PE Structural Engineering Practice Exam
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PE
structural engineering
practice exam
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES. All rights reserved.
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ISBN 978-1-947801-36-3
Printed in the United States of America
1st printing November 2023
CONTENTS
Introduction ................................................................................................... 1
About NCEES
Exam format
Examinee Guide
Scoring and reporting
Updates on exam content and procedures
Structural Engineering Design Standards .................................................. 3
Vertical Forces
Exam Specifications ............................................................................. 5
Breadth Questions ...............................................................................11
Depth—Buildings Questions ............................................................... 47
Depth—Bridges Questions ................................................................. 75
Breadth Solutions ............................................................................... 87
Depth—Buildings Solutions .............................................................. 109
Depth—Bridges Solutions ................................................................. 135
Lateral Forces
Exam Specifications.......................................................................... 147
Breadth Questions ............................................................................ 153
Depth—Buildings Questions ............................................................. 189
Depth—Bridges Questions ............................................................... 217
Breadth Solutions ............................................................................. 227
Depth—Buildings Solutions .............................................................. 245
Depth—Bridges Solutions ................................................................. 265
iii
About NCEES
NCEES is a nonprofit organization made up of the U.S. engineering and surveying licensing boards in all 50
states, the U.S. territories, and the District of Columbia. We develop and score the exams used for
engineering and surveying licensure in the United States. NCEES also promotes professional mobility
through its services for licensees and its member boards.
Engineering licensure in the United States is regulated by licensing boards in each state and territory. These
boards set and maintain the standards that protect the public they serve. As a result, licensing requirements and
procedures vary by jurisdiction, so stay in touch with your board ([Link]/licensing-boards).
Exam format
Beginning in April 2024, the PE Structural Engineering exam will be computer based. The exam will include
two components—vertical and lateral. Examinees must obtain acceptable results on both components to
pass the entire exam. Once acceptable results are obtained on a component, those results do not expire.
Each component includes a breadth section and a depth section. Breadth and depth sections may be taken
and passed at different times. Breadth section exam appointments will be 6 hours. This includes
10 minutes for a tutorial and review of the nondisclosure agreement, a 20-minute break, and 5.5 hours
of exam time. All 55 questions in the breadth sections will be multiple choice with one correct response.
The depth section of each component is given in two topic areas: buildings and bridges. Examinees must
choose one area and complete the same area on both components. Depth section exam appointments will be
5.5 hours. This includes 10 minutes for a tutorial and review of the nondisclosure agreement, a 20-minute
break, and 5 hours of exam time. The depth sections will have five descriptive scenarios with 12 alternative
item types (AITs) in each scenario. AITs include the following:
• Multiple correct options—allows multiple answer choices to be correct
• Point and click—requires examinees to click on part of a graphic to answer
• Drag and drop—requires examinees to click on and drag items to match, sort, rank, or label
• Fill in the blank—provides a space for examinees to enter a numerical response to the question. Only
numerals, decimals, and negative signs are allowed in the blank.
Refer to the PE Exams tab on the NCEES website for more information about the format of the PE
Structural exam.
Examinee Guide
The NCEES Examinee Guide is the official guide to policies and procedures for all NCEES exams. During
exam registration and again on exam day, examinees must agree to abide by the conditions in the Examinee
Guide, which includes the CBT Examinee Rules and Agreement. You can download the Examinee Guide at
[Link]/exams. It is your responsibility to make sure you have the current version.
Scoring and reporting
You will receive an email notification from NCEES when results are available in your MyNCEES account.
Updates on exam content and procedures
Visit us at [Link]/exams for updates on everything exam related, including specifications, exam-day
policies, scoring, and corrections to published exam preparation materials. This is also where you will
register for the exam and find additional steps you should follow in your state to be approved for the exam.
1
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
DESIGN STANDARDS
3
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Design Standards
These standards apply to the Vertical and Lateral components of the Structural Engineering exam.
Effective Beginning with the April 2024 Examinations
In addition to the NCEES PE Structural Engineering Reference Handbook, the following codes and standards
will be supplied in the exam as searchable, electronic pdf files with links for easy navigation. Standards will be
provided as individual chapters on the exam, and only one chapter at a time can be opened and searched. This
ensures the exam software runs large files effectively.
Solutions to exam questions that reference a standard of practice are scored based on this list and the revision year
shown. Solutions based on other standards will not receive credit. All questions use the U.S. Customary System
(USCS) of units.
NCEES does not sell design standards or printed copies of the NCEES handbook. The NCEES handbook is
accessible from your MyNCEES account.
ABBREVIATION DESIGN STANDARD TITLE
AASHTO AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 8th edition, American
Association of State Highway & Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
IBC International Building Code, 2018 edition, International Code Council,
Falls Church, VA.
ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other
Structures, 2016 edition, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, 2014 edition,
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
AISC Steel Construction Manual, 15th edition, American Institute of Steel
Construction, Chicago, IL.
AISC Seismic Design Manual, 3rd edition, American Institute of Steel
Construction, Chicago, IL.
AISI S100 North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel
Structural Members, 2016 edition, with AISI S240-15 and
AISI S400-15/S1-16, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, DC.
NDS National Design Specification for Wood Construction with NDS
Supplement: Design Values for Wood Construction, 2018 edition,
American Wood Council, Leesburg, VA.
NDS Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic, 2015 edition, American
Wood Council, Leesburg, VA.
TMS 402/602 Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures,
2016 edition, The Masonry Society, Longmont, CO.
4
VERTICAL FORCES
EXAM SPECIFICATIONS
5
Vertical Forces (Gravity/Other) and Incidental Lateral Component of the
Structural Engineering BREADTH CBT Exam Section Specifications
Effective Beginning April 2024
The exam section topics have not changed since April 2018 when they were originally published.
The exam section is computer-based. It is closed book with electronic references. The NCEES PE Structural
Engineering Reference Handbook is included in the exam along with the design standards.
Examinees have 6 hours to complete this exam section, which contains 55 multiple-choice questions. The
section will contain scored and unscored (pretest) questions. The 6-hour time includes a tutorial and a
scheduled break. Examinees work all questions.
The exam section uses the U.S. Customary System (USCS) of units.
The exam section is developed with questions that will require a variety of approaches and methodologies,
including design, analysis, and application.
The knowledge areas specified as examples of kinds of knowledge are not exclusive or exhaustive categories.
Number of Questions
I. Analysis of Structures 15–23
A. Generation of Loads 6–9
1. Dead
2. Live (e.g., occupancy, roof, pedestrian)
3. Moving (e.g., vehicular, crane)
4. Impact (e.g., vehicular, crane, elevator)
5. Vessel collision
6. Earth pressure
7. Differential settlement
8. Hydrostatic/hydrodynamic
9. Flood
10. Snow
11. Rain (i.e., ponding)
12. Ice
13. Thermal
14. Shrinkage
15. Load combinations
16. Wind and other loads on bridges
B. Load Distribution and Analysis Methods 9–14
1. Static (e.g., determinate and indeterminate, location of forces and moments,
free-body diagrams)
2. Shear and moment diagrams
3. Code coefficients and tables
4. Truss analysis methods (i.e., method of sections and/or method of joints)
5. Approximate beam or truss analysis methods
6. Approximate frame analysis methods
7. Influence lines
8. Computer-generated structural analysis techniques (e.g., modeling, interpreting
and verifying results)
6
II. Design and Details of Structures 30–48
A. General Structural Considerations 3–5
1. Material properties and standards
2. Construction administration (procedures for correcting nonconforming work,
testing methods, inspection methods, structural observation)
3. Environmental considerations (e.g., corrosion, frost depth, sustainability)
4. Serviceability requirements (i.e., deflection, camber, vibration, creep,
movement joints)
5. Fatigue (e.g., AASHTO, AISC)
6. Bridge bearings
7. Bridge expansion joints
8. Bridge barriers
B. Structural Systems Integration 2–4
1. Specifications, quality controls, and coordination with other disciplines
2. Constructability
3. Construction sequencing
4. Strengthening existing systems
C. Structural Steel 6–9
1. Tension members
2. Columns and compression members
3. Trusses
4. Flexural members (e.g., beams)
5. Plate girders—straight
6. Secondary support systems (e.g., masonry support angles, facade support
angles, struts)
7. Shear in steel members
8. Combined axial and flexural members
9. Composite design
10. Bolted connections
11. Welded connections
12. Base plates/bearing plates
13. Thermal effects
14. Bridge piers
D. Cold-Formed Steel 1–3
1. Framing
2. Connections
3. Web crippling
E. Concrete 6–9
1. Flexural members (e.g., beams, joists, bridge decks, one-way slabs)
2. Two-way slabs
3. Design for shear (e.g., beam, punching shear, shear friction)
4. Columns and compression members
5. Bridge piers/abutments
6. Walls
7. Prestressed concrete
8. Post-tensioned concrete
9. Composite design
7
10. Attachment of elements and anchorage to concrete (e.g., inserts, attachment
plates, dowels)
11. Crack control
F. Wood 4–6
1. Beams (i.e., sawn, glued laminated, structural composite/engineered)
2. Columns
3. Bearing walls
4. Trusses
5. Connections (e.g., bolted, nailed, screwed)
G. Masonry 4–6
1. Flexural members
2. Compression members
3. Flexural-compression members
4. Bearing walls
5. Attachment of elements to masonry
H. Foundations and Retaining Structures 4–6
1. Use of design pressure coefficients (e.g., active, passive, at rest, bearing,
coefficient of friction, cohesion, modulus of sub-grade reaction)
2. Buoyancy effects
3. Retaining walls and abutments
4. Spread footings
5. Combined footings/mat foundations
6. Piles (e.g., concrete, steel, timber)
7. Drilled shafts/drilled piers/caissons
8. Restrained walls (e.g., basement, vault)
8
Vertical Forces (Gravity/Other) and Incidental Lateral Component of the
Structural Engineering DEPTH Section CBT Specifications
Effective Beginning April 2024
The Vertical Forces (Gravity/Other) and Incidental Lateral depth section focuses on a single area of practice
in structural engineering. Examinees have 5.5 hours to complete this section, which contains 5 scenarios with 12
questions each, totaling 60 questions. The 5.5-hour time includes a tutorial and a scheduled break. The section
will contain scored and unscored (pretest) questions. All questions are alternative item type (AIT) questions.
Examinees must choose either the BUILDINGS or the BRIDGES section. Examinees must work the same
section on both components. That is, if bridges is the section chosen in the Vertical Forces component, then
bridges must be the section chosen in the Lateral Forces component.
The exam section is computer-based. It is closed book with electronic references. The NCEES PE Structural
Engineering Reference Handbook is included in the exam along with the design standards.
BUILDINGS
The Vertical Forces (Gravity/Other) and Incidental Lateral Structural Engineering depth section in
BUILDINGS covers loads, lateral earth pressures, analysis methods, general structural considerations (element
design), structural systems integration (connections), and foundations and retaining structures.
This 5.5-hour section contains at least one scenario from each of the following types:
Steel structure
Concrete structure
Wood structure
Masonry structure
Knowledge areas may include:
Conceptual design and project planning
Structural loading and analysis
Design and details of elements
Design and details of joints and connections
Preparation of documents and construction administration
BRIDGES
The Vertical Forces (Gravity/Other) and Incidental Lateral Structural Engineering depth section in BRIDGES
covers gravity loads, superstructures, substructures, and lateral loads other than wind and seismic.
This 5.5-hour section contains at least one scenario from each of the following areas:
Concrete superstructure
Other elements of bridges (e.g., culverts, abutments, retaining walls)
Steel superstructure
Knowledge areas may include:
Conceptual design and project planning
Structural loading and analysis
Design and preparation of details
Notes:
1. All questions use the U.S. Customary System (USCS) of units.
9
VERTICAL FORCES BREADTH
QUESTIONS
11
Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
1. A single-span concrete slab bridge is shown in the figure.
Design Code:
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Design Data:
Live load: HL-93
Unfactored design truck moment per traffic lane = 360 ft-kips
Assumption:
Main flexural reinforcement is parallel with traffic.
The maximum factored design vehicular live load moment (ft-kips) per traffic lane for a
Strength I limit state, including dynamic load allowance IM, is most nearly:
o A. 630
o B. 838
o C. 1,010
o D. 1,065
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 12 NEXT
Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
2. The figure shows an essential facility that is located in a sheltered area.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
Design Data:
Ground snow load: pg = 30 psf
The drift height hd (ft) shown on the figure is most nearly:
o A. 1.7
o B. 2.5
o C. 3.9
o D. 5.0
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
3. A crane rail supports a 5-kip vertical wheel load from a cab-operated bridge crane.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
The service vertical wheel load (kips), including impact, and the service longitudinal traction load
(kips) on the crane rail are most nearly:
o A. Vertical load = 4.00
Longitudinal load = 1.00
o B. Vertical load = 5.00
Longitudinal load = 5.00
o C. Vertical load = 6.25
Longitudinal load = 0.25
o D. Vertical load = 6.25
Longitudinal load = 0.50
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
4. A beam for an exposed roof structure is in St. Louis, MO.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
Design Data:
Beam: W24×55, d = 23.60, bf = 7.01
Building is an essential facility.
Elevation of beam is 33 ft above grade, Kzt = 1.0
The weight of ice (lb) on the beam per linear foot due to freezing rain is most nearly:
o A. 83
o B. 65
o C. 21
o D. 5
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
5. A highway bridge consists of a concrete deck slab supported on steel girders.
Design Code:
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Design Data:
Live load: HL-93
The effective span length is 9'-6".
The deck slab is supported on seven girders.
The negative live load moment (ft-kips) including impact in an interior span of the deck slab per
foot width of slab at the centerline of the girder is most nearly:
o A. 6.59
o B. 7.15
o C. 8.76
o D. 9.51
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
6. The eccentrically loaded footing A is connected to the concentrically loaded footing B by a strap
beam as shown in the figure.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
Assumptions:
The loads and reactions shown have been factored.
Disregard sign convention.
The factored shears (kips) and moments (ft-kips) at the strap beam ends are most nearly:
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 18 NEXT
Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
6. (Continued)
o A. VAB = 12.0
MAB = 38.0
VBA = 19.0
MBA = 38.0
o B. VAB = 13.0
MAB = 25.0
VBA = 20.0
MBA = 40.0
o C. VAB = 1.5
MAB = 30.0
VBA = 0.3
MBA = 0.6
o D. VAB = 1.3
MAB = 12.4
VBA = 0.3
MBA = 0.6
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
7. The beam shown is subjected to a uniform load and a moving concentrated load.
Design Data:
Uniform live load = 1 klf
Concentrated live load = 10 kips
Assumption:
The uniform live load may extend the entire length of the beam from A to C.
The maximum live load shear (kips) on the right of Support B is most nearly:
o A. 32
o B. 36
o C. 40
o D. 46
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
8. The figure shows a line diagram for a continuous beam that is supported as shown. The distribution
factors at Joint B for Spans BA and BC are most nearly:
o A. BA = 0.33
BC = 0.67
o B. BA = 0.43
BC = 0.57
o C. BA = 0.50
BC = 0.50
o D. BA = 0.67
BC = 0.33
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
9. The figure shows a line diagram of a beam. The influence line for the moment at Support A is
most nearly:
HINGE
A B C
8'-0" 12'-0"
o A. Option A
o B. Option B
o C. Option C
o D. Option D
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
10. The figure shows an elevation view of a concrete highway bridge.
Design Code:
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Design Data:
Concrete modulus of elasticity, Ec = 3,605 ksi
Column moment of inertia = 636,000 in4
Coefficient of thermal expansion = 6 10–6 in./in./°F
Concrete shrinkage after 28 days: sh = 0.0002 in./in.
Assumptions:
Columns are fixed at the top of the footing.
Superstructure is pinned at the top of the columns.
Bearings at the abutments are frictionless.
Columns are very flexible compared to the superstructure.
The unfactored horizontal load (kips) at the top of each column due to shrinkage after 28 days and a
temperature drop of 40F is most nearly:
o A. 14
o B. 70
o C. 159
o D. 263
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
11. The figures show an elevation view and a plan view of a bearing for a highway bridge girder.
Design Code:
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Design Data:
Abutment: fc' = 4 ksi at 28 days
Strength limit state reaction for the end of the girder = 415 kips
Assumptions:
Uniform distribution of bearing pressure
A2 = A1
The minimum width (in.) of bearing plate required is most nearly:
o A. 8
o B. 13
o C. 16
o D. 22
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
12. The figure shows a cast-in-place concrete slab and beam inside an office building.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
Design Data:
Cast-in-place concrete: fc' = 3,000 psi
Assumption:
The slab and beam are adequate for all loading conditions.
The nominal maximum size (in.) of coarse aggregate that can be used in the concrete mix is
most nearly:
o A. 1 1/8
o B. 1 1/2
o C. 1 2/3
o D. 2
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 25 NEXT
Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
13. A steel beam section in the floor structure of an existing building requires strengthening. To
strengthen the beam, a continuous plate will be added to the underside of the flange of the beam,
as shown in the figure.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
AISC: Steel Construction Manual
Design Data:
Capacity of 3/16" fillet weld = 2.78 kips/in.
Maximum design shear in the beam = 40 kips
The minimum adequate welding pattern to connect the added continuous plate to the beam is
most nearly:
W18×50 BEAM
1/2" THICK
6" CONTINUOUS PLATE
3/16
o A. 1.5 in. at 12 in. on center each side of plate
o B. 2 in. at 12 in. on center each side of plate
o C. 3 in. at 12 in. on center each side of plate
o D. continuous weld each side of plate
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
14. A simply supported composite W2476 girder has a span length of 60 ft. The girder is not
shored.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
AISC: Steel Construction Manual
Design Data:
Wet weight of concrete = 600 plf
Superimposed dead load = 344 plf
The portion of the dead load moment (ft-kips) carried by the steel section is most nearly:
o A. 459
o B. 304
o C. 270
o D. 34
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
15. The figure shows a typical steel rigid frame for a warehouse.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
AISC: Steel Construction Manual
Design Data:
Fy 50.0 ksi
K x 2.0
K y 1.0
For ASD option:
M rx 113 ft-kips
M nx /b 173 ft-kips
For LRFD option:
M ux 180 ft-kips
b M nx 262 ft-kips
Top of Column Conditions
Compressive Axial Force
Load
(kips)
Dead (D) 7.2
Roof Live (Lr) 12.6
Wind (W) 6.4
Assumptions:
A W1453 section has been selected for Column AB.
ASD controlling load combination is D + 0.75 Lr + 0.45 W.
LRFD controlling load combination is 1.2 D + 1.6 Lr + 0.5 W.
