically trained for household work only.
Even today, female infanticide is a common social evil.
Cont.
Lack of employment equality
The current global labor force participation rate for women is close to 49%. For men, it’s
75%. That’s a difference of 26 percentage points, with some regions facing a gap of more
than 50 percentage points.
Job segregation
One of the causes for gender inequality within employment is the division of jobs. In most
societies, there’s an inherent belief that men are simply better equipped to handle certain
jobs. Most of the time, those are the jobs that pay the best. This discrimination results in
lower income for women.
Lack of legal protections
In many countries, there’s also a lack of legal protections against harassment in the
workplace, at school, and in public. These places become unsafe and without protection,
women frequently have to make decisions that compromise and limit their goals.
Cont….

Lack of bodily autonomy

According to the WHO, over 200 million women who don’t want to get pregnant are
not using contraception. There are various reasons for this such as a lack of
options, limited access, and cultural/religious opposition. On a global scale, about
40% of pregnancies are not planned and while 50% of them do end in abortion,
38% result in births. These mothers often become financially dependent on
another person or the state, losing their freedom.

Poor medical care

women receive lower-quality medical care than men. This is linked to other gender
inequality reasons such as a lack of education and job opportunities, which results in more
women being in poverty. They are less likely to be able to afford good healthcare.
Types of Gender Inequality

There are many kinds of gender inequality or gender disparity which are as follows:

 Inequality in Family

 Natality inequality

Professional or Employment inequality

 Ownership inequality

 Household inequality
Inequality in Family
 The divorce proceedings have been equal for men and women since 1976.
Divorce by mutual consent is legal but in reality, any woman who initiates a
divorce is condemned by the public opinion. For that reason, divorces are very
rare.

 The old Hindu traditions favored men in matters of inheritance: only sons – not
daughters - could inherit their parents. After independence, however, these traditions
were abolished by law. But in the North, nothing has really changed and women are still
deprived of inheritance.
Natality inequality
In this type of inequality a preference is given for boys over girls that many male-
dominated societies have, gender inequality can manifest itself in the form of the
parents wanting the newborn to be a boy rather than a girl. There was a time when
this could be no more than a wish (a daydream or a nightmare, depending on one's
perspective), but with the availability of modern techniques to determine the
gender of the fetus, sex-selective abortion has become common in many countries.

It is particularly prevalent in East Asia, in China and South Korea in particular, but
also in Singapore and Taiwan, and it is beginning to emerge as a statistically
significant phenomenon in India and South Asia as well.
Professional or Employment inequality
In terms of employment as well as promotion in work and occupation,
women often face greater handicap than men. A country like Japan and
India may be quite egalitarian in matters of demography or basic
facilities, and even, to a great extent, in higher education, and yet
progress to elevated levels of employment and occupation seems to be
much more problematic for women than for men. The example includes
unequal pay at work, unpaid care work.
Ownership inequality
In many societies the ownership of property can also be very
unequal. Even basic assets such as homes and land may be very
asymmetrically shared. The absence of claims to property can
not only reduce the voice of women, but also make it harder for
women to enter and flourish in commercial, economic and even
some social activities. This type of inequality has existed in most
parts of the world, though there are also local variations.
Household Inequality

It is, quite common in many societies to take it for granted that while men will
naturally work outside the home, women could do it if and only if they could
combine it with various inescapable and unequally shared household duties. This
is sometimes called "division of labor," though women could be forgiven for seeing
it as "accumulation of labor.“
The reach of this inequality includes not only unequal relations within the family, but
also derivative inequalities in employment and recognition in the outside world. Also,
the established fixity of this type of "division" or "accumulation" of labor can also have
far-reaching effects on the knowledge and understanding of different types of work in
professional circles.
Gender Discrimination In Indian Society
 In India, discriminatory attitude towards men and women have existed for
generations and effect the lives of both genders. Although the constitution
of India has granted men and women equal rights, gender disparity still
 remains.

 Gender discrimination violates human rights.

 These are mostly seen in family land sharing among sisters and brothers.