The interaction between flexure and compression for Column AB is most nearly:
B C
15'-0"
30'-0" 30'-0" 30'-0"
ELEVATION
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
15. (Continued)
o A. ASD = 0.750
LRFD = 0.774
o B. ASD = 0.733
LRFD = 0.745
o C. ASD = 0.693
LRFD = 0.730
o D. ASD = 0.672
LRFD = 0.716
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
16. The figure shows a W14×53 column and base plate.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
AISC: Steel Construction Manual
Design Data:
Base plate: Fy = 36 ksi
W14×53 column: Fy = 50 ksi
Compressive strength of concrete: fc' = 3 ksi
Column axial load: 150 kips (ASD) or 190 kips (LRFD)
Assumption:
The base plate has full contact area to concrete support.
The minimum required thickness (in.) of the base plate is most nearly:
16"
10"
o A. ASD = 7/8
LRFD = 3/4
o B. ASD = 1
LRFD = 7/8
o C. ASD = 1 1/8
LRFD = 1
o D. ASD = 1 1/4
LRFD = 1 1/8
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
17. A built-up column section is shown.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
AISC: Steel Construction Manual
Design Data:
Steel: ASTM A36, Fy = 36 ksi
Assumptions:
K = 1.0
The unbraced lengths in the X and Y directions are 10 ft.
The critical buckling stress Fcr (ksi) is most nearly:
PLATE 3/4" × 14" × CONTINUOUS
L 4 × 4 × 1/4 × CONTINUOUS
(TYP.)
BUILT-UP SECTION
o A. 22
o B. 26
o C. 35
o D. 48
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
18. A cold-formed steel box header is constructed using two 800S200-33 sections as shown.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
AISI S100: North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural
Members
Design Data:
Fy = 33 ksi
Design Gross Effective
Section Thickness Area Weight Ixx Sxx Rx Iyy Ry Ixx Sxx
(in.) (in2) (lb/ft) (in4) (in3) (in.) (in4) (in.) (in4) (in3)
800S200-33 0.0346 0.448 1.52 4.096 1.024 3.023 0.227 0.712 4.096 0.812
800S200-43 0.0451 0.582 1.98 5.302 1.325 3.018 0.292 0.708 5.302 1.293
800S200-54 0.0566 0.726 2.47 6.573 1.643 3.009 0.357 0.701 6.573 1.643
800S200-68 0.0713 0.907 3.09 8.140 2.035 2.996 0.435 0.692 8.140 2.035
800S200-97 0.1017 1.271 4.32 11.203 2.801 2.969 0.576 0.673 11.203 2.801
Assumptions:
The header is fully braced. Lateral-torsional buckling and distortional buckling need not be
considered.
The track sections stiffen the flanges of the 800S200 sections.
The maximum allowable moment (ASD) or design moment (LRFD) (ft-lb) for the cold-formed
steel box header is most nearly:
o A. ASD = 1,377
LRFD = 2,233
o B. ASD = 2,674
LRFD = 4,019
o C. ASD = 3,372
LRFD = 5,632
o D. ASD = 4,052
LRFD = 6,767
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
19. An elevation and a section through a reinforced concrete bridge pier are shown.
Design Code:
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Design Data:
fc' = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
The effective shear depth dv (in.) of the cantilever of the pier cap at the face of the wall is most
nearly:
o A. 43.2
o B. 51.6
o C. 54.9
o D. 57.3
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
20. The figure shows a portion of a multistory, unbraced reinforced concrete frame.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
Design Data:
fc' = 4,000 psi
Assumptions:
Section [Link].1(a) of ACI 318-14 is applicable.
Column ends are fixed.
The effective length factor k of the 16-in. 16-in. column indicated on the figure is most nearly:
o A. 1.25
o B. 1.45
o C. 1.75
o D. 2.0
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
21. An interior prestressed concrete girder for a two-lane, simply supported highway bridge with a
76-ft span is to be designed. The figure shows a typical interior girder section with the preliminary
arrangement of the prestressing strands.
Design Code:
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Design Data:
Weight of girder = 822 plf
Prestressing force at release = 650 kips
Area of girder = 789 in2
Section moduli for the girder:
Top fiber = 8,089 in3
Bottom fiber = 10,543 in3
The concrete stress distribution at midspan at release of prestress is most nearly:
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 36 NEXT
Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
21. (Continued)
o A. Option A
o B. Option B
o C. Option C
o D. Option D
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
22. The cross section of a simply supported normal-weight reinforced concrete beam is shown.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
Design Data:
Beam cross section and reinforcing are given.
The beam is supported at the bottom face of a discontinuous end.
Ultimate concrete strength: fc' = 4 ksi
Steel yield strength: fy = 60 ksi
Shear force at distance d: Vu = 55 kips
Assumption:
Axial force is negligible.
The required spacing (in.) of the #4 stirrup reinforcing at the critical distance d from the face of
the support is most nearly:
o A. 6
o B. 10
o C. 13
o D. 24
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
23. The figure shows the elevation view of an existing glued laminated beam (GLB) that was designed
to span between Supports A and B. Because of an increase in the loading, a post was added at the
midspan of the GLB as shown.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
NDS: National Design Specification for Wood Construction with NDS Supplement: Design
Values for Wood Constructions
Design Data:
The combination symbol and species of the GLB are shown in the figure.
Assumptions:
All adjustment factors are 1.0, except Kf, b, and if LRFD method is used.
= 0.8
The adjusted moment capacity M n (ft-kips) in the GLB at the post is most nearly:
o A. ASD = 16.0
LRFD = 27.6
o B. ASD = 11.6
LRFD = 20.0
o C. ASD = 9.6
LRFD = 16.7
o D. ASD = 8.0
LRFD = 13.8
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
24. An 8 8 wood post supports a dead load and a live load.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
NDS: National Design Specification for Wood Construction with NDS Supplement: Design
Values for Wood Constructions
Design Data:
Douglas-Fir Larch, Grade No. 1
Assumptions:
FcE / Fc* 0.957
No lateral support is provided between supports.
Column is pinned at the top and bottom.
CD = CM = Ct = CF = Ci = 1.0
= 0.8
Lumber is visually graded.
The adjusted compression design value (psi) parallel with the grain is most nearly:
o A. ASD = 510
LRFD = 880
o B. ASD = 670
LRFD = 1,160
o C. ASD = 730
LRFD = 1,260
o D. ASD = 1,000
LRFD = 1,730
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
25. The figure shows a bolted connection.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
NDS: National Design Specification for Wood Construction with NDS Supplement: Design
Values for Wood Constructions
Design Data:
All wood members: Southern Pine
Bolt bearing yield strength: Fyb = 45 ksi
Bolt diameter = 5/8 in.
Assumptions:
Loading is perpendicular to the bolt and parallel with the grain.
Ignore reductions for end distance and/or edge distance.
The reference design value (lb) for the connection is most nearly:
BOLT = 5/8" DIAMETER
1 1/2"
2 1/2"
1 1/2"
o A. 1,000
o B. 1,250
o C. 1,870
o D. 3,250
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
26. The figure shows an 8-in. reinforced concrete masonry wall.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
TMS 402/602: Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures
Design Data:
Hollow concrete masonry units: fm' = 2,000 psi with Type S mortar
Cells with reinforcement are grouted.
Steel reinforcement: ASTM A615 Grade 60
Assumption:
The wall is reinforced with #5 at 48-in. o.c. vertically at the centerline of the wall and #5 at 32-
in. o.c. horizontally.
The maximum allowable moment (ft-lb/ft) on the masonry wall based on the maximum allowable
masonry flexural stress is most nearly:
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
26. (Continued)
o A. ASD = 665
LRFD = 705
o B. ASD = 1,250
LRFD = 1,300
o C. ASD = 1,465
LRFD = 1,550
o D. ASD = 2,335
LRFD = 2,475
27. The information below is for a simply supported 8-in. nominal-width CMU reinforced masonry
lintel.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
TMS 402/602: Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures
Design Data:
Masonry: fm' = 2,000 psi
Lintel is solid grouted.
Lintel has no shear reinforcing.
Allowable stress design
Assumption:
M
1 .0
vd
For a design shear of 7.4 kips, the minimum effective depth (in.) for the lintel is most nearly:
o A. 8
o B. 12
o C. 22
o D. 45
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
28. A reinforced concrete retaining wall is required for a site.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
The reinforced concrete retaining wall section with the most efficient footing configuration and steel
reinforcing is:
o A. Option A
o B. Option B
o C. Option C
o D. Option D
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
29. A rectangular pile cap for a single square column is supported by six piles as shown.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
Design Data:
Unfactored loads at the bottom of the column:
Axial vertical load, P = 250 kips
Moment, Mxx = 320 ft-kips
Moment, Myy = 225 ft-kips
Assumption:
Both moments occur at the same time.
The maximum unfactored axial load (kips) in a pile is most nearly:
o A. 34
o B. 48
o C. 76
o D. 83
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Vertical Forces Breadth Questions
30. The plan and elevation views of a square footing supporting a column are shown.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
Design Data:
Net allowable soil bearing pressure = 4,000 psf
The service loads are as indicated.
Assumptions:
Ignore the weight of the soil and the footing in the calculations.
There is no net uplift under the loads shown.
The minimum dimension B (ft) required for the footing is most nearly:
o A. 3.7
o B. 5.5
o C. 5.9
o D. 7.0
Solutions begin on page 88.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 46
VERTICAL FORCES DEPTH
BUILDINGS QUESTIONS
47
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
Figure A shows a two-story concrete building with one story below grade.
Use the following as a basis of design unless otherwise noted in the individual questions.
Material Specifications:
Normal-weight concrete
Concrete compressive strength f c = 4 ksi at 28 days
Steel reinforcement: ASTM A615, fy = 60 ksi
Concrete density = 150 pcf
Loading Criteria:
All dead loads include element self-weight.
Roof and floor dead load = 125 psf
Roof live load = 20 psf (nonreducible)
Floor live load = 100 psf
At-rest soil pressure on restrained wall = 60 psf/ft of depth
Active soil pressure on unrestrained wall = 35 psf/ft of depth
Live load surcharge = 200 psf
At-rest pressure coefficient, ko = 0.3
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
(Continued)
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
(Continued)
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
1. For the slab span shown in Figure C, the minimum slab thickness (in.) required at the second
floor between Grid Lines B and C is __________.
Enter your response in the blank.
2. Assumptions:
Slab thickness is 12.5 in.
The total effective flange width (in.) of the second-floor beam along Grid Line C between Grid
Lines 2 and 3 is __________.
Enter your response in the blank.
3. Assumptions:
Live load reduction
The design axial load at the column on Grid Line B2 at the foundation level is:
___________ kips (ASD)
___________ kips (LRFD)
Provide only one answer. The correct answer must be provided in the appropriate blank to
be scored correct.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
4. For the second-floor beam shown in Figure C along Grid Line C, match the live load patterns that
result in the maximum positive moment between Grid Lines 2 and 3 to the areas indicated.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
5. Assumptions:
Live load reduction
For the second-floor beam shown in Figure C along Grid Line C, determine the factored design
shear forces between Grid Lines 3 and 4 using the simplified method of analysis for nonprestressed
continuous beams and one-way slabs.
Match the correct factored design shear force (kips) to each area on the figure.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
6. Assumptions:
d = 21.5 in.
Use #4 stirrups.
Based on the following shear diagram for the second-floor beam along Grid Line C, shown in
Figure C, the smallest maximum spacing of shear reinforcement (in. o.c.) of the #4 stirrups is
___________.
Enter your response in the blank.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
7. Assumptions:
Rectangular beam section (do not consider T-section)
Ignore any compression reinforcement.
Slab thickness = 13 in.
Beam depth d = 21.5 in.
Consider the following moment diagram of the beam. Which of the following flexural
reinforcements apply for positive beam moment?
Select all that apply.
□ A. (6) #8
□ B. (5) #8
□ C. (4) #9
□ D. (4) #10
□ E. (3) #10
8. For the basement walls shown in Figure D, assume the walls are formed and backfilled and
braced at the top, and that flexural reinforcement will be larger than No. 6. The minimum wall
thickness (in.) to avoid shear reinforcement is ___________.
Enter your response in the blank.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
9. Assumptions:
Basement wall restrained at first-floor slab (including basement wall for 30'-0" width)
For the concrete footing shown, the maximum bearing pressure qmax (ksf) for the given loads
is _____________.
Enter your response in the blank.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
10. For the interior beam-column joint shown, match the appropriate required reinforcement
detailing to each area indicated.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
11. The minimum beam depth (in.) for the interior beam along Grid Line B shown on the second-
floor plan in Figure C is _____________. Beam reinforcement need not be calculated.
Enter your response in the blank.
12. Assumptions:
f 0.8
No drop panels
If the architect wants to eliminate the interior concrete beams, the minimum required uniform
slab thickness (in.) is _____________.
Enter your response in the blank.
Solutions begin on page 110.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 58 NEXT
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
Figure A shows a wood-framed warehouse building.
Use the following as a basis of design unless otherwise noted in the individual questions.
Material Specifications:
Glue-laminated beam: Stress Class 24F-1.8E, combination 24F-V8, DF/DF
Purlins: Douglas Fir-Larch No. 1
Subpurlins: Douglas Fir-Larch No. 2
Wall studs: Douglas Fir-Larch stud grade
CM = 1.0
CT = 1.0
CL = 1.0
Plywood sheathing: 15/32 in. DOC PS 1 and PS 2
Steel plates, angles, and channels: ASTM A36, fy = 36 ksi
Hollow round, square, rectangular: ASTM A500, Grade C
Weld electrode: E70XX
Rods: ASTM F1554, fy = 36 ksi
Steel bolts: ASTM A307
Loading Criteria:
Roof dead load = 15 psf
Wall dead load = 16 psf
Roof live load = 20 psf (nonreducible)+
Mezzanine floor live load = 125 psf
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
(Continued)
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
(Continued)
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
(Continued)
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
(Continued)
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
(Continued)
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
1. Assumptions:
Consider unbalanced live load.
Use only the loads shown.
Ignore self-weight of beams.
Based on this information and the figure, the maximum vertical reaction of the beam at Grid
Line 1 for load combination D + L is:
___________ kips (ASD)
___________ kips (LRFD)
Provide only one answer. The correct answer must be provided in the appropriate blank to
be scored correct.
2. After the building is constructed, a mechanical unit is added to the roof. The purlins are modified
to support the load as shown in Figure D. The additional point load is midspan and has a dead
load of 5 kips. The required design load in Rod X is:
___________ kips (ASD)
___________ kips (LRFD)
Provide only one answer. The correct answer must be provided in the appropriate blank to
be scored correct.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
3. For the column supporting the mezzanine at Grid Line B3, match the correct values to the influence
area, KLLAT, and allowable reduced live load, L.
4. Design Data:
Per ASCE 7, Figure 7.6-1:
Is = 1.0
Ce = 1.0
Ct = 1.0
hd = 3.1
Assumptions:
Ground snow load of pg = 20 psf
The required axial design load to a jamb at the edge of the 12-ft × 8-ft roll-up doors along Grid
Line 5 between Grid Lines C and D is:
___________ kips (ASD)
___________ kips (LRFD)
Provide only one answer. The correct answer must be provided in the appropriate blank to
be scored correct.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
5. Design Data:
Cg = 0.9
CΔ = 1.0
λ = 0.6 (LRFD only)
Beam size = 6 3/4 in. × 24 in. with G = 0.50 (specific gravity)
Assumptions:
Use an angle between the axis of the glue-laminated beam and the tension rod of 30°.
Tension in the rod is from clean load.
Steel rod, collar, and nut are adequate.
The capacity at the top of the bolted connection in Figure E is:
___________ lb (ASD)
___________ lb (LRFD)
Provide only one answer. The correct answer must be provided in the appropriate blank to
be scored correct.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 67 NEXT
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
6. The following information applies to a solid sawn wood post located at Grid Line 2D.
Design Data:
CD = 1.25
Ci = 1.0
CF = 1.0
'
Emin = 600,000
λ = 0.6 (LRFD only)
Total axial load = 25,000 lb (ASD)/31,000 lb (LRFD)
Effective unbraced length = 20'-0"
Assumptions:
Douglas Fir-Larch lumber
What are the lumber grade and minimum size for the post?
Select the two that apply.
□ A. Dense select structural
□ B. Select structural
□ C. Dense No. 1
□ D. No. 1
□ E. 4 12
□ F. 66
□ G. 88
□ H. 10 10
7. Design Data:
Cp = 0.17
Eccentricity to the loads from the ledger, e = 4.25 in.
Studs = 2 × 6 at 16 in. o.c. with Ke = 1.0
The demand capacity ratio for a wood stud in Grid Line 1 is:
___________ (ASD)
___________ (LRFD)
Provide only one answer. The correct answer must be provided in the appropriate blank to
be scored correct.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
8. A contractor notches the glue-laminated beam (GLB) at the mezzanine level along Grid Line B.
Which of the following notches are not permitted?
Select all that apply.
□ A. Option A
□ B. Option B
□ C. Option C
□ D. Option D
□ E. Option E
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
9. After construction, a 3-psf roofing overlay is placed that adds to the original loads provided.
Consider vertical loads only. Based on the ledger at the parapet along Grid Line 5 as shown,
which of the following configurations will satisfy the design requirements?
Select the two that apply.
□ A. 2× ledger with two 10d box nails at 16 in. o.c.
□ B. 2× ledger with two 16d box nails at 16 in. o.c.
□ C. 3× ledger with two 10d box nails at 16 in. o.c.
□ D. 3× ledger with two 16d box nails at 16 in. o.c.
□ E. 2× ledger with two 10d box nails at 12 in. o.c.
□ F. 3× ledger with two 10d box nails at 12 in. o.c.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
10. Select the five structural members that must be checked for structural adequacy for the added load
shown in the figure.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
11. The glue-laminated beam in the figure is failing in perpendicular to grain bearing.
Select the two dimensions that will reduce the stress if they are made larger.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
12. Match the correct load duration factor (CD; ASD) or time effect factor (λ; LRFD) for the load
combinations shown.
Solutions begin on page 118.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 73
VERTICAL FORCES DEPTH
BRIDGES QUESTIONS
75
Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
A three-span continuous composite steel girder bridge is located in Seismic Zone 1. The girders are
48 in. deep.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
1. Select the two bolted splices for the girder.
2. Design Data:
tft = tfb = 1 in.
bft = bfb = 16 in.
fy = 50 ksi
E = 29,500 ksi
Vu = 150 kips
The minimum thickness (in.) of the unstiffened web is __________.
Enter your response in the blank.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
3. Design Data:
Girder: Fy = 50 ksi
fy = 60 ksi for reinforcement
tft = tfb = 1 1/4 in.
tw = 0.5 in.
From the four shaded regions—A, B, C, D—select the area that includes the plastic neutral axis
for the composite section in negative flexure.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
4. Design Data:
tft = tfb = 1 1/2 in.
n = 8.5
tw = 5/8 in.
For a moment of 1,200 ft-kips, the long-term stress (ksi) at the bottom of the girder is _______.
Enter your response in the blank.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
5. Design Data:
tft = 1 in.
tfb = 1 1/2 in.
tw = 5/8 in.
Match the correct minimum size to each weld. Values may be used more than once.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
6. Design Data:
I = 62,200 in4
n = 8.5
N = 372 × 106 cycles
Vf = 58 kips
As = 70.75 in2
For the fatigue limit state, the pitch (in.) required for four 3/4-in.-diameter shear studs is
_____________.
Enter your response in the blank.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
7. Design Data:
Ru = 900 kips
tfb = tft = 1 1/4 in.
Fys = 50 ksi
E = 29,000 ksi
tw = 5/8 in.
The thickness (in.) of the bearing stiffeners required is _________.
Enter your response in the blank.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
8. Design Data:
Steel is M270, Grade 50.
Bolts are A325 3/4-in. diameter.
Match the correct value to each required variable for a flange splice design yield.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
9. Which of the following checks are required when designing a web splice?
Select the four that apply.
□ A. Gross area of the flanges
□ B. Web slip force
□ C. Dead load contribution of bolts
□ D. Web splice plate symmetry
□ E. Bolt torque
□ F. Service load combination II
□ G. Construction loads of deck pour sequence
□ H. Moment at middepth for negative moments
10. Select the five bolt holes that the controlling block shear failure plane would pass through.
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Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
11. Design Data:
Shop coat Class B surface
The flange splice slip resistance is shown. What are the correct values for detailing and design of
the slip resistance?
Select the four that apply.
□ A. Pt = 35 kips
□ B. Pt = 49 kips
□ C. Kh = 0.85
□ D. Kh = 1.00
□ E. Ns = 1
□ F. Ns = 2
□ G. Rn = 35 kips
□ H. Rn = 59.5 kips
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Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
12. Design Data:
Fy STIFF = 50 ksi
ESTIFF = 29,000 ksi
tft = tfb = 1 in.
The moment of inertia (in4) for the transverse stiffener is __________.
Enter your response in the blank.
Solutions begin on page 136.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 86
VERTICAL FORCES BREADTH
SOLUTIONS
87
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
Questions begin on page 12.
1. w = (0.64 kips/ft)/lane AASHTO Art. [Link].4
352
M LL 0.64 98 ft-kips/lane
8
IM = 1.33 AASHTO Table [Link]-1
M LL + I 1.75(1.33 360 ft-kips 98 ft-kips) 1,010 ft- kips AASHTO Table 3.4.1-1
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
2. ASCE 7, Figure 7.6-1 Formula.
hd
Is
0.43 3 lu 4 pg 10 1.5
pg 30, lu 100 ft (given)
Risk Category IV I s 1.20 ASCE 7 Table 1.5-2
hd 0.43 3 100 4 30 10 1.5
1.20 3.86 ft
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
3. ASCE 7, 4.9 Crane loads.
Wheel load 5 kips, cab operated
Vertical force 1.0 P
Vertical impact force 0.25 P ASCE 7 Sec. 4.9.3
Longitudinal force 0.1 P ASCE 7 Sec. 4.9.5
PV (1.0 0.25) 5 kips 6.25 kips
PH 0.10 5 kips 0.5 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: D
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 88
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
4. Risk Category IV Ii = 1.25 ASCE 7 Table 1.5-2
t = 2.0" equivalent radial ice thickness ASCE 7 Figure 10-4.2
0.1
z
fz z 33 f z 1.0 ASCE 7 Eq. 10.4-4
33
Design ice thickness td = t Ii fz (kzt)0.35 ASCE 7 Eq. 10.4-5
td = (2.0)(1.25)(1.0)(1.0) = 2.5 in.
Determine Dc for W24×55 ASCE 7 Figure 10.4-1
Dc 7.012 23.62 24.6 in.
23.6
7.01
Ai = td (Dc + td) = (2.5)(24.6 + 2.5) ASCE 7 Eq. 10.4-1
= 212.8 in2
212.8 in 2
Weight 56 pcf 82.7 lb/ft
144 in 2 /ft 2
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: A
5. AASHTO Table A4-1.
With span of 9'-6", ML-L = 7.15 ft-kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 89
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
6. Because required shear/moments are at the face of elements, simplified shear-moment diagrams
can be used.
V1 0 10 10 kips
V2 10 12.8 1.5 1.3 kips
VAB 1.3 kips
V3 1.3 1.0 0.3 kips
VBA 0.3 kips
V4 0.3 17 2 18.7 0.0 kips
Calculate moments from shear diagram:
M AB (1.3 kips)(2 ft) ( 10 kips)(1.5 ft) 12.4 ft-kips
M BA 0 (0.3 kips)(2 ft) 0.6 ft-kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: D
1.0
7. Influence line for shear at right side of B:
0.2
VBR from uniform load area under influence line w
HINGE
VBR from point load maximum value of influence line P A B C
VBR (1/2)(0.2)(60 ft)(1.0 klf ) (1/2)(1.0)(60 ft)(1.0 klf ) (1.0)(10 kips)
46.0 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: D
K
8. Distribution factor =
K of joint
K EI where E is constant
L
K AB 200 10
20
K BC 300 20
15
DFB A 10 0.33
10 20
DFB C 20 0.67
10 20
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: A
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Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
9. The maximum moment at A occurs when a unit load is applied at the hinge. The moment at A will
be zero when the unit load is at A or C.
HINGE
A B C
8 ft-kips 1 kip
LOAD AT B
1 kip
8
MOMENT REDUCES MOMENT REDUCES AS
AS MOMENT ARM − LOAD SUPPORTED BY
REDUCES HINGE REDUCES
A B C
INFLUENCE LINE FOR MOMENT AT A
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: A
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 91
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
10. Due to symmetry, the loads at each column will be equal. The center of stiffness is located at the
center of the second span, 60 ft from the column.
column sh L T L AASHTO [Link]-1
2 2
AASHTO [Link]
0.0002( 120 12) 0.000006(40)( 120 12)
2 2
0.32 in.
3
For fixed-pin condition, Ph ; solve for P 3EI3 AISC Table 3-23(22)
3EI h
3(3, 605 kips/in 2 )(636, 000 in 4 )(0.32 in.)
P 159 kips
(20 12 in.)3
60'-0"
CENTER OF STIFFNESS
20'-0"
120'-0"
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 92
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
11. Pr Pn Pu AASHTO 5.7.6-1
Pn 0.85 f c'A1m AASHTO 5.7.6-2
A2
m 2.0 A2 A1 due to lack of edge distance AASHTO 5.6.5-3
A1
A 11 W
0.70 bearing on concrete AASHTO [Link]
0.70 [0.85 f c' (11) W m] Pu
Pu
W
0.70(0.85) f c' (11)m
m 1.0
W 415 15.9 in.
0.70(0.85)(4.0)(11)(1.0)
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
12. Per ACI 318 [Link](a)(4)
Size of coarse aggregate shall not be larger than:
1
1. 1/5 member width 10 2 in.
5
1
2. 1/3 slab depth 5 1.67 in.
3
3. 3/4 minimum clear spacing between individual rebars
Total space = 10 in. 2(0.75 in.) 2(0.5 in.) 4(0.75 in.) 4.5 in.
Clear spacing = 4.5 in. / 3 1.5 in.
3/4 clear spacing 1.125 in. Controls
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: A
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 93
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
13. W1850 Ix = 800 in4
A 14.7 in 2
d 18 in.
(6)(0.5)3
1/2" plate ID 0.0625 in 4
12
A 6 0.5 3 in 2
(14.7)(0.5 18 ) (3)( 0.5 )
y 2 2 7.93 in.
14.7 3
I [800 (14.7)(0.5 18 7.93)2 ] [0.0625 3(7.93 0.5 )2 ] 836 177 1, 013 in 4
2 2
Q (3)(7.93 0.5 ) 23.04 in 3
2
VQ (40 kips)(23.04 in 3 )
0.91 kips/in. 10.92 kips/ft
I 1, 013 in 4
10.92 kips/ft
3.93 in./ft Use 2" at 12" each side of plate
2.78 kips/in.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
14. The dead load carried by the steel section for unshored construction is the self-weight and wet
weight of the concrete. See AISC I3-1b.
wL2
M DL
8
602
0.676 304 ft-kips
8
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 94
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
15. ASD option:
Load combination: D + 0.75Lr + 0.45W
P = 7.2 + 0.75 (12.6) + 0.45 (6.4) = 19.53 kips
W1453: A = 15.6 in2
rx = 5.89 in.
ry = 1.92 in.
K x L 2.0 (15 12)
61.1
rx 5.89
KyL 1.0 (15 12)
93.8 Controls
ry 1.92
Fcr / 15.7 ksi AISC Table 4 -14
Pc = Fcr Ag 15.7(15.6) 245 kips
Pr 19.53
0.08 0.2 Use AISC Eq. H1-1b
Pc 245
AISC Eq. H1-1b:
Pr M M ry 19.53 113
rx 2 (245) 173 0.040 0.653 0.693
2 Pc M cx M cy
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 95
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
15. (Continued)
LRFD option:
Load combination: 1.2 D + 1.6 Lr + 0.5W
Pr = 1.2 (7.2) + 1.6 (12.6) + 0.5 (6.4) = 32.0 kips
W1453: A = 15.6 in2
rx = 5.89 in.
rx = 1.92 in.
K x L 2.0 (15 12)
61.1
rx 5.89
KyL 1.0 (15 12)
93.8 Controls
ry 1.92
Fcr = 23.6 ksi AISC Table 4-21
Pc = Fcr Ag = 23.6 (15.6) = 368 kips
Pr 32.0
0.09 < 0.2 Use AISC Eq. H1-1b
Pc 368
AISC Eq. H1-1b:
Pr M Mry 32.0 180
rx + 0.043 0.687 0.730
2 Pc M cx M cy 2(368) 262
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 96
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
16. For a W1453 column, d = 13.9 in. and bf = 8.06 in. AISC p. 1-24
From p. 14–5:
16 0.95 (13.9)
m 1.40 AISC Eq. 14-2
2
10 0.8 (8.06)
n 1.78 AISC Eq. 14-3
2
13.9 8.06
n 2.65 AISC Eq. 14-4
4
ASD option:
Pp 0.85 f c' A1 0.85 310 16 408 kips AISC Eq. J8-1
4 db f
0.929 AISC Eq. 14-6b
(d + b f )2
150 kips
X 0.929 0.342
408 kips
2 X
0.646 or conservatively, 1 AISC Eq. 14-5
1+ 1 X
n 0.646 2.65 1.71 in. or n 2.65 in.
larger m, n, λn = larger (1.40, 1.78, 2.65) 2.65 in.
1.67 2 Pa 1.67(2)(150 kips)
tmin 2.65 AISC Eq. 14-7b
Fy BN 36 ksi(10)(16)
tmin 0.78 in. use 7 8 in.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 97
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
16. (Continued)
LRFD option:
Pp 408 kips AISC Eq. J8-1
4db f
0.929 AISC Eq. 14-6a
(d + b f ) 2
190 kips
X 0.929 0.665
0.65 408 kips
2 X
1.03 1 Use 1 AISC Eq. 14-5
1 1 X
n 1 2.65 2.65
larger m, n, n = larger (1.40, 1.78, 2.65) = 2.65 in.
2 Pu 2 (190 kips)
tmin 2.65 AISC Eq. 14-7a
0.9 Fy BN (0.9)(36 ksi)(10)(16)
tmin 0.718 in. Use 3 4 in.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: A
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 98
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
14(0.75)3
17. I y 4[3.00 1.93(1.08 0.375)2 ] 28.8 in 4
12
A 4(1.93) 14(0.75) 18.2 in 2
ry 28.8 / 18.2 1.26 in.
Kl 1.0(10)(12)
95.2
ry 1.26
From AISC Table 4-14 on p. 4-231
Fcr /Ω c 13.4 ksi c Fcr = 20.1 ksi
Fcr 13.4 1.67 22.4 ksi Fcr = 20.1/0.9 22.3 ksi
Alternate solution:
Fy / Fe Kl E
Fcr [0.658 ]Fy because 4.71 133.7
r Fy
2 E
Fe 2
31.6 ksi
Kl
r
Fcr 22.3 ksi
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: A
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 99
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
18. ASD option:
M n Se Fn AISI Eq. F3.1-1
Since header is fully braced, Fn Fy
2(0.812)(33)(1, 000)
M n 4, 466 ft-lb
12
M n 4, 466 ft-lb
2, 674 ft-lb
b 1.67
LRFD option:
M n Se Fn AISI Eq. F3.1-1
Since header is fully braced, Fn = Fy
2(0.812)(33)(1, 000)
M n 4, 466 ft-lb
12
b M n 0.90(4, 466) 4, 019 ft-lb
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 100
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
19. 1.128
de d s 60 1.5 0.625 57.31 in. AASHTO 5.3
2
As f y 10 1.00 60
a 4.902 in. AASHTO [Link]
1 f c'b 0.85 4 36
a 4.902
dv de 57.31 AASHTO 5.3
2 2
54.86 in. Controls
0.9 d e 51.58 in. 54.86 in. AASHTO [Link]
0.72 h 43.2 in. 54.86 in.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
20. Ibeam (0.35)(11, 000) 3,850 in 4
I col (0.70)(5, 460) 3,822 in 4
EI col (2) (3,822)
559 (Ignore E for fc' ; same for beams and columns)
L 13.67
EIbeam (2) (3,850)
385
Lc 20
559
Ψ A ΨB 1.45
385
From ACI 318, Figure R6.2.5 (b), k = 1.45
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 101
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
762
Moment due togirder weight = (0.822)
8
21. =594 ft-kips
P P M
ft = - (distance from center of strands to the C.G. of girder) DL
A St St
650 650(24.73 4) (594) (12)
0.039 ksi, compression
789 8, 089 8, 089
650 650(20.73) (594) (12)
fb 1.426 ksi, compression
789 10,543 10,543
0.039 ksi, COMPRESSION
STRESS DISTRIBUTION
1.426 ksi, COMPRESSION
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 102
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
22. Vc = 2λ f c' bw d ACI 318 Eq. [Link]
=1.0 for normal-weight concrete
Vc = 2 1.0 4,000 psi 12 in. 21.5 in.
Vc = 32,635 lb
Vn Vu ACI 318 Section [Link]
Vn = Vc +Vs ACI 318 Eq. [Link]
= 0.75 ACI 318 Table 21.2.1
V 55 kips
Vn = u =
0.75
Vn = 73.3 kips
73.3 kips = 32.64 kips + Vs
Vs = 40.7 kips
Av f yt d
Vs = ACI 318 Eq. [Link].3
s
Av 0.20 2 = 0.40 in 2
Solve for s:
Av f yt d (0.4 in 2 ) 60 ksi 21.5 in.
s= =
Vs 40.7 kips
s = 12.68 in.
Check max spacing
S max d 2 21.5 2 10.75 Use 10
Vs max = 8 f c' bd ACI 318 Eq. [Link]
=130 kips and does not apply
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 103
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
23. 3 1/8 12 3/8 S X 79.76 in 3 NDS Table 1D, p. 23
+
24F E1 SP/SP Fbx 2, 400 psi NDS Table 5A, p. 65
Fbx 1, 450 psi (Use for negative moment at post)
ASD option:
79.76 1, 450
M n 9.6 ft-kips
1, 000 12
LRFD option:
79.76 1, 450 2.54 0.85 0.8
M n 16.7 ft-kips
1, 000 12
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
24. ASD option:
Fc 1, 000 psi NDS Table 4D
2
1 ( FcE / Fc* ) 1 ( FcE / Fc* ) ( FcE / Fc* )
CP 0.67 NDS Eq. 3.7-1
2c 2c c
FcE
0.957 Given
Fc*
c 0.8 Sawn lumber NDS Sec. 3.7.1
Fc = FcC p [CD CM Ct CF Ci ] (1, 000 psi)(0.67)(1.0) 670 psi
1.0
LRFD option:
Fc 1, 000 psi NDS Table 4D
2
1 ( FcE / Fc* ) 1 ( FcE / Fc* ) ( FcE / Fc* )
CP 0.67 NDS Eq. 3.7-1
2c 2c c
FcE
0.957 Given
Fc*
c 0.8 Sawn lumber NDS Sec. 3.7.1
Fc = FcC p K F c [CM Ct CF Ci ] (1, 000 psi)(0.67)(2.40)(0.90)(0.80) 1,160 psi
1.0
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
25. Reference bolt design value, Z = 1,870 lb NDS Table 12F
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 104
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
26. ASD option:
f m 2, 000 psi
Es 29 106 TMS 402 Table 4.2.2
Em 900 f m TMS 402 Table 4.2.2
Em 900(2, 000) 1.80 106 psi
n = Es/Em = 29/1.80 = 16
A 0.31
ρ s 0.0017
bd 7.625
48
2
n = 0.0271
k nρ 2 2nρ nρ 0.207
j = 1 – k/3 = 0.931
Fb 0.45 fm 900 psi TMS 402 Sec. [Link].2
M max Fbbkjd 2 /[2(12)] 900(12)(0.207)(0.931)(7.625 / 2)2 / [2(12)]
1, 260 ft-lb/ft
LRFD option:
= 0.9 TMS 402 Sec. [Link]
M n = As f y d a / 2
As f y
a
0.80 f m b
0.625 f y
M n f y bd 2 1
f
m
A
s
bd
0.0017
As = 0.31 in2 (12 in./48 in.)
= 0.08 in2/ft
Mn = (0.0017)(60)(12)(3.8125)2 [1 – 0.625(0.0017)(60)/2]
= 17.2 in.-kips/ft
= 1,433 ft-lb/ft
Mn = 1,289.7 ft-lb/ft
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 105
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
V
27. fv = TMS 402 Eq. 8-21
Anv
Fv = Fvm + Fvs
TMS 402 Eq. 8-22
No shear reinforcing; therefore Fvs = 0
M
1.0, therefore Fv 2 f m TMS 402 Eq. 8- 24
vd
Fv 2 2, 000 psi
89.4 psi
1 M P
Fvm 4.0 1.75 f m 0.25 TMS 402 Eq. 8- 26
2 Vdv An
No axial load:
1
Fvm 4.0 1.75 1.0 2, 000
2
50.3 psi Fv 89.4 psi
b 7.63 in.
An = bd
7, 400 lb
d
7.63 in. 50.3 psi
19.3 in.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 106
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
28. The most efficient footing and steel reinforcing will have the following:
A larger heel than toe
Heel reinforcing near the top face
Toe reinforcing near the bottom face
Wall reinforcing placed at face of high soil side
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: D
29. I xx pile group 4(4.5)2 81 pile-ft 2
I yy pile group 6(2.25) 2 30.375 pile-ft 2
Pile cap weight (7.5 ft)(12.0 ft)(3.0 ft)(150 pcf ) 40.5 kips
250 kips 40.5 kips (320 ft-kips)(4.5 ft) (225 ft-kips)(2.25 ft)
Maximum pile reaction
6 piles 81 pile-ft 2 30.375 pile-ft 2
48.42
82.87 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: D
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 107
Vertical Forces Breadth Solutions
P M
30. gc = +
A S
P M
gt =
A S
For a square footing with dimensions B B
A=BB
B4 B3
I= , y = B/2, S = I/y =
12 6
Eccentricity, e = M 75 1.36 ft
P 55
If one selects B 6e 8.16 ft
55 6 75
gc 2
1.654 ksf 4 ksf ( assumed dimension is large).