 Everyday, women and girls around the world face violence and

discrimination.
1 in 3 women experience physical or sexual violence in their lifetime,

regardless of age, background or country, and every country in the world
has laws that treat women and girls as second-class citizens.
Sexual exploitation, violence, harmful cultural practices and systemic
inequalities
their violate their human rights and prevent them from reaching
Discrimination Where ?
In the workplace
Deciding not to hire or promote someone, treating
employees differently, or paying them less based on
their gender are all examples of workplace
discrimination.
In schools
Preventing or discouraging girls and young women
from participating in traditionally male-dominated
fields, such as science, math, and sports, is an
example of gender discrimination. Schools may also
enforce gendered dress codes, punish those who do
not conform to gender norms, or fail to punish bad
behavior on the basis that “Boys will be boys.”
Cont….
In public
Sexual harassment and catcalling are unwanted, and they are forms of discrimination.
These behaviors can make people feel unsafe, and they can restrict how people use
public spaces. This limits a person’s freedom.
In institutions
Organizations, governments, and legal and healthcare systems can enact policies that
discriminate against certain genders, either intentionally or unintentionally.
In relationships
People who prevent their partners from doing things on the basis of their gender are
also acting in a discriminatory way. This might include stopping women from
working, managing their money, and driving.
 Depression

Effect of Gender
Anxiety
Discrimination

Effect of Gender Discrimination

PTSD Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder

Eating Disorder

Illness

Low self stream

Poor Health

Injury and death

Women are also 1.5 times
more likely to attempt
Suicide suicide than men.
 Gender Issues Unequal
education

Violence
Child sex
Ratio
Gender issues include all
aspects and concerns
related to women’s and
men’s lives and situation in Unequal
Nutrition
society, to the way they Pay
interrelate, their Gender
differences in access to Issues
and use of resources, their
activities, and how they
react to changes, Health Sexual
harassment
interventions and policies.

Less Racism
Promotion
Unequal Education
India’s education landscape is extremely unequal. These inequalities manifest themselves
in the form of differences based on caste, class and in some case of gender.
Achievement, earnings, health status, and political participation also contribute to
educational inequality within the United States and other countries.

Child sex Ratio

The Child Sex Ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the age
group 0–6 years.
As per Census 2011, the Gender ratio of India is 943 females per 1000 males.

There are
949 females
females to to 1000 men in rural areas, while in an urban area, there are 929
1000 males.
Unequal pay
Gender pay gap in India refers to the difference
in earnings between women and men in the
paid employment and labor market.
The Indian Constitution recognized the

principle
of 'Equal Pay for Equal Work' for both men and
women, and 'Right to Work' through Article
Racism
39(d)
Races are the physical qualities that one
and 41. biologically and serves as a way of
inherits
self- identification from the other groups.
Racism is a theory that one race is superior
that the other based on the physical
attributes, caste, creed, ethnicity or origin.
ARTICLE 15(1) says that there should be no
discrimination on the grounds of religion, race,
caste, sex or place of birth
Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment involves inappropriate promises,
rewards
or in exchange for sexual favors
unwelcome sexual behavior that is offensive,
humiliating, or intimidating, or use of explicit or
implicit sexual overtones, etc. A woman is sexually
harassed every twelve minutes.
Harmonizing our Indian law, sexual harassment
violates the fundamental right of gender equality
and life with dignity under Article 14 and Article 21
of the Indian Constitution respectively.
Less Promoted
85% of Indian women say they have missed out
on a raise, promotion or work offer because of
their gender. This is markedly higher than the
region’s average of 60%.
Health
Indian women have high mortality rates, particularly during childhood and in their
productive years. The health of Indian women is intrinsically linked to their status in
society. The women in India belong to various socio-economic backgrounds and are
sometimes marginalized or neglected when it comes to basic healthcare.

Nutrition
In India and in South Asia, gender discrimination is one of the most significant
underlying factors for poor nutrition. Poverty that itself underlies conditions like
limited ability to access nutritious food, limited time and control over time and
access to sanitation are important determinants.

Violence
Violence occurs in about 35 per cent of women globally in their lifetime. on about
10000 women, 26 per cent reported having experienced physical violence from
spouses during their lifetime. The prevalence could be as high as 45 per cent as
indicated by data from Uttar Pradesh.
STATISTICAL DATA OF GENDER ISSUES IN
INDIA
Contemporary Challenges of Gender
equality, Discrimination, Issues
 Poverty
 Gender based Violence
 Family Violence
 Lack of Girls Friendly school environment
 Child Marriage & Early Pregnancy
 Body Shaming
 killing girl in fetus
 Psychological violence
 Physical violence
 Verbal violence
 Unequal seats (Only 33% seats reserve for women in politics)
 Sustainable
Development
Goal to
overcome
these
problems
•