8.16 8.163
55 6 75
gt 0.0 ksf
8.162 8.163
One can select dimensions less than those above. In this case, gt will be greater than zero. The
stress distribution will look like the following. In this case the eccentric applied load must line up
with the resultant of the compression stress beneath the footing, i.e.,
x
B 2 e
3
B
x 3 e
2
1
and P ( gb )( x)(B)
2
1 B M
P g 3 B
2 2 P
1 B
55 4 3 1.36 B
2 2
or
3B 2 8.16 B 55 0
B 2 2.72 B 18.333 0
2.722 4 1 (18.33)
B 2.72
2
B = 5.853 ft say 5.9 ft 5.9 ft
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 108
VERTICAL FORCES DEPTH
BUILDINGS SOLUTIONS
109
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
Questions begin on page 51.
1. Reference: ACI 318, Section [Link]
Slab support condition is both end continuous.
= 30'-0" 18" = 28'-6" = 342"
342 "
Minimum slab thickness, h = 12.21"
28 28
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 12.2 to 13
2. Reference: ACI 318, Section [Link]
Effective flange width = bw + 2 bf
b f Least of 8h, sw /2, n / 8
h = 12.5 in. 8h = 100 in.
sw = 342 in. sw /2 = 171 in.
n = 30 ft 2 ft = 28 ft n /8 = 42 in.
Width = 18 in. + 2(42 in.) = 102 in.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 90 to 120
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 110
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
3. Tributary area for column on Grid Line B2 30 ft × 30 ft
Dead loads:
Roof dead load = 125 psf × 30 ft × 30 ft = 112.5 kips
Second floor dead load = 125 psf × 30 ft × 30 ft = 112.5 kips
First floor dead load = 125 psf × 30 ft × 30 ft = 112.5 kips
Basement floor dead load = 125 psf × 30 ft × 30 ft = 112.5 kips
450 kips
Column load between:
24 24
Roof and second = 150 pcf × × × 13 ft = 7.8 kips
12 12
24 24
Second and first = 150 pcf × × × 13 ft = 7.8 kips
12 12
24 24
First and basement = 150 pcf × × × 13 ft = 7.8 kips
12 12
24 24
Below basement = 150 pcf × × × 1 ft = 0.6 kips
12 12
24 kips
Total dead unfactored = 450 kips + 24 kips = 474 kips
Lr = 20 psf for roof
15
L = Lo (0.25 +
K LL AT
15
= 100 0.25
4 × 900
= 100 (0.5) = 50 psf for second floor
15
L = Lo (0.25 +
K LL AT
15
= 100 0.25
4 × 1,800
= 100 (0.427) = 42.7 psf for first floor
15
L = Lo (0.25 +
K LL AT
15
= 100 0.25
4 × 2,700
= 100 (0.394) = 39.4 psf < 0.4Lo = 40 psf for basement floor
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 111
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
3. (Continued)
Live loads:
Roof live load = 20 psf × 30 ft × 30 ft = 18 kips
Second floor live load = 50 psf × 30 ft × 30 ft = 45 kips
Third floor live load = 42.7 psf × 30 ft × 30 ft = 38.43 kips
Basement live load = 40 psf × 30 ft × 30 ft = 36 kips
L = 45 kips + 38.43 kips + 36 kips = 119.43 kips
ASD (Allowable Stress Design) ASCE 7 Sec 2.4.1
Load combo
1) D = 474 kips
2) D + L = 474 kips + 119.43 kips = 593.43 kips (governs)
3) D + Lr = 474 kips + 20 kips = 494 kips
4) D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr = 474 kips + 0.75(119.43 kips) + 0.75(20 kips) = 578.6 kips
Acceptable range: > 590 kips and < 600 kips
LRFD (Strength Design) ASCE 7 Sec 2.3.1
Load combo
1) 1.4D = 1.4(474 kips) = 663.6 kips
2) 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr
= 1.2(474 kips) = 1.6(119.43 kips) = 0.5(20 kips) = 768.89 kips (governs)
3) 1.2D + 1.6 Lr + L
= 1.2(474 kips) + 1.6(20 kips) + 119.43 kips = 720.23 kips
Acceptable range: > 760 kips and < 780 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: ASD 590 to 600
LRFD 760 to 780
4.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHOWN ABOVE.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 112
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
5.
wDL 125 psf 30 ft = 3,750 pcf
LL = 100 psf (reducible)
KLL 2 or interior beam
15 15
L = Lo 0.25 100 0.25 60 psf
KLL AT 2 30 30
wLL 60 psf 30 ft = 1,800 pcf
wn 1.2 wLL 1.6 wLL 1.2 3.75 1.6 1.8 7.38 klf
n 30 ft 2 ft/2 2 ft 27 ft
V 1.15 wn n /2 1.15 7.38 27 /2 114.6 kips
V wn n /2 7.38 27 /2 99.6 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHOWN ABOVE.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 113
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
6. Determine shear force at d from support: ACI 318-14 Sec. [Link]
115 100
115(27 x) 100 x x 14.4 ft
x 27 x
115 21.5
For d = 21.5 in. Vu = 14.4 100.7 kips
14.4 12
Concrete shear strength = Vc = 2λ fc' bw d 2 4, 000 (18)(21.5) ACI 318-14 Sec. [Link]
0.75; 1.0 = 48.9 kips
Vc = 0.75(48.9) = 36.7 kips
Since Vu > Vc , shear reinforcement is required. ACI 318-14 Sec. [Link]
Vu 100.7
Vs Vc 48.9 85.4 kips ACI 318-14 Sec. [Link]
0.75
Av f yt d (2 0.2)(60)(21.5)
s 6.04 in. ACI 318-14 Sec. [Link].3
Vs 85.4
Check maximum spacing: ACI 318-14 Sec. [Link]
Av f yt (2 0.2) 60
s 28.1 in.
0.75 f c' bw 0.75 4, 000(18)
Av f yt (2 0.2) 60
s 26.7 in.
50bw 50(18)
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 5 to 6.5.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 114
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
7. Positive moment = 350 ft-kips
Mu 350(12)(1, 000)
560.86
bd 2 0.9(18)(21.5)2
For fc' = 4,000 psi and f y = 60 ksi
ρ = 0.0103
AS = ρ bd = 0.0103(18)(21.5)
= 3.986 in 2
3.986
For #8 bottom bars: 5.05 (6) #8
0.79
3.986
For #9 bottom bars: 3.99 (4) #9
1.0
3.986
For #10 bottom bars: 3.27 (4) #10
1.22
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: A, C, D
8. For a unit length of wall:
Total factored shear:
21 21
wn = (1,632)(17) = 9.2 kips/ft
32 32
1 1
wn = 96 17 = 0.8 kips/ft
2 2
10.0 kips/ft
Concrete shear strength: Vc = f c' bw d
0.75; 1.0 Vc = 0.75 (2)(1.0) 4, 000 (12)(d )/ft
Vc = 1.14d /ft
10.0 = 1.14d d 8.8 in.
h = d + cc = 8.8 + 2 in. = 10.8 in.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 10.5 to 11.5
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 115
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
9. (a) Vertical load at footing center = 400 kips + 130 kips = 530 kips
(b) Soil weight on foundation toe (width = 30'-0")
2,000 psf (30'-0") (1'-11") = 115 kips
2'-2" 1'-11"
Soil weight applied at e =
2 2
26" 23"
= + = 24.5" = 2.042'
2 2
Total vertical load = 530 kips + 115 kips = 645 kips
Weight of footing = 150 pcf × 3'-0" × 6'-0" × 30'-0" = 81.0 kips
Total vertical load with footing weight:
P = 645 kips + 81.0 kips = 726 kips
(c) Lateral soil load
1
(20'-0") (1,100 psf) (30'-0") = 330 kips
2
width
20'-0"
Lateral applied at above footing base = 6.67'
3
Moment due to lateral load at footing base:
330 kips (13.33')(6.67 ')
M at base = (13.33' + 20'-0")
2 (20'-0") 2
= 1,222.4 ft-kips
Total moment at footing centerline
= 1,222.4 ft-kips 115 kips 2.042'
= 987.57 ft-kips
M 987.57 ft-kips
e= = = 1.36'
P 726 kips
B 6'-0" B
= = 1'-0" e>
6 6 6
B 2e = 6'-0" 2(1.36') = 3.28'
4P 4(726 kips)
qmax = =
3L(B 2e) 3(30'-0") (3.28')
qmax = 9.84 ksf
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 9.7 to 10
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 116
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
10. Reference: ACI 318-14
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHOWN ABOVE.
11. Beam support condition is both end continuous. ACI 318-14 Sec. [Link]
30 '-0" 24" 28'-0" 336"
336"
Minimum beam depth, h 16"
21 21
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 16 to 17
12. In north-south direction, span = = 30'-0" 24" = 336" (governs)
In east-west direction, span = = 30'-0" 12" 24" = 324"
n = 336"
Without drop panels, with edge beams ( f > 0.8) ACI 318-14 Table [Link]
n 336"
h = 10.18"
33 33
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 10.18 to 10.5
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 117
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
Questions begin on page 65.
1. ASD (Allowable Design)
Simple-span beam reactions:
Reaction (dead load) = 3 kips × 2/2 = 3 kips
Reaction (live load) = 4 kips × 2/2 = 4 kips
Compare Cases 1, 2, and 3 and select the largest reaction.
Case 1: D + L on both beams
Sum moments about Grid Line 1:
ΣM1 = 7 kips (8 ft + 16 ft + 24 ft + 28 ft) – R2 × 24 ft = 0
532 ft-kips – 24R2 = 0
R2 = 22.2 kips
Sum forces in vertical:
Σfy = 7 kips × 4 – 22.2 kips – R1 = 0
R1 = 5.8 kips
Case 2: D + L on cantilever beam, D on simple-span beam
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 118
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
1. (Continued)
7 kips (8 ft 16 ft 24 ft) + 3 kips (28 ft)
R2 =
24 ft
R2 = 17.5 kips
R1 = 7 kips × 3 + 3 kips – 17.5 kips
R1 = 6.5 kips
Case 3: D on cantilever beam, D + L on simple-span beam
3 kips (8ft 16 ft 24 ft) + 7 kips (28ft)
R2 =
24 ft
R2 = 14.2 kips
R1 = 3 kips × 3 + 7 kips – 14.2 kips
R1 = 1.8 kips
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 119
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
1. (Continued)
LRFD (Strength Design)
Reaction (dead load) = 3.6 kips × 2/2 = 3.6 kips
Reaction (live load) = 6.4 kips
Compare Cases 1, 2, and 3 and select the largest reaction.
Case 1: D + L on both beams
Sum moments about Grid Line 1:
ΣM1 = 10 kips (8 ft + 16 ft + 24 ft + 28 ft) – R2 × 24 ft = 0
760 ft-kips – 24R2 = 0
R2 = 31.7 kips
Sum forces in vertical:
Σfy = 10 kips × 4 – 31.7 kips – R1 = 0
R1 = 8.3 kips
Case 2: D + L on cantilever beam, D on simple-span beam
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 120
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
1. (Continued)
10 kips (8 ft 16 ft 24 ft) + 3.6 kips (28 ft)
R2 = = 24.2 kips
24 ft
R1 = 10 kips × 3 + 3.6 kips – 24.2 kips = 9.4 kips
Case 3: D on cantilever beam, D + L on simple-span beam
3.6 kips (8 ft 16 ft 24 ft) + 10 kips (28 ft)
R2 = = 18.9 kips
24 ft
R1 = 3.6 kips × 3 + 10 kips – 18.9 kips = 1.9 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: ASD 6.4 to 6.6
LRFD 9.0 to 9.8
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 121
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
2. D of roof is not applicable as mechanical unit is added after construction.
ASD (Allowable Design) LRFD (Strength Design)
24 Lr = 1.92 kips
Lr = 20 psf (8 ft) = 1.92 kips
2
D = 5 kips D = 5 kips
Calculate load to vertical member: Calculate load to vertical member:
D + L = 6.92 kips (IBC Equation 16-10) 1.2D + 1.6Lr = 10.30 kips (IBC Equation 16-3)
P = 6.92 kips P = 10.30 kips
6
= tan–1 = 26.56°
12
P = 2Txsin
1 P
Tx =
2 sinθ
1 6.92 kips 1 10.30 kips
Tx = = 7.74 kips Tx = = 11.52 kips
2 sin26.56 2 sin26.56
Range: ≥ 7.4 kips to ≤ 8.1 kips Range: ≥ 10.9 kips to ≤ 12.1 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: ASD 7.4 to 8.1
LRFD 10.9 to 12.1
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 122
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
3.
KLL = 4; exterior column (IBC Table 1607.11.1)
AT = 24 ft (12 ft) = 288 ft2
KLLAT = 1,152 ft2
L = 125 psf (No reduction permitted per Section 1607.11.1.2)
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHOWN ABOVE.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 123
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
4. ASD (Allowable Design)
D + (Lr or S) ASCE 7, 2.4.1
8ft 12ft
D 15 psf 16 psf 26 ft 8ft 2.09 kips
2 2
roof wall
8ft 12 ft
Lr 20 psf 0.48 kips
2 2
Balanced snow load:
pf = 0.7CeCtIspg 7.3-1
pf = 0.7(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(20 psf) = 14 psf
pm = I s pg 7.3.4
pm = 20 psf 7.3.4
8ft 12ft
S = 14 psf 5psf 0.456 kips ← Does not control as lower than pm
2 2
Rain on snow per 7.3.4
Snow drift:
γ = 0.13pg + 14 (7.7-1)
= 0.13(20) + 14 = 16.6 pcf
hb = 14 = 0.84 ft
16.6
> Σ = 3.17 < hc = 4 ft
hd = 3/4(3.1) = 2.33 ft
From Figure 7.6-1 with lu = 96 ft
Use 3/4 per 7.8
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 124
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
4. (Continued)
pd = (2.33 ft)(16.6 pcf) = 38.2 psf
W = 4hd – 4(2.33 ft) = 9.32 ft
Pb = 14 psf
8ft 12ft 2 12ft
S 14 5.41 2 2 (38.2 5.41) 3 (8ft) 2
= 1.52 kips ← Governs snow
D + Lr = 2.09 + 0.48 = 2.57 kips
D + S = 2.09 + 1.52 = 3.61 kips ← Governs
LRFD (Strength Design)
1.2D + 1.6Lr = 3.28 kips
1.2D + 1.6S = 4.94 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: ASD 3.5 to 3.7
LRFD 4.8 to 5.2
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 125
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
Fe Fe
5. Fe 2015 NDS Equation J-2
⊥
Fe sin 2 θ Fe cos 2 θ
From Table 12-I:
Fe 3,340lb
Fe 1,890lb
3, 340 1,890
= ( = 30°)
3, 340 0.25 1,890 0.75
= 2,803 lb
For ten bolts and factors per Tables 2.3.2 and 11.3.1
ASD (Allowable Design)
Capacity = 2,803 lb × 10 × CD × Cg
= 2,803 lb × 10 × 0.9 × 0.9
= 22,700 lb
LRFD (Strength Design)
Capacity = 2,803 lb × 10 × Cg × KF × × λ
= 2,803 lb × 10 × 0.9 × 3.32 × 0.65 × 0.6
= 32,700 lb
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: ASD 22,000 to 23,000
LRFD 32,000 to 33,000
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 126
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
6. CP
1 FcE / Fc*
1 F / F *
cE c FcE / Fc* 2015 NDS Equation 3.7-1
2c 2c c
ASD (Allowable Design)
0.822 E'min 0.822 600, 000
FcE = 2
482
le / d 20 ft 12/7.52
Fc* = 1,350 psi × CD
= 1,350 psi × 1.25 = 1,688 psi
FcE 482
0.29
Fc* 1, 688
2
1 0.29 1 0.29 0.29
CP
2 0.8 2 0.8 0.8
= 0.81 0.65 0.36
= 0.27
Fc' = 1,350 psi × CD × CP 2015 NDS Table 4.3.1
= 1,350 psi × 1.25 × 0.27 2015 NDS Supplement Table 4D
= 456 psi (Try dense select structural)
[Note: Try highest grade first as problem states to find minimum size.]
Try 8 × 8:
Allowable Pa = 456 psi × 7.5 in. × 7.5 in. = 25,650 lb > 25,000 lb; OK; use 8 × 8
See if a lower grade will work:
Pa = 1,150 psi × 1.25 × 0.27 × 7.5 in. × 7.5 in.
= 21,832 lb < 25,000 lb; no good; must use dense select structural
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 127
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
6. (Continued)
LRFD (Strength Design)
'
0.822 Emin 0.822 600,000
FcE = 2
482
le / d 20 ft 12 / 7.52
Fc* = 1,350 psi
FcE 482
0.36
Fc* 1,350
2
1 0.36 1 0.36 0.36
CP
2 0.8 2 0.8 0.8
= 0.85 0.72 0.45
= 0.33
Try dense select structural:
(Note: Try highest grade first as problem states to find minimum size.)
Fc' = 1,350 psi × CP × KF × × λ
= 1,350 psi × 0.33 × 2.4 × 0.9 × 0.6
= 577 psi
Try 8 × 8:
Pa = 577 psi × 7.5 in. × 7.5 in. = 32,460 lb > 31,000 lb; OK; use 8 × 8
See if a lower grade will work:
Pa = 1,150 psi × CP × KF × × λ × 7.5 in × 7.5 in.
= 1,150 psi × 0.33 × 2.4 × 0.9 in. × 0.6 in. × 7.5 in. × 7.5 in.
= 27,670 lb < 31,000 lb; no good; must use dense select structural
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: A, G
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 128
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
7. Reference: 2018 NDS
ASD (Allowable Design)
16
D = 16 psf (26 ft) = 555 lb (wall)
12
8ft 16
D = 20 psf = 107 lb (roof) Σ = 742 lb
2 12
8ft 16
Lr = 15 psf = 80 lb (roof)
2 12
M = Pe = (107 + 80)(4.25 in.) = 945 in.-lb
2
fc fb M 945 in.-lb
' 1.0 (3.9.3) fb = = = 125 psi
F f S 7.56 in 3
c Fb' 1 'c
F
cE
2
90 125 742
= 0.50 fc = = 90 psi
181 90 (1.5)(5.5)
1,006 1
182
Fc' = 1.25(850)(0.17) = 181 psi
Fb' = 1.25(700)Cr
= 1.25(700)(1.15) = 1,006 psi
0.822E'min
FcE1 = = 182 psi
(le / d )2
'
Emin = 510,000 psi
l = 22 ft × 12 in./ft
d = 5.5 in.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 129
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
7. (Continued)
LRFD (Strength Design)
1.2D + 1.6Lr = 1.2(555 + 107) + 1.6(8.0) = 922 lb
M = Pe = [1.2(107) + 1.6(8.0)]4.25 in. = 1,090 in.-lb
2
fc fb
' 1.0 fb = M = 144 psi
F f S
c Fb' 1 ' c
F
cE1
2
112 144
fc = P = 112 psi
249 112 A
1, 209 1
272
0.202 + 0.202 = 0.404 Fc' = 850(KF)()(λ)(CP)
= 850(2.40)(0.90)(0.8)(0.17) = 249 psi
Fb' = 700(2.54)(0.85)(0.8) = 1,209 psi
'
0.822Emin
FcE1 = = 272 psi
(le / d1)2
'
Emin = 510,000(1.76)(0.85) = 762,960 psi
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: ASD 0.47 to 0.53
LRFD 0.38 to 0.42
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 130
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
8.
Options A, B, D, and E are not permitted per 2018 NDS 5.4.5.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: A, B, D, E
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 131
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
9. ASD (Allowable Design)
8ft 16
P = (18 + 20) = 203 lb/stud
2 12
Box Z L P Z' OK/
Ledger CD D' 6d 10d P/10d
Nails (lb) (in.) (in.) (lb) NG
2× 2 10d 93 1.25 0.128 0.768 1.28 3 1.5 1 233 OK
2 16d 103 1.25 0.135 0.81 1.35 3.5 1.5 1 258 OK
3× 2 10d 93 1.25 0.128 0.768 1.28 3 0.5a < 6d - NG
2 16d 103 1.25 0.135 0.81 1.35 3.5 1 1/1.35 191 NG
a
12-in. o.c. spacing is no good as studs are at 12 in. o.c.
LRFD (Strength Design)
8ft 16
P = [1.2(18) + 1.6(20)] = 286 lb/stud
2 12
Box Z P Z' OK/
Ledger
Nails (lb)
KF λ D' 6d 10d
(in.)
P/10d
(lb) NG
2× 2 10d 93 3.32 0.65 0.8 0.128 0.768 1.28 1.5 1 321 OK
2 16d 103 3.32 0.65 0.8 0.135 0.81 1.35 1.5 1 356 OK
3× 2 10d 93 3.32 0.65 0.8 0.128 0.768 1.28 0.5a < 6d - NG
2 16d 103 3.32 0.65 0.8 0.135 0.81 1.35 1 1/1.35 263 NG
a
12-in. o.c. spacing is no good as studs are at 12 in. o.c.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: A, B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 132
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
10.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHADED ABOVE.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 133
Vertical Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
11.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHADED ABOVE.
12.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHOWN ABOVE.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 134
VERTICAL FORCES DEPTH
BRIDGES SOLUTIONS
135
Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
Questions begin on page 77.
1. Reference: AASHTO Art. [Link].3
Options B and D: Inflection points where moment is minimal and can be set in a stable sequence.
Options A and E: Inflection points will not occur at midspan.
Option C is at the high moment location.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: B, D
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 136
Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
2. D 46
150 twmin = = 0.153 AASHTO [Link].1-1
tw 300
or
0.3125 in. 6.10.2
or
Vu v vn [Link]-1
vn = vcr = CV p [Link]-1
v 1.0 [Link]
46
tw must be greater than 0.3125; therefore, D /tw must be at least 147.25 6.5.4
0.3125
Determine C [Link].2
E (k ) 29,500 (5.0)
1.4 1.4 = 76.04
Fyw 50 ksi
k = 5.0 [Link]-1
D
> 76.04
tw
therefore
1.57 E k 1.57 4, 631.5
C= 2
Fyw
= 2
2,950 = [Link].2-6
D 46 2,116
2
tw tw tw
C = 2.19 tw2
V p = 0.58 Fyw D tw [Link]
V p = 0.58 (50)(46) tw = 1,334 tw
Vn = 2.19 (tw2 )(1,334)(tw ) = 2,921.46 tw3
Vu (1.0)(Vn )
150 kips 2,921.46 tw3
150
3 = tw
2,921.46
tw = 0.372 in. Controls Round up to nearest 0.125 in.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 0.375
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 137
Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
3. By plastic forces AASHTO Table D.6.1-2
Prt = Art f y = 6 (0.44)(60 ksi) = 158.4 kips
6-ft girder spacing, beff = 72 in.
6 bars in beff
prb = Arb f y = 6 (0.31)(60 ksi) = 111.6 kips
T flange = Fy b ft t ft = 50 (16)(1.25) = 1,000 kips
Web = Fy Dtw = 50 (48)(0.5) = 1,200 kips
B flange = Fy b fb t fb = 50 (16)(1.25) = 1,000 kips
Pc + Pw Pt + Prb + Prt
1,000 kips + 1,200 kips 1,000 kips + 111.6 kips + 158.4 kips
2,200 kips 1,270 kips
the plastic neutral axis PNA is in the web
Alternate solution:
If y is calculated for Case II it will exceed tf and thus be in the web.
t f Pw Pc Prt Prb
y 1
2 Pt
1.25 1, 200 kips + 1,000 kips 158.4 kips 111.6 kips
y 1 1.83125
2 1, 000 kips
1.83125 in. > 1.25 in.; therefore PNA is below the top flange and in the web.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 138
Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
4. Reference: AASHTO 6.10.1.1b
bd 3
2 Io =
Component Area Y Ay A( y y ) 12
(72)(8)/25.5 = 3 22.6(54 – 30.72)2 =
Slab 54 in. 1,220.4 in 3,072 in4
22.6 in2 12,248.26 in4
(18)(2)/25.5 = 1.41(49 – 30.72)2 =
Fillet 49 in. 69.09 in3 12 in4
1.41 in2 471.16 in4
(18)(1.5) = 27(47.25 – 30.72)2 =
Top Flange 47.25 in. 1,275.75 in3 5.06 in4
27 in2 7,377.50 in4
(0.625)(45) = 28.125(24.0 – 30.72)2
Web 24 in. 675 in3 4,746.09 in4
28.125 in2 = 1,270.08 in4
Bottom (18)(1.5) = 27(0.75 – 30.72)2 =
0.75 in. 20.25 in3 5.06 in4
Flange 27 in2 24,251.42 in4
∑ 106.14 in2 3,260.49 in3 45,618.42 in4 7,840.21 in4
3,260.49
y= = 30.72 in.
106.14
I LT = 45,618.42 in 4 + 7,840.21 in 4 = 53,438.63 in 4
b 53,438.63 in 4
S LT = = 1,740.19 in 3
30.72 in.
12 in.
fb LT = 1,200/1,740.19 = 8.27 ksi
ft
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 8 to 8.5
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 139
Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
5. Reference: AASHTO Table [Link]-1
Weld A = 5/16 in.
5/8-in. web to 1-in. flange
1-in. controls
Use 5/16-in. weld
Weld B = 5/16 in.
5/8-in. web to 1 1/2-in. flange
1 1/2-in. controls
Use 5/16-in. weld
Weld C = 5/16 in.
3/4-in. stiffener to 1-in. flange
1-in. controls
Use 5/16-in. weld
Weld D = 5/16 in.
3/4-in. stiffener to 1 1/2-in. flange
1 1/2-in. controls
Use 5/16-in. weld
Weld E = 5/16 in.
3/4-in. stiffener to 5/8-in. web
3/4-in. stiffener controls
Use 5/16-in. weld
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHOWN ABOVE.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 140
Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
6. Reference: AASHTO [Link].2
Find Q
72 in. 8
Q = Ay = (8) 48 39.16 + 2 + = 1,005.63 in 3
8.5 2
Find Z r
Z r = 5.5 d 2 [Link]-1
5.5(0.75)2 = 3.09 kips
F fat zero (straight spans and no skews)
Vf Q 58 kips 1, 005.63 in 3
V fat 0.94 [Link].2-3
I 62, 200 in 4
V fat Vsr [Link].2-2
nZ r 4 (62,200)
p = = 13.17 in. [Link].2-1
Vsr 0.938
Pitch is less than 48 and greater than 6 (0.75) = 4.5 OK
Use 13.5 in. for pitch and four studs per row.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 13.0 to 13.6
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 141
Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
bt 7 in.
7. tp = = 0.606 in. AASHTO [Link].2-1
E 29,000
(0.48) (0.48)
Fys 50
use 5/8 in. 0.625 > 0.606 (min.)
Bearing area required [Link].3-1 & 2
(Rsb )n = 1.4 Apn Fys = 1.4 (50) Apn = 70 Apn
for Ru = 900 kips b
Ru b (Rsb )n
900 kips 70 ksi Apn
12.86 in 2 < Apn
Check clip [Link].1
4 tw = 2.5" Controls
6 tw = 3.75"
4.0"
4 stiffeners + web to account for area loss due to clip
(4)(0.65 in.)(7 2.5) = 11.25 in2 < 12.86 in2 use 3/4 in.
12.86 in2
t p min = 0.71 in use 0.75 in.
(4)(7 2.5)
I
2bt 3 2 9tw 10 in. tw3
2 tp
(use 2bt for double stiff )
12 12
0.75 14 3 21.25 0.625 3
2 343.4 in 4
12 12
I 343.4
r= 3.17 in.
A 34.28
K 0.75 D 0.75 (45.5) nonslender
= = = 10.8 120 [Link].4 a
rs r 3.17 compact
Po Fy Ag 50 ksi 34.28 in 2 1, 714 kips [Link].1
2 E 2 29, 000
Pe 2
Ag 2
34.28 84,118.4 kips [Link].2 1
K 10.8
rs
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 142
Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
7. (Continued)
Pe
49.1
Po
Po
2.25
Pe
Pn 0.658 1, 714 kips 1, 699.4 kips
0.02
Pr = c Pn [Link]-1
c = 0.95 [Link] comp. stl. only
Pr = 0.95 (1,699.4 kips) = 1,614.5 kips
Pr > Ru
0.75 in. 3/4 in. is acceptable
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 0.75
8. Ag = (16 in.)(1.5 in.) = 24 in 2
0.8 (70)
Ae = (18.75) = 22.11 in 2 AASHTO [Link].3 b-2
0.95 (50)
7
An 16 4 (1.5) = 18.75 in 2
8
Hole for 3/4-in.-diameter bolt
Fyf = 50 ksi Table 6.4.1-1
Fu = 70 ksi Table 6.4.1-1
Pfy = Ae Fyf = 1,105.5 kips
u 0.8 [Link]
y 0.95 [Link]
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHOWN ABOVE.
9. Reference: AASHTO [Link].3c
Option A is not applicable.
Option C is typically negligible.
Option E is defined by requirements for the class of slip critical design.
Option H is 1/4 depth for negative moments and middepth for positive moments.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: B, D, F, G
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 143
Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
10. Reference: AASHTO 6.13.4
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHADED ABOVE.
11. Reference: AASHTO [Link]-1
Rn = (1.00)(0.5)(2)(35) = 35 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: A, D, F, G
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 144
Vertical Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
12. I t1 = btw3 J AASHTO [Link].3
2.5
J = – 2.0 0.5 do = 48 in. D = 46 in. [Link].3-1
(do /D) 2
2.5
J = – 2.0 0.5
(1.04)2
0.404 0.5 use 0.5
I t1 = 46 in. (0.5)3 (0.5) = 2.875
1.5
D 4ρt1.3 Fyw
It 2 = [Link].3-4
40 E
50
ρt = = 1.94 > 1.0
25.8
ρt = 1.94
0.31 E 0.31 (29,000)
Fcrs = 2
Fys = 2
= 25.8 ksi [Link].3-6
bt 7
tp 0.375
1.5
(46)4 1.941.3 50
It 2 = 29,000 = 18.97
40
2
I t (pair) = (0.375) (7)3 = 21.438 in 4
12
I t It1 OK
I t It 2 OK
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 21.0 to 22.0
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 145
LATERAL FORCES
EXAM SPECIFICATIONS
147
Lateral Forces (Wind/Earthquake) Component of the
Structural Engineering BREADTH CBT Exam Section Specifications
Effective Beginning April 2024
The exam section topics have not changed since April 2018 when they were originally published.
The exam section is computer-based. It is closed book with electronic references. The NCEES PE Structural
Engineering Reference Handbook is included in the exam along with the design standards.
Examinees have 6 hours to complete this exam section, which contains 55 multiple-choice questions. The
section will contain scored and unscored (pretest) questions. The 6-hour time includes a tutorial and a
scheduled break. Examinees work all questions.
The exam section uses the U.S. Customary System (USCS) of units.
The exam section is developed with questions that will require a variety of approaches and methodologies,
including design, analysis, and application.
The knowledge areas specified as examples of kinds of knowledge are not exclusive or exhaustive categories.
Number of Questions
I. Analysis of Structures 17–26
A. Generation of Loads 8–12
1. Horizontal seismic
2. Vertical seismic
3. Dynamic seismic lateral earth pressure
4. Wind loads on buildings—MWFRS (directional procedure)
5. Wind loads on buildings—MWFRS (envelope procedure)
6. Wind loads on other structures and building appurtenances—MWFRS
7. Wind loads—components and cladding (C&C)
8. Wind loads on bridges
9. Load combinations
B. Load Distribution and Analysis Methods 9–14
1. Statics (e.g., determinate and indeterminate, location of forces and moments,
free-body diagrams)
2. Approximate frame analysis methods
3. Computer-generated structural analysis techniques (e.g., modeling,
interpreting, and verifying results)
4. Seismic static force procedures
5. Seismic dynamic force procedures
6. Seismic irregularities (e.g., horizontal and vertical)
7. Horizontal torsional moments
8. Relative rigidity force distribution
9. Flexible diaphragms
10. Rigid diaphragms
11. Wind load distribution
148
II. Design and Details of Structures 28–46
A. General Structural Considerations 3–5
1. Construction administration (procedures for correcting nonconforming work,
testing methods, inspection methods, structural observation)
2. Serviceability requirements (i.e., deflection, building drift)
3. Anchorage of a structural system to resist uplift and sliding forces
4. Components, attachments, and cladding
5. Seismic coefficients (e.g., response modification factor, redundancy factor,
overstrength factor, deflection amplification factor)
6. Abutment/pier seat width
B. Structural Systems Integration 2–4
1. General structural systems selection based on design criteria (e.g., height
limits, foundation considerations)
2. Specifications, quality controls, and coordination with other disciplines
3. Constructability
4. Strengthening existing systems (e.g., details, system compatibility, reinforcing
methods)
C. Structural Steel 6–9
1. Braced frames
2. Moment resisting frames
3. Dual systems
4. Cantilever columns
5. Bridge piers
6. Bridge bracing elements
D. Cold-Formed Steel 2–4
1. Steel diaphragms
2. Bearing wall systems (e.g., shear wall systems, flat strap bracing)
E. Concrete 6–9
1. Shear walls
2. Moment resisting frames
3. Diaphragms
4. Bridge piers/abutments
5. Bridge reinforcement details (e.g., ductile detailing, anchorage)
F. Wood 3–5
1. Diaphragms (e.g., drag struts, chords)
2. Sub-diaphragms
3. Shear walls
G. Masonry 3–5
1. Out-of-plane (i.e., slender walls)
2. Shear walls
3. Anchorage of walls (e.g., out-of-plane, uplift)
4. Attachment of elements to masonry
H. Foundations and Retaining Structures 3–5
1. Retaining walls and abutments
2. Spread footings
3. Piles (e.g., concrete, steel, timber)
4. Drilled shafts/drilled piers/caissons
149
Lateral Forces (Wind/Earthquake) Component of the
Structural Engineering DEPTH CBT Exam Specifications
Effective Beginning April 2024
The Lateral Forces (Wind/Earthquake) depth section focuses on a single area of practice in structural
engineering. Examinees have 5.5 hours to complete this section, which contains 5 scenarios with 12 questions
each, totaling 60 questions. The 5.5-hour time includes a tutorial and a scheduled break. The section will contain
scored and unscored (pretest) questions. All questions are alternative item type (AIT) questions. Examinees must
choose either the BUILDINGS or the BRIDGES section. Examinees must work the same section on both
components. That is, if bridges is the section chosen in the Vertical Forces component, then bridges must be the
section chosen in the Lateral Forces component.
The exam section is computer-based. It is closed book with electronic references. The NCEES PE Structural
Engineering Reference Handbook is included in the exam along with the design standards.
BUILDINGS
The Lateral Forces (Wind/Earthquake) Structural Engineering depth section in BUILDINGS covers lateral
forces, lateral force distribution, analysis methods, general structural considerations (element design), structural
systems integration (connections), and foundations and retaining structures.
This 5.5-hour section contains at least one scenario from each of the following types:
Steel structure
Concrete structure
Wood and/or masonry structure
General analysis (e.g., existing structures, secondary structures, nonbuilding structures, and/or computer
verification)
At least two scenarios include seismic content at Seismic Design Category D and above.
At least one scenario includes wind content of at least 140 mph.
Scenarios may include a multistory building.
Scenarios may include a foundation.
Knowledge areas may include:
Conceptual design and project planning
Structural loading and analysis
Design and details of elements
Design and details of joints and connections
Preparation of documents and construction administration
150
BRIDGES
The Lateral Forces (Wind/Earthquake) Structural Engineering depth section in BRIDGES covers gravity loads,
superstructures, substructures, and lateral forces (including seismic).
This 5.5-hour section contains at least one scenario from each of the following types:
Piers or abutments
Foundations
General analysis of seismic forces
Knowledge areas may include:
Conceptual design and project planning
Structural loading and analysis
Design and preparation of details
Notes:
1. All questions use the U.S. Customary System (USCS) of units.
151
LATERAL FORCES BREADTH
QUESTIONS
153
Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
1. The figure shows a diagram for an agricultural building.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
Design Data:
Basic wind speed, V
Risk Category I: 120 mph
Risk Category II: 132 mph
Risk Category III-IV: 143 mph
Assumptions:
Topographic factor, Kzt = 1.0
Building is located in flat open country.
The wind velocity pressure (psf) at mean roof height for MWFRS is most nearly:
o A. 21.9
o B. 27.4
o C. 33.2
o D. 40.0
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
2. The figure shows a line diagram for a three-story, steel-framed hospital building.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
Design Data:
S1 = 0.15
Ss = 1.0
Site class C
TL = 8 sec
Assumption:
The building lateral force resisting system is concentrically braced frames.
The seismic base shear (kips) is most nearly:
o A. 138
o B. 189
o C. 267
o D. 383
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
3. A 3,000-ft2 retail structure has a clear-spanning wood roof supported by reinforced masonry
bearing/shear walls.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
SD1 Assumptions:
S DS 0.60
S D1 0.20
S1 0.75
The seismic base shear for equivalent lateral force procedure design (W is the weight of the
structure) is most nearly:
o A. 0.300 W
o B. 0.120 W
o C. 0.080 W
o D. 0.040 W
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
4. A two-span simply supported girder and slab bridge is shown.
Design Code:
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Design Data:
Wind direction is perpendicular to the structure.
Wind velocity is 100 mph.
Assumptions:
The pier and abutment bearings are restrained in the transverse direction.
All bridge parts are less than 30 ft above low ground or water level.
Category C
I-girder structure
The maximum unfactored moment (ft-kips) in the direction transverse to the bridge at the base of
the pier due to wind load on the superstructure only is most nearly:
o A. 451
o B. 531
o C. 817
o D. 1,596
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
5. The figure shows a section through a concrete highway bridge that has two equal spans.
Design Code:
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Design Data:
Each span length = 70 ft
Base wind velocity = 100 mph
Assumptions:
The superstructure is rigidly connected to the pier cap.
The bridge is not skewed.
Ignore wind on live load and substructure.
Bridge has multiple spans.
Category C
I-girder bridge
All bridge parts less than 33 ft above low ground or water level.
The axial unfactored load (kips) applied at the top of an exterior pile due to transverse wind on the
superstructure is most nearly:
o A. 14.7
o B. 5.9
o C. 4.9
o D. 2.5
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
6. The figure shows the plan of a rigid floor diaphragm.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
Design Data:
There are shear walls on all four sides.
The calculated story seismic shear is 75 kips.
The calculated center of gravity is shown.
The total torsion (ft-kips) to be distributed to the shear walls is most nearly:
o A. 0
o B. 375
o C. 563
o D. 750
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
7. The building shown is subjected to seismic force in the N-S direction.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
Design Data:
Roof dead load= 15 psf
Wall weight = 75 psf
Seismic coefficient: Cs = 0.20 in the N-S direction
Assumptions:
Flexible roof diaphragm
Neglect openings in walls.
The drag force (lb) in the drag member A is most nearly:
o A. 10,800
o B. 16,800
o C. 19,500
o D. 21,300
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
8. The figure shows a three-span continuous highway bridge that is constructed in a seismic region.
Design Code:
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Assumptions:
The horizontal deflection of the bridge deck in the longitudinal direction is 0.0107 ft due to a
1-kip/ft force acting along the deck.
The weight per foot of the bridge including half of the substructure is 8.8 kips/ft.
The acceleration of gravity is 32.2 ft/sec2.
Using the single-mode spectral analysis method, the period of the bridge (sec) in the longitudinal
direction is most nearly:
o A. 0.17
o B. 0.26
o C. 0.34
o D. 0.50
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 161 NEXT
Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
9. The figure shows a building with four braced frames and the corresponding seismic forces, E, in
the two perpendicular directions.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
Design Data:
Seismic Design Category D
Assumptions:
Ignore the vertical seismic load effects given in ASCE 7, [Link].
Redundancy factor ρ is 1.0.
Load combinations of ASCE 7, 12.4.3 are not required.
The maximum axial force (kips) in Column AD due to the seismic forces, E is most nearly:
o A. 16.0
o B. 16.8
o C. 19.6
o D. 28.0
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
10. The figure shows a section at a pier of a multispan, continuous slab bridge.
Design Code:
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Assumptions:
Seismic Zone 4
Columns are fixed at top and bottom.
Response modification factor, R = 1.0
The maximum moment (ft-kips) in each column due to the 50-kip transverse horizontal load at the
pier is most nearly:
o A. 25
o B. 250
o C. 500
o D. 1,000
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
11. The computer-generated maximum and minimum vertical support reactions are given for Node 1
of Frame A in the figure.
Design Code:
IBC: International Building Code
Design Data:
Dead load = 200 plf
Live load = 200 plf
Maximum Minimum
Node 1
(kips) (kips)
ASD 9.5 –6.3
LRFD 16.9 –10.7
Assumptions:
The vertical reactions were calculated based on all applicable load combinations.
Frame is located in parking garage.
The service level wind force FW (kips) at the top of Frame A is most nearly:
o A. 6
o B. 10
o C. 11
o D. 20
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
12. An ordinary concentric braced frame that is part of a detention facility is shown in the figure.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
Design Data:
Seismic Design Category C
The allowable seismic story drift (in.) for the first level is most nearly:
o A. 0.3
o B. 1.4
o C. 3.6
o D. 4.8
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
13. The figure shows a one-story, steel-frame building with a metal deck diaphragm with 2 in. of
insulating concrete fill.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
Design Data:
Seismic Design Category D
The ASD seismic base shear V is 50 kips in each principal direction.
Assumptions:
All indicated ordinary moment frames (OMF) have identical strength and stiffness.
The drift of the OMF at Grid 1 and Grid 5 for the base shear is 1 in. and 1/2 in., respectively.
The maximum diaphragm deflection at midspan for north-south loading is 3.5 in.
The seismic design load (kips) for the OMF along Grid Line 1 is most nearly:
o A. 16.7
o B. 21.7
o C. 32.5
o D. 41.5
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
14. The figure shows elevation and plan views at a corner of a two-story residential building with a
second-story shear wall along Grid Line A.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
NDS: National Design Specification for Wood Construction with NDS Supplement: Design
Values for Wood Constructions
NDS: Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic
Design Data:
Wood framing: Douglas Fir-Larch No.1
Plywood sheathing: 15/32" Structural I
Assumptions:
Grid lines are at centerlines of studs.
Ignore eccentric forces.
Which of the following will avoid a constructability issue?
I. Move corner post east to replace king and jack studs. Locate hold-down at corner post.
II. Locate hold-down at north face of corner post.
III. Remove the king and jack studs closest to the corner post. Extend the headers and sill
to the corner post. Locate the hold-down at the corner post.
IV. Locate the hold-down at the jack stud.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 168 NEXT
Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
14. (Continued)
o A. I, II, III
o B. II, III, IV
o C. III only
o D. II, III only
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
15. The following data apply to an office building in a seismic zone.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
Design Data:
Seismic Design Category = D
Building height = 175 ft
Assumptions:
No irregularities
Maximum lateral force in any one plane of lateral resisting elements is 50% of the total lateral
force.
Which of the following systems is not allowed?
o A. Special reinforced concrete shear walls
o B. Special steel concentrically braced frames
o C. Special steel moment frames
o D. Special reinforced masonry shear walls
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 170 NEXT
Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
16. The figure shows a braced frame connection at the beam/brace location.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
AISC: Steel Construction Manual
AISC: Seismic Design Manual
Design Data:
Pipe steel braces: ASTM A53, Grade B
The vertical portion of the earthquake effect E (kips) in the beam at the point of the connection is
most nearly:
o A. 111
o B. 155
o C. 166
o D. 255
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 171 NEXT
Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
17. The figure shows a steel ordinary moment frame.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
AISC: Steel Construction Manual
Assumptions:
The connection between the beam and column is a moment connection.
The columns are laterally braced in the plane perpendicular to the frame at the beam-column
joint.
The effective length required for stability check for Column 1 and Column 2 is most nearly:
o A. 0.65 L
o B. 1.00 L
o C. 1.20 L
o D. 2.00 L
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 172 NEXT
Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
18. An office building is supported by special concentrically braced frames.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
AISC: Seismic Design Manual
Design Data:
Seismic Design Category D
Hollow structural section tubes: A500, Grade C
Assumption:
Amplified seismic brace force = 175 kips
The required tensile strength (kips) of the bracing connection is most nearly:
o A. ASD = 60
LRFD = 90
o B. ASD = 80
LRFD = 120
o C. ASD = 100
LRFD = 150
o D. ASD = 120
LRFD = 175
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 173 NEXT
Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
19. The figure shows a line diagram of a braced frame.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
AISC: Steel Construction Manual
AISC: Seismic Design Manual
Design Data:
Table 1 shows computer output for all frame members.
Special steel concentric braced frame
Fy = 50 ksi for HSS
Fy = 50 ksi for WF
E = 29,000 ksi
The connection at N1 for Member M4 must be designed for a required tensile strength (kips) of
most nearly:
Table 1
Axial Force
Member No. Section
(kips)
M1 W1250 –100
M2 W1250 100
M3 W1250 0
M4 HSS441/4 –71
M5 HSS441/4 –71
M6 HSS441/4 70
M7 HSS441/4 70
o A. 71
o B. 142
o C. 155
o D. 219
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
20. The end condition of a braced wall is shown in the figure.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
AISI S100: North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural
Members with AISI S240-15 and AISI S400-15/S1-16
Design Data:
Tension force, T = 2 kips (strength level seismic load)
Fu = 62 ksi for connection plate and strap brace material
Material thickness of connection plate and strap brace = 0.0566 in.
Assumptions:
Connection plate is adequately attached to wall framing, and wall is adequately attached to
foundation.
Minimum spacing and edge distance requirements for the screws in the connection are satisfied.
Use ASD or LRFD.
The minimum number of 1/8-in.-diameter screws required to connect the strap brace to the connection
plate is:
o A. 2
o B. 4
o C. 6
o D. 8
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 175 NEXT
Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
21. The figure shows a detail of a structure with a plywood diaphragm roof and tilt-up concrete
bearing/shear walls.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
Design Data:
Concrete density = 130 pcf
Assumptions:
SDS = 0.90
Ie = 1.0
Seismic Design Category D
ka = 2.0 (amplification factor for diaphragm flexibility)
The anchorage force Fp (kips) at each anchor is most nearly:
o A. 2.1
o B. 1.7
o C. 1.3
o D. 1.0
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 176 NEXT
Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
22. A concrete pier column is supported by a spread footing.
Design Code:
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Design Data:
fc = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
Assumptions:
Bridge is in Seismic Zone 3.
All applicable modification factors should be included for development length.
Normal-weight concrete
Uncoated steel reinforcement
er = 1.0
The development length (in.) into the footing for the vertical column reinforcing is most nearly:
o A. 30
o B. 36
o C. 46
o D. 60
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
23. A cast-in-place concrete wall is to be constructed at a location where there is a low exterior
grade. The wall is to be pinned at the interior slab-on-grade for wind design.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
Assumption:
Pre-made formwork cannot be modified.
Which of the following details shown could be used to construct the wall in a practical manner?
o A. 1 and 2
o B. 2 and 3
o C. 1 and 3
o D. 2 and 4
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 178 NEXT
Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
24. The figure shows a 16-in. 16-in. concrete column of a multistory, unbraced, reinforced concrete
frame.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
For the given factored moments in the column, the maximum factored shear (kips) in the column
is most nearly:
o A. 2.8
o B. 3.8
o C. 4.3
o D. 10.4
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 179 NEXT
Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
25. A plywood shear wall with horizontal seismic loads is shown.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
NDS: National Design Specification for Wood Construction with NDS Supplement: Design
Values for Wood Constructions
NDS: Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic
Design Data:
All dead loads have been reduced.
All seismic loads are at service level.
Assumption:
All vertical seismic loads are resisted by the outer shear wall chords.
The uplift force (kips) on the holddown is most nearly:
o A. 0
o B. 2.25
o C. 5.75
o D. 8.10
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
26. The roof diaphragm of a single-story building is shown.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
NDS: National Design Specification for Wood Construction with NDS Supplement: Design
Values for Wood Constructions
NDS: Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic
Design Data:
= 1.0 if LRFD method is used.
Wind load, W = 333 plf
Assumption:
CM = Ct = Cg = C = Ceg = Cdi = Ctn = 1.0
The number of 10d common nails required on each side of the splice to connect the two 2 Spruce
Pine-Fir top plates together for the diaphragm chord force at Point A is most nearly:
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
26. (Continued)
o A. ASD = 25
LRFD = 31
o B. ASD = 30
LRFD = 37
o C. ASD = 39
LRFD = 48
o D. ASD = 47
LRFD = 58
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Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
27. The figure shows an 8-in. reinforced concrete masonry wall.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
Design Data:
Roof dead load = 15 psf
Roof snow load = 40 psf (non-reducible)
Average wall dead load = 54 psf
Wind load (pressure or suction) = 33 psf
Assumptions:
Roof dead load and snow loads act at joist-to-ledger connection.
Seismic forces do not govern.
For the load combination Equation 16-13, the maximum design moment (ft-lb/ft) for the masonry
wall is most nearly:
o A. 105
o B. 360
o C. 435
o D. 600
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 184 NEXT
Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
28. A plan and elevation of a masonry shear wall are shown.
Design Codes:
IBC: International Building Code
ASCE 7: Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
TMS 402/602: Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry Structures
Design Data:
Seismic Design Category B
8" CMU block
fc' = 3 ksi at 28 days
Assumptions:
Reinforcing is laid in running bond.
All horizontal reinforcing terminates at end of wall in a 180° hook around vertical reinforcing.
All reinforcing is #4.
The reinforcing shown meets the requirements for:
o A. an ordinary reinforced masonry shear wall
o B. an intermediate reinforced masonry shear wall
o C. a special reinforced masonry shear wall
o D. A and B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 185 NEXT
Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
29. The figure shows column pile caps interconnected by a grade beam that acts as a seismic tie.
Design Code:
IBC: International Building Code
Design Data:
Seismic Design Category D
SDS = 0.75
Assumption:
Ignore weight of pile cap.
The design strength force P (kips) to be resisted by the grade beam in tension or compression is
most nearly:
o A. 25
o B. 60
o C. 88
o D. 180
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 186 NEXT
Lateral Forces Breadth Questions
30. The figures show an elevation view and a plan view of a bridge pier founded in rock.
Design Code:
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Design Data:
Factored transverse force applied at top of pier cap = 39 kips
Factored longitudinal force applied at top of pier cap = 16 kips
Factored total vertical load from superstructure applied to pier = 740 kips
Factored dead load of pier = 195 kips
Assumption:
Ignore earth load.
The maximum factored contact pressure (ksf) for the structural design of the foundation on rock
is most nearly:
o A. 6.0
o B. 5.2
o C. 4.8
o D. 3.9
Solutions begin on page 228.
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LATERAL FORCES DEPTH
BUILDINGS QUESTIONS
189
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
Figure A shows a six-story hospital building with steel special concentrically braced frames.
Use the following as a basis of design unless otherwise noted in the individual questions.
Material Specifications:
Concrete: fc' = 4 ksi at 28 days
Concrete density = 150 pcf
Steel reinforcement: ASTM A615, fy = 60 ksi
W shapes: ASTM A992, Fy = 50 ksi
Steel plates, angles, and channels: ASTM A36, Fy = 36 ksi
Hollow round, square, rectangular: ASTM A500, Grade C
Metal deck: ASTM A653, 18 gauge
Weld electrode: E70XX
Anchor rod: F1554, Fy = 36 ksi
Steel bolts: ASTM A490X
Loading Criteria:
Roof dead load = 90 psf
Floor dead load = 90 psf
Roof live load = 20 psf (nonreducible)
Floor live load = 100 psf
Seismic Loads:
Ss = 1.16
S1 = 0.34
Site class D
SDS = 0.93
SD1 = 0.44
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
(Continued)
TABLE 1
Design Story Forces
at Grid Line E
Roof 120 kips
Sixth 110 kips
Fifth 88 kips
Fourth 66 kips
Third 44 kips
Second 22 kips
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 197
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
1. Based on the following brace capacities, the design axial load PU-BM (kips) for Beam B2 at the
sixth floor is ____________.
Pcre (kips) Tne (kips)
HSS5×5 230 510
HSS6×6 390 630
Enter your response in the blank.
2. Based on the following information, the lightest W36 beam at the roof is _____________.
Effective brace length KL = 18 ft
Assume HSS5×5×1/2 braces between the sixth floor and the roof.
Base the member size on flexure only.
Enter your response in the blank.
3. Based on the story forces provided in Table 1 and effective brace length KL = 18 ft, the lightest
round hollow steel section using a round HSS 7.500 brace member is:
HSS 7.500 × ______________.
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
4. Which elements as shown in the figure are required to be designed for overstrength?
Select the three that apply.
□ A. Column C1
□ B. Column C2
□ C. Column C3
□ D. Column C4
□ E. Column C5
□ F. Beam B1
□ G. Beam B2
□ H. Beam B3
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 199
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
5. The governing axial force for Beam B3 in Figure F is:
___________ kips (ASD)
___________ kips (LRFD)
Provide only one answer. The correct answer must be provided in the appropriate blank to
be scored correct.
6. Based on the figure, the number of bolts required to transfer the axial force to the special
concentric brace frame is:
___________ (ASD)
___________ (LRFD)
Provide only one answer. The correct answer must be provided in the appropriate blank to
be scored correct.
Axial Force FA
Including Overstrength
ASD 557 kips
LRFD 796 kips
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
7. For the brace-to-beam connection shown, the following data apply:
HSS5×5:
Pcre = 230 kips
Tne = 510 kips
Consider the post buckling condition only.
Match the correct value to the required forces (kips) for the fillet weld connecting the gusset
plate to the W36 beam.
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
8. What is the required weld length for connecting the HSS5×5 brace to the gusset plate?
HSS5×5:
Pcre = 230 kips
Tne = 510 kips
L = ___________ in. (ASD)
L = ___________ in. (LRFD)
Provide only one answer. The correct answer must be provided in the appropriate blank to
be scored correct.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 202
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
9. Select the three protected zones for the brace shown.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 203
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
10. Which of the following items are strictly prohibited in the protected zones for the special
concentrically braced frame along Grid Line E as shown in Figure F?
Select the three that apply.
□ A. Attachment of steel deck
□ B. Erection aids
□ C. Bolted attachments
□ D. Repairs
□ E. Welded attachments
□ F. Grinding
11. Which of the following horizontal and vertical irregularities exist in this building?
Select the two that apply.
□ A. Torsional
□ B. Reentrant corner
□ C. Out-of-plane offset
□ D. Stiffness—soft story
□ E. Vertical geometric
□ F. In-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral—resisting element
□ G. Discontinuity in lateral strength—weak story
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 1
12. Which of the following options satisfy a requirement of stability bracing at the braced frame
beams?
Select the two that apply.
□ A. Option A
□ B. Option B
□ C. Option C
□ D. Option D
□ E. Option E
□ F. Option F
Solutions begin on page 246.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 205
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
Figure A shows a one-story office building with a wood roof framing system and masonry exterior
walls.
Use the following as a basis of design unless otherwise noted in the individual questions.
Material Specifications:
Masonry: fm' = 2,000 psi
Grout: fc' = 2,000 psi
Wood joists and studs: Douglas Fir-Larch No. 2
Cm = 1.0
CT =1.0
CL = 1.0
Cf = 1.0
Ci = 1.0
Plywood sheathing: 15/32 in. Structural I
Steel bolts: ASTM A325
Steel anchors (to masonry): fy = 36 ksi
Loading Criteria:
Roof dead load = 20 psf
Wall dead load = 60 psf
Roof live load = 20 psf (nonreducible)
Wind load:
Basic wind speed (ultimate): 129 mph Risk Category I
142 mph Risk Category II
154 mph Risk Category III
161 mph Risk Category IV
Exposure C
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
(Continued)
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
(Continued)
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
(Continued)
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 209
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
1. Design Data:
Base wind speed = 142 mph
Exposure B
K2t = 1.0
Ke = 1.0
The wind velocity pressure qn (psf) at the top of the building's parapet is __________.
Enter your response in the blank.
2. Based on a wind velocity pressure of 40 psf and vertical reinforcement at 16 in. o.c., the wind
design force p (psf) at the top of the windward parapet at Grid Line 5 is __________.
Enter your response in the blank.
3. Based on a wind velocity pressure of 40 psf and vertical reinforcement at 16 in. o.c., the
building's leeward parapet design wind pressure Ptotal (psf) at Grid Line 5 is __________.
Enter your response in the blank.
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
4. Assumptions:
qh = 35 psf at 15 ft above floor slab
qh = 40 psf at 20 ft above floor slab
Total leeward parapet design wind pressure = 85 psf
Anchorage from the wall to the roof has an effective wind area of 50 ft2.
Enclosed building
The wind loads RB (plf of roof) from the leeward wall at Grid Line 5 that are resisted by the roof
diaphragm are __________.
Enter your response in the blank.
5. Based on the wind pressures in the table, the maximum moment Mmax (lb-ft) in the wall shown in
Figure A is __________.
Enter your response in the blank.
Height (ft) Pressure (psf)
0–15 32
15–20 35
20–24 36
6. Based on Figure A, the maximum spacing of #5 vertical bar reinforcement for bars placed at the
center of the 8-in. CMU wall is:
___________ in2 o.c. (ASD)
___________ in2 o.c. (LRFD)
Provide only one answer. The correct answer must be provided in the appropriate blank to
be scored correct.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 211
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
7. Assumptions:
qh = 42 psf
Enclosed building
Bridging/blocking fully braces bottom of joists.
Joists are spaced at 16 in. o.c.
The minimum 2× wood joist size required for bending stresses for Joist J1 on the roof framing
plan in Figure B is ___________.
Enter your response in the blank.
8. For a distributed diaphragm wind load W of 2,300 plf (strength/LRFD level) and based on
2× joists and blocking at all panel edges, what are the required horizontal plywood nail size and
spacing, respectively, along Grids 7, 8, and A?
Select the two that apply.
□ A. 8d, 6/6 nailing
□ B. 8d, 4/6 nailing
□ C. 8d, 2 ½/4 nailing
□ D. 8d, 2/3 nailing
□ E. 10d, 6/6 nailing
□ F. 10d, 4/6 nailing
□ G. 10d, 2 ½/4 nailing
□ H. 10d, 2/3 nailing
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 212
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
9. Which of the following statements are true due to the presence of the diaphragm opening for
north-south wind loads shown in Figure B?
Select the two that apply.
□ A. Increased plywood nailing is required to the west side of Point A versus nailing to the
east side of Point A.
□ B. Straps are required between the wood beams on Grid Line B at Grid Lines 9 and 10.
□ C. Straps are required at the north-south spanning beam on the east side of the opening to
a joist or blocking north of Grid Line B.
□ D. Blocking and straps are required east of the wood beam on the north side of the
opening.
□ E. At Grid Line 10, straps or similar hardware is required between the north-south joists
on either side of the posts on Grid Lines B and C.
□ F. Steel tension X-rod bracing is required to reinforce the opening.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 213
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
10. Select the two items necessary to check for transfer of diaphragm loads into in-plane shear in the
CMU shear wall shown.
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Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
11. Label the minimum connection components necessary to resist 1,000-lb (ASD) wind uplift at
the beam-to-post and post-to-concrete connections shown. Components may be used more than
once.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 215
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Questions Scenario 2
12. Based on a distributed diaphragm wind load W of 2,300 plf (strength/LRFD level), the in-plane
unit shear demand on the Grid Line 3 shear wall as shown in Figure C is:
___________ plf (ASD)
___________ plf (LRFD)
Provide only one answer. The correct answer must be provided in the appropriate blank to
be scored correct.
Solutions begin on page 254.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 216
LATERAL FORCES DEPTH
BRIDGES QUESTIONS
217
Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
Figure A shows the elevation and plan view of a two-span continuous reinforced concrete box girder
bridge located in a seismic zone. The substructure is composed of three piers, each with two circular
columns fixed at the top and bottom. Figure B shows the transverse section of the piers. Foundations are
directly cast upon hard rock.
Use the following as a basis of design unless otherwise noted in the individual questions.
Material Specifications:
Weight of concrete = 0.150 kcf
Yield strength of reinforcement, fy = 60 ksi
Weight of each parapet = 0.420 klf
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, Ec = 3,403 ksi
Peak seismic ground acceleration coefficient on rock, PGA = 0.55
Horizontal response spectral acceleration coefficient at 0.2-sec period on rock: Ss = 1.40
Horizontal response spectral acceleration coefficient at 1.0-sec period on rock: S1 = 0.58
Average shear wave velocity for the upper 100 ft of soil profile: Vs >5,000 ft/sec
The following properties of the box girder have been calculated:
Self-weight, typical voided section = 8.77 klf
Distance from bottom fiber to neutral axis = 3.00 ft
Assumptions:
In computing member section properties, gross area of the concrete must be considered.
For Pier 2, the dead load reactions at the base of the columns have been calculated and are shown
in Figure C. Due to symmetry, there are no moments or shears at the base of the columns of Pier 2
in the longitudinal direction due to dead load.
Importance category: Other
γEQ = 0
The deflected shape of the superstructure due to a uniform transverse force can be assumed to be a
uniform transverse displacement.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 218 NEXT
Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
(Continued)
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Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
(Continued)
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 220 NEXT
Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
1. The bridge is located in Seismic Zone _____.
Enter your response in the blank.
2. Which of the following must be included in the weight used to compute the period of the
structure?
Select the four that apply.
□ A. Box girder self-weight
□ B. Column self-weight
□ C. Footing self-weight
□ D. Soil above footing weight
□ E. Crossbeam self-weight
□ F. Parapet self-weight
3. Assume only half the mass of the columns contributes to the weight of the structure. The weight
(kips) of the structure used to compute the period of the structure is ________.
Enter your response in the blank.
4. Select all the components that contribute to the longitudinal stiffness of the structure.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 221 NEXT
Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
5. Match the correct stiffness (kips/ft) to the corresponding total stiffness in each direction.
6. Design Data:
KPier 1 = 15,000 kips/ft
KPier 2 = 20,000 kips/ft
KPier 3 = 15,000 kips/ft
Total mass of the structure, W = 6,000 kips
Match the correct values to the corresponding components when computing the longitudinal period
of the structure.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 222 NEXT
Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
7. Design Data:
Total mass of structure, Wtotal = 6,000 kips
SD1 = 0.5
SDS = 1.3
Tlong = 0.4 sec
KPier 1 = 15,000 kips/ft
KPier 2 = 20,000 kips/ft
KPier 3 = 15,000 kips/ft
The longitudinal seismic force (kips) at Pier 2 is _____________.
Enter your response in the blank.
8. Design Data:
Longitudinal seismic force at Pier 2, VL, Pier 2 = 2,000 kips
Match the correct values to the corresponding components when computing the longitudinal
forces at the bottom of a Pier 2 column resulting from VL, Pier 2.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 223 NEXT
Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
9. Design Data:
Mass of the structure, W = 20 klf
Elastic seismic response, Csm = 1.2
KPier 1 = 10,000 kips/ft
KPier 2 = 18,000 kips/ft
KPier 3 = 10,000 kips/ft
The longitudinal displacement (in.) of the structure due to EQ is _____________.
Enter your response in the blank.
10. Consider transverse EQ loads only. Which of the following statements are accurate when
computing forces at the bottom of a Pier 2 column?
Select the two that apply.
□ A. Axial force is negligible.
□ B. Column clear height is used in moment calculations.
□ C. Distance from bottom fiber to neutral axis is used in moment calculations.
□ D. Column stiffness is used in shear calculations.
□ E. Column spacing is used in axial force calculations.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 224 NEXT
Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
11. Elastic seismic forces at the bottom of a Pier 2 column are as follows:
Longitudinal EQ Transverse EQ
VL (kips) 800 0
VT (kips) 0 900
P (kips) 0 1,000
ML (ft-kips) 8,000 0
MT (ft-kips) 0 9,000
Match the correct values to the corresponding controlling elastic seismic forces at the bottom of a
Pier 2 column.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 225 NEXT
Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Questions Scenario 1
12. Elastic seismic forces at the bottom of a Pier 2 column are as follows:
Case 1 Case 2
100% Longitudinal + 30% Transverse 30% Longitudinal + 100% Transverse
VL 833 250
VT 300 1,000
P 330 1,100
ML 8,330 2,500
MT 3,000 10,000
Match the correct values to the maximum factored design forces at the bottom of the columns of
Pier 2 for the Extreme Event I load combination.
Solutions begin on page 266.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 226
LATERAL FORCES BREADTH
SOLUTIONS
227
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
Questions begin on page 154.
1. qh 0.00256 K h K zt K d KeV 2 ASCE 7 Eq. 26.10-1
4 30 ft/2 15 15
h
12
17.5 ft
2
Surface Roughness: C ASCE 7 Sec. 26.7.2
Exposure Category: C ASCE 7 Sec. 26.7.3
K h K17.5 0.875 ASCE 7 Table 26.10-1
K zt 1.0
Ke 1.0 ASCE 7 Sec. 26.9 & Table 26.9-1
K d 0.85 ASCE 7 Table 26.6-1
V 120 (Risk Category I IBC Table 1604.5)
qz 0.00256(0.875)(1.0)(0.85)(1.0)(120)2 27.4 psf
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 228
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
2. Fa 1.2 ASCE 7 Table 11.4-1
Fv 1.5 interpolating from ASCE 7 Table 11.4-2
S MS Fa S s 1.2(1.0) 1.2 ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-1
S M 1 Fv S1 1.5(0.15) 0.225 ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-2
S DS 2/3 S MS 2/3(1.2) 0.8 ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-3
S D1 2/3 S M 1 2/3(0.225) 0.15 ASCE 7 Eq. 11.4-4
Determine Seismic Design Category ASCE 7 Table 11.6-1 + Table 11.6-2
Risk Category IV IBC Table 1604.5
SDS is greater than 0.5
S1 < 0.75 ASCE 7 Sec. 11.6
SD1 is between 0.133 and 0.20
Seismic Design Category is D
Ie = 1.5 for Risk Category IV ASCE 7 Table 1.5-2
Response Modification factor, R ASCE 7 Table 12.2-1
Concentric frame (given) has to be special as ordinary not
allowed for buildings with more than one story.
R=6
Find seismic response coefficient, Cs, used in ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-1
T Ta = Ct hnx ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-7
Ct 0.02 and x 0.75 (all other structural systems) ASCE 7 Table 12.8-2
Ta 0.02(40)0.75 0.3181 sec, which is less than TL
(Eq. 12.8-8 cannot be used as not moment frame structure)
S DS
CS ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-2
R Ie
0.8
0.2 but need not exceed (Eq. 12.8-3) T < TL
6 1.5
S D1 0.15
CS 0.1179
T R I 0.3181 (6 1.5)
Shall not be less than ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-5
CS 0.044 S DS I e 0.01 0.044 0.80 1.5 0.0528
CS 0.1
0.1179 governs
W 400 600 600 1, 600 kips
Seismic base shear, V = CsW 0.1179(1, 600) 188.6 kips ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-1
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 229
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
3. Seismic Design Category is D based on ASCE 7, Sec. 11.6; therefore must use special reinforced
masonry shear walls per ASCE 7, Table 12.2-1.
R = 5.0 ASCE 7 Table 12.2-1
Ie = 1 ASCE 7 Table 1.5-2
S DS
CS 0.60 0.120 ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-2
(R / Ie ) 5 /1
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
4. Per AASHTO Table [Link]
Pz = 2.56E-6 V 2 Kz G CD
Wind category is C Kz = 1.0 for H ≤ 33 ft
G = 1.0
CD = 1.3
Pz 2.56 E -6 1002 1.0 1.0 1.3 0.0333 ksf
M unf Fd arm
F Atrib Pz
2 80 ft
Atrib 7 ft 560 ft 2
2
7 ft
d arm 25 ft 28.5 ft
2
M unf 0.0333 560 28.5 531 ft-kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 230
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
5. AASHTO Table [Link]
Pz = 2.56E-6 V2 Kz G CD Kz = 1.0, CD = 1.3, G = 1.0
= 2.56E-6(1002)1(1)1.3
= 0.0333 ksf
A = 70 ft 7.083 ft = 496 ft2 (superstructure)
F = Pz A = 0.0333(496) = 16.5 kips
7.083 ft
M wind on SS 16.5 3 ft 107.9 ft-kips
2
107.9
R pile 4.9 kips
2 11
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
6. Reference: ASCE 7 Sections [Link] and [Link]
Where diaphragms are not flexible, the design shall include the torsional moment due to
eccentricity from the center of gravity plus the accidental torsional moment assuming a
displacement of 5% of building dimension perpendicular to the direction of applied force.
Accidental e = 0.05 100 ft = 5 ft
Existing e = 5 ft
T = (75 kips)(5 ft + 5 ft) = 750 ft-kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: D
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 231
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
7. V = CSW ASCE 7 Eq. 12.8-1
Shear to the left of Member A:
(17)2 40 40
WL 75 psf 2 15 psf 40 39, 094 lb
2(16) 2
2
1'-0"
VL 0.2 39, 094 7,818 lb (for 40-ft diaphragm)
Shear to the right of Member A:
(17)2 60 60
WR 75 psf 2 15 psf 60 67, 641 lb
2(16) 2
2 16'-0"
VR 0.2 67, 641 13,528 lb (for 60-ft diaphragm)
40
Drag force 7,818 13,528 16,837 lb
60
(proportion for 40-ft drag strut)
WALL
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
8. AASHTO Art. C4.7.4.3.2b
303
α vs dx 0.0107 (303 0) 3.24
0
303 303
β w( x)vs ( x)dx 8.8 vs ( x)dx 8.8(3.24) 28.5
0 0
γ w( x) vs ( x)2 dx 0.0107(28.5) 0.305
γ
T 2π
po gα
1/2
0.305
2π
(1.0)(32.2)(3.24)
0.34 sec
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 232
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
9.
Must combine 100% force + 30% force ASCE 7 Sec. 12.5.4 and Sec. 12.5.3a
1.0(12) 0.3(16) 16.8 kips
1.0(16) 0.3(12) 19.6 kips
Maximum PE 19.6 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
10. The shear on each column is 50/2 kips = 25 kips. Assume inflection point is at midheight of
column. Moment = 0 at inflection point.
M = 25 kips 10 ft = 250 ft-kips M M
10'
25 kips
25 kips
M M
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 233
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
11. ASD option:
ASD load combinations per IBC, Section 1605.3.1 involving D, L + W :
Taking counterclockwise moment as positive at Node 2
Eq. 16-15: 0.6 D 0.6 W (uplift condition of R1 6.3, assuming FW acts to right)
M 2 0.6(D)(20 ft)(10 ft) 0.6 FW (15 ft) R1 (20 ft) 0
0 0.6(200 plf )(20 ft)(10 ft) 0.6 FW (15 ft) (6,300 lb) (20 ft)
0.6 FW 10.0 kips (acting to right)
Eq. 16-12: D 0.6 W bearing condition of R1 9.5, assuming FW acts to left
M 2 (D)(20 ft)(10 ft) 0.6 FW (15 ft) R1 (20 ft) 0
0 (200 plf )(20 ft)(10 ft) (0.6 FW ) (15 ft) (9,500 lb)(20 ft)
0.6 FW 10 kips (acting to left)
Eq. 16-13: D + 0.75 L + 0.75 (0.6 W ) (bearing condition of R1 9.5, assuming FW acts to left)
M 2 ( D 0.75 L)(20 ft)(10 ft) 0.75 (0.6 FW ) (15 ft) R1 (20 ft) 0
0 200 plf 0.75(200 plf ) (20 ft)(10 ft) 0.75 (0.6 FW ) (15 ft) (9,500 lb)(20 ft)
0.6 FW 10.7 kips (acting to left)
Since 0.6 FW acts in both directions and must be identical values, 0.6 FW = 10 kips to generate
maximum and minimum R1 values given.
LRFD option:
LRFD load combinations per IBC, Section 1605.2 involving D, L + W :
Taking counterclockwise moment as positive at Node 2:
Eq.16-6: 0.9 D 1.0W (uplift condition of R1 = 10.7, assuming FW acts to right)
M 2 0.9( D)(20 ft)(10 ft) ( FW )(15 ft) R1 (20 ft) 0
0 0.9(200 plf )(20 ft)(10 ft) ( FW )(15 ft) (10, 700 lb) (20 ft)
FW 16.7 kips 0.6 FW 10.0 kips (acting to right)
Eq. 16-3:1.2 D 0.5 W (bearing condition of R1 = +16.9, assuming FW acts to left)
M 2 1.2( D )(20 ft)(10 ft) 0.5 FW (15 ft) R1 (20 ft) 0
0 (1.2)(200)(20 ft)(10 ft) 0.5 FW (15 ft) (16,900)(20 ft) 0
FW 38.7 0.6 FW 23.2 kips (acting to left)
Eq. 16-4:1.2 D 1.0 L 1.0 W (bearing condition of R1 = +16.9, assuming FW acts to left)
M 2 1.2( D ) L) (20 ft)(10 ft) FW (15 ft) R1 (20 ft) 0
0 (1.2)(200) (200) (20 ft)(10 ft) FW (15 ft) (16,900)(20 ft) 0
FW 16.7 kips 0.6 FW 10.0 kips (acting to left)
Since 0.6 FW acts in both directions and must be identical values, 0.6 FW = 10 kips to
generate maximum and minimum R1 values given.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 234
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
12. Detention facilities are classified as Institutional
Group I-3 and in Risk Category III. IBC Sec. 308.4 and Table 1604.5
a 0.015 hsx ASCE 7 Table 12.12-1
hsx 20 ft 12 240 in.
0.015 240 in.
3.6 in.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
13. Check for flexible diaphragm ASCE 7 Sec. [Link] and Figure 12.3-1
MDD > 2 (ADVE)
1.0 0.5
ADVE = 0.75 in.
2
MDD = 3.5 – 0.75 = 2.75 in.
2.75 > 2(0.75) diaphragm is flexible
Grid Line 1 has only one bay of seismic
force-resisting frame. ASCE 7 Sec. 12.3.4.2b Table 12.3-3
For OMFC Grid Line 1:
1/2" ADVE 1"
QE = (1.3)(50 kips)(0.5)
= 32.5 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 235
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
14. I. Corner post must align with corner post from second floor to transfer forces.
II. Keeping hold-down at corner post but moving to perpendicular wall avoids conflict with
framed opening.
III. Widening opening resolves conflict with jack and king studs; however, window opening
will require blocking to correct opening size.
IV. Locating hold-down at jack stud does not provide tension hold-down for boundary
element in shear wall.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: D
15. The height limit for special reinforced masonry shear walls is 160 ft per ASCE 7, Table 12.2-1
and does not meet the exception of ASCE 7, Sec. [Link] referenced in Table 12.2-1, footnote e,
which says the height limit may be increased for systems having no irregularities and < 60% of
lateral force resisted in any line.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: D
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 236
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
16. The beam is required to resist the forces from one brace in
tension and 30% of one brace in compression. AISC SDM Sec. F2.3
Expected brace strength in tension:
RyFyAg
R y 1.6 AISC SDM Table A3.1
Fy 35 ksi AISC Table 2-4
Ag of 4-in.-dia. STD pipe 2.96 in 2 AISC Table 1-14
R y Fy Ag (1.6)(35)(2.96) 166 kips
4
Vertical component = (166 kips) 133 kips
5
Expected braced strength in compression:
Lesser of RyFyAg (166 kips) and 1.14 Fcre Ag AISC SDM Sec. F2.3
Fcre = Fcr using RyFy for Fy
r of 4 in.-dia. STD pipe = 1.51 in. AISC Table 1-14
KL 12 ft 12 95.4
r 1.51 in.
4.71 E 4.71 29, 000 ksi 107.2
Ry Fy 1.6 35 ksi
R y Fy
Fcre 0.658 Fe Ry Fy AISC Eq. E3-2
Fe = E 2
2
AISC Eq. E3-4
KL
r
29, 000 ksi
2
Fe = 31.4 ksi
95.4
2
1 6 35 ksi
Fcre = 0.658 31 4 ksi 1.6 35 ksi 26.5 ksi
1.14 Fcre Ag 1.14 26.5 ksi 2.96 in 2 89 kips Controls
0.3 1.14 Fcre Ag 0.3 89 kips 27 kips
Vertical component = 4 27 kips 22 kips
5
The vertical portion of the earthquake effect, E =133 22 =111 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: A
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 237
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
17. K = 2.0 (Condition f) AISC Table C-A-7.1
KL = 2L
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: D
18. Ry = 1.3 AISC SDM Table A3.1
Fy = 50 ksi AISC SDM Table 1-5b
ASD option: AISC SDM Sec. F2.6c(1)
R y F y Ag (1.3)(50 ksi)(2.24 in 2 )
97.1 kips
1.5 1.5
LRFD option:
R y Fy Ag (1.3)(50 ksi)(2.24 in 2 ) 145.6 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
19. The required tensile strength is the lesser of:
a. The expected yield strength, in tension, of the brace: RyFyAg AISC SDM Sec. F2.6c(1)
b. The maximum load effect that can be transferred to the system
Ry = 1.3 HSS ASTM A500 Grade C AISC SDM Table A3.1
Ag = 3.37 in2
RyFyAg = (1.3)(50 ksi)(3.37 in2)
= 219 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: D
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 238
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
20. 0.0566
t2 /t1 1
0.0566
Use AISI Eq. J4.3.1-1 to J4.3.1-3
Pnv (4.2) (t2 )3 (d )(Fu 2 ) AISI Eq. J4.3.1-1
(4.2) (0.0566)3 (0.125)(62)
1.24
Pnv (2.7)(t1 )(d )( Fu1 ) AISI Eq. J4.3.1-2 + J4.3.1-3
= (2.7)(0.0566)(0.125)(62)
= 1.18 controls
Pnv 2.7 t2 d Fu 2
2.7 0.0566 0.125 62
1.18
ASD option:
Pns 1.18
0.393 kip
3.00
0.7 E 0.7(2 kips) = 1.4 kips
1.4
3.56 4 screws
0.393
LRFD option:
Pns (0.5)(1.18) 0.590 kip
2.0
3.39 4 screws
0.590
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 239
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
21. 7.25 in.
Weight of 1-ft panel width (130 pcf ) 78.5 psf
12
Fp 0.4S DS I eWP ASCE 7 Sec.12.11-1
W
Wp (l + a)2 (Propped cantilever reaction at diaphragm)
2l
78.5 psf
Wp (23 ft + 3 ft)2 1,154 lb
2(23 ft)
Fp 0.4(0.9)(1.0)(1,154) = 415 plf
For 2 ft o.c. (415 plf)(2 ft) = 831 lb
Fp 0.4S DS ka IeW p ASCE 7 Sec.[Link]
Fp 0.4(0.9)(2.0)(1.0))(1,154) 831 plf
For 2 ft o.c. (831 plf)(2 ft) = 1,662 lb controls
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
rl cf rc er
22. ld = ldb AASHTO [Link].1a-1
fy
ldb 2.4db ; db 1.27 in., f y 60 ksi, f c 4 ksi AASHTO [Link].1a-2
f c
2.4 1.27 60 91.4 in.
4
rl 1.0; cf 1.0 not coated ; 1.0; assume er 1.0
db 1.27 in.
rc
cb + K tr cb K tr
cb smaller of (center of bar to face of member or 1/2 c/c bar sp.)
cb min 2-in. cover + 0.5-in. spiral + 1/2 1.27-in. bar , 1 / 2 5-in. spacing
cb 2.5 in.
1.27 in.
rc 0.28 0.4; therefore, use 0.4 Ktr 40 Atr / sn
2.5 2
Atr 0.2 in 2 ; s 4 in.; n 1
Ktr = 40 0.2 / 4 1 2
ld 91.4 in. 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.0
1.0
36.6 in. 1.25 45.8 in. AASHTO [Link]
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 240
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
23. The correct answer is Details 1 and 2. Detail 3 requires penetrating the formwork (formwork cannot
be modified). Detail 4 requires welding at an inaccessible area.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: A
24. M u 90 22.3 96.7 22.3 51.3 ft-kips
M u 51.3
Vu 4.28 kips
Lc 12.0
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
25. Overturning moment at bottom corner
M 3 kips(17 ft) 2 kips(9 ft) (3 kips 1 kip 2 kips 1 kip)(6 ft) 27 ft-kips
Tension at holddown
27 ft-kips
T 2.25 kips
12 ft
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 241
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
26. ASD option:
M
Diaphragm chord force
b
0.6WX
MX l x Note: Load factor = 0.6 for wind for service level
2
(0.6)(333)(25)
M @ 25 ft 100 25 187, 310 ft-lb
2
187,310 ft-lb
Chord force 4, 683 lb
40 ft
Z 100 lb for 10d common nail NDS Table 12N
Z ZC D
100 lb (1.6) 160 lb NDS Table 2.3.2
4, 683 lb
Number of nails required 29.3
160 lb
Use (30) 10d common nails
LRFD option:
M
Diaphragm chord force
b
WX
M uX l x
2
(333)(25)
M u @ 25 ft 100 25 312,190 ft-lb
2
312,190 ft-lb
Chord force 7,805 lb
40 ft
Z 100 lb for 10d common nail NDS Table 12N
Z ZK F Z
K F 3.32 NDS Table 11.3.1
Z 0.65 NDS Table 11.3.1
Z 100(3.32)(0.65)(1.0) 216 lb
7,805 lb
Number of nails required 36.1
216 lb
Use (37) 10d common nails
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 242
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
27. Equation 16-13: D + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75S
1
Proof 12 ft (15 psf) + 0.75[(12 ft)(40 psf)] 540 plf
2
7.625 in.
e 3.5 in. 7.31 in.
2
M roof 540 plf (7.31 in.)/12 in./ft 329 ft-lb/ft
M wind @ midheight 0.75 [0.6 (33 psf) (12 ft) 2 /8] 270 ft-lb/ft
M midheight (approximate max) 270 (329 / 2) 435 ft-lb/ft
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
28. Vertical reinforcement (>0.20 in2) TMS 402 Sec. [Link].1
Within 16 in. of openings
Within 8 in. of each side of movement joints
At corners
Within 8 in. of end of walls
At maximum spacing of 120 in. o.c.
Not required at openings smaller than 16 in.
Horizontal reinforcement
0.20 in2 @ 120 in. o.c. min.
At bottom and top of wall openings and shall extend 24 in. but not less than 40% past
the opening
Within 16 in. of top of wall
Not required at openings smaller than 16 in.
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: A
29. Pile Cap A
1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2(200) + 1.6(300) = 720 kips IBC Sec. 1605.2
Pile Cap B
1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2(280) + 1.6(520) = 1,168 kips
Seismic tie tension or compression IBC Sec. 1810.3.13
1,168 S DS 1,168(0.75)
T=C = 87.6 kips
10 10
T = C = 0.25 × 720 = 180 kips
T = C = 88 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: C
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 243
Lateral Forces Breadth Solutions
30. R = 740 + 195 = 935 kips AASHTO [Link]
M T 39(26 ft) 1, 014 ft-kips
M L 16(26 ft) 416 ft-kips
1, 014
eT 1.08 ft L 0.9 20 0.45 9.0
935 2
eT /L 1.08 0.054
20
eL 416 0.44 ft B 0.9 12 0.45 5.4 AASHTO [Link]
935 2
eL /B 0.44 0.037
12
qmax R 1 6eT /L 6eL /B AASHTO [Link] 2
A
qmax 935 1 6(0.054) 6(0.037)
(20)(12)
6.02 ksf
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: A
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 244
LATERAL FORCES DEPTH
BUILDINGS SOLUTIONS
245
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
Questions begin on page 198.
1.
Roof frame story shear capacity:
VEC-R = [510 kips + 0.3(230 kips)]cos 46.1° = 401 kips
Sixth-floor frame story shear capacity:
VEC-6 = [630 kips + 0.3(390 kips)]cos 46.1° = 518 kips
Story frame forces:
FR = 401 kips at roof
F6 = 518 kips – 401 kips = 117 kips
Axial force in Beam B2
PU-BM = 117 kips + (510 kips – 117 kips)cos 46.1° = 390 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 270 to 400
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 246
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
2. ASD (Allowable Design)
P = [1.0 + 0.14(0.93)]14 kips + 334 kips = 238 kips
1.5
M = 238 kips (25 ft) = 1,490 ft-kips
4
Select a W36×160
Mr
1, 560 kips-ft
LRFD (Strength Design)
HSS5×5×1/2, A = 7.88 in2, r = 1.82 in.
KL 18 ft(12)
119
r 1.82
Fye = 1.3(50 ksi) = 65 ksi
then Pcre
0.9
16 ksi
7.88 in 1.14 160 kips; 0.3Pcre 48
2
Tne = (65 ksi)(7.88 in2) = 512 kips
Punbal = (512 kips – 48 kips)sin 46.1° = 334 kips
PD = (12.5 ft)(12.5 ft)(90 psf) = 14 kips
PU = [1.2 + 0.2(0.93)]14 kips + 334 kips = 354 kips
MU = 354 kips (25 ft) = 2,210 ft-kips
4
Select a W36×160
ϕMn = 2,340 ft-kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 160
3. Round HSS 7.500 0.375 is correct.
Pn = 199 kips (LRFD); Pall = 132 kips (ASD)
D/t = < 25.7
Selecting a round HSS 7.500 0.250 or HSS 7.500 0.312 is not acceptable.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: 0.3749 < t < 0.3751
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 247
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
4. ASCE 7, Table 12.3-2 Vertical Structural Irregularities
Type 3 in-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral force-resisting element irregularity
See Section [Link]
Overstrength required
12.10 Diaphragms, Chords, and Collectors
[Link] Collector Elements
Overstrength required
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: B, C, H
5. Base shear along Grid Line E from frames above
ΣFBS = 120 + 110 + 88 +66 + 44 = 428 kips
Because brace sizes are not given at the second floor, assume a uniform base shear at frame.
Ω = 2.0 for SCBF, ASCE 7, Table 12.2-1
ASCE 7, [Link] Collector Elements
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 248
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
5. (Continued)
ASD (Allowable Design)
311.2 kips (2) = 622.4 kips
LRFD (Strength Design)
444.5 kips (2) = 889 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: ASD 888 to 890
LRFD 621 to 623
6. Reference: AISC Steel Construction Manual
1 1/8 in. ϕ, A490X bolts given, Abolt = 0.994 in2
Using AISC Table 7-1, Group B, VASD = 41.7 kips, = VLRFD = 62.6 kips
AISC Table 7-17: FU = 150 ksi, FV =84 ksi
AISC Table J3.2: Rn = Fv Abolt, Rn/Ω = 41.7 kips, ϕRn = 62.6 kips
Minimum spacing for 1 1/8 in. ϕ bolt:
AISC Table J3.3: 2 2/3 ϕ = 1.5 in., using center-to-center spacing of 3 in.
T = 25 3/4 in. for W30×124
Vertical dimensions for eight bolts: 1 1/2 in. + 3 in. (7 spaces) + 1 1/2 in. = 24 in.
Minimum number of bolts:
ASD = 557 kips (given)/41.7 kips/bolt = 13.4 ≈ 14 bolts
LRFD = 796 kips (given)/62.6 kips/bolt = 12.7 ≈ 13 bolts
Single row of bolts inadequate
⸫ Use two rows
ASD: 16(41.7) = 667 kips
LRFD: 16(62.6) = 1,001 kips
ASD (Allowable Design)
ASD = 557 kips (given)/41.7 kips/bolt = 13.4 ≈ 14 bolts
LRFD (Strength Design)
LRFD = 796 kips (given)/62.6 kips/bolt = 12.7 ≈ 13 bolts
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: ASD 14
LRFD 13
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 249
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
7.
Design forces:
V = (510 kips + 69 kips)cos 46.1° = 401 kips
T = (510 kips – 69 kips)sin 46.1° = 318 kips
M = 401 kips (18 in.) = 7,220 in.-kips
Alternate solution for moment
TBR1 = (510 kips)sin 46.1° = 367 kips
CBR2 = (69 kips)sin 46.1° = 50 kips
18in.
X= = 17.3 in.
tan 46.1
M = (367 kips + 50 kips)(17.3 in.) = 7,214 in.-kips
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHOWN ABOVE.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 250
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
8. ASD (Allowable Design)
510 kips
= 340 kips
αs
1.5 (LRFD-ASD force level adjustment factor)
Rn
= 0.60(70 ksi)(0.707)(1 / 16) nLs
2
= (0.928 kips/in.)(no. of 1/16)(L)(no. of legs)
= (0.928 kips/in.)(6)(L)(4)
340 kips
L = = 15.3 in. → 16 in.
0.928(6)(4)
LRFD (Strength Design)
Required design force is the greater of the expected yield strength in tension and the expected
strength in compression.
ϕRn ≥ 510 kips = 0.75[0.60(70 ksi)(0.707)(1/16)]nLs
= (1.39 kips/in.)(no. of 1/16)(L)(no. of legs)
= (1.39 kips/in.)(6)(L)(4)
510 kips
L= = 15.3 in. → 16 in.; range 15–17 in.
(1.39)(6)(4)
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: ASD 16
LRFD 15 to 17
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 251
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
9. AISC Seismic Design Manual C-F2.5C, Figure C-F2.14
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHADED ABOVE.
10. Reference: AISC Seismic Design Manual
AISC 341 Section F2.5C Protected Zones
AISC 341 Section D1.3 Protected Zones
AISC 341 Section I2.1 Protected Zones
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: A, C, E
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 252
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 1
11. Torsional irregularity ASCE 7 Table 12.3-1(a)
In-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral force—resisting
element irregularity ASCE 7
Table 12.3-2
Grid Line A:
FXA = 3.71 in.–3.22 in. = 0.49 in. fmax ASCE 7, Section 12.3-2(4)
Grid Line E:
FXE = 2.84 in.–2.58 in. = 0.26 in.
f XA f XE 0.49 in. 0.26 in.
faug = = 0.375 in.
2 2
f 0.49 in.
TIR = max = 1.31 > 1.2
f aug 0.375 in.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: A, F
12.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: C, F
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 253
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
Questions begin on page 210.
Reference: ASCE 7
1. 142 mph, Exposure B
RC II, parapet 20–24 ft
qn = 0.00256(K2)(K2t)(Kd)(Ke)(V) 2
at e of 20 ft, K2 = 0.90; at e of 24 ft, K2 = 0.94
K2t = 1.0, Kd = 0.85, Ke = 1.0
qn = 0.00256(0.94)(1.0)(0.85)(1.0)(142)2 = 28.6 psf
Range: 0.652 to 0.66
28.6 to 28.958
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 28.5 to 29.0
2. Effective wind area = 4(4)/3 = 3.33 < 10 psf; use 10 psf
Wall Zone 4 positive coefficient = +1.0
Roof Zone 2 uplift pressure = –2.3
GCpi = 0 for solid parapet
Footnote 5, Figure 30.3-1
qp = 40 psf, given
p = qp[(CGCp) – (GCpi)] = 40[1.0(0.9) – 0] = 40(–2.3 – 0) = 40(32)
p = 128 psf Figure 30.3-1 Figure 30.3-2A
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 126 to 130
3. q2 = 40 psf
GCpi = 0.00 (solid parapet, open building)
Effective wind area = 4.0 ft × 4.0 ft/3 = 5.32 ft2
GCp = Figure 30.3-1 Reference Footnote 5, Figure 30.3-1
④ = –1.1 × 0.9 = –0.99 = GCp for P4
–1.0 × 0.9 = +0.9 = GCp for P3
P3 = 40 psf (0.9 – ) = 36 psf
P4 = 40 psf (0.99 – ) = 39.6 psf
Ptotal = 75.6 psf
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 74.0 to 77.0
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 254
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
4. GCpi = 0.18±
Find GCp:
Figure 30.3-1: ④ = Range of –0.9 to –1.0
Footnote 5, reduce GCp by 10%
–0.9 × 0.9 = –0.81 – 0.18 = –0.99
–1.0 × 0.9 = –0.90 – 0.18 = –1.08
Design wind pressure P at wall below roof:
34.65psf
0–15 ft = 35 psf = 0.99
1.08
to
37.8 psf
39.6psf
15–20 ft = 40 psf 1.08 = 43.2psf
0.99 to
Parapet wind pressure given as 85 psf
ΣMA = 0:
RB(20 ft) = (85 psf)(4.0 ft)(22 ft)
+
39.6
43.2 (5.0 ft)(17.5 ft)
+
(15 ft)(7.5 ft)
34.7
37.8
20R = 7,480 + 3,465
B 3,780 + 4,253
3,904
20R = 14,849
B 15,513
RB = 742 to 776 plf
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 735 to 785
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 255
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
5. Vbase = 32(10) + (36 – 32)(4)(2.5/20) – 36(4)2/2(20) = 307.5 lb
Maximum moment occurs at X – 307.5/32 = 9.6 ft
Mmax = 307.5(9.6) – 32(9.6)2/2 = 1,477 lb-ft
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 1,400 to 1,550
6. ASD (Allowable Design)
From NCEES PE Structural Reference Handbook:
2jk = (12)(3.81)2(900)/1,080 = 12.1
np = 0.019
npj = 16.11(1,080)(12)/12(3.81)2(32,000)
= 0.041
0.041 > 0.019
At 16 in. o.c.: AS = 0.041(16)(3.81) = 0.15 in2
24 in. o.c.: AS = 0.041(24)(3.81) = 0.23 in2
32 in. o.c.: AS = 0.041(32)(3.81) = 0.30 in2 < 0.31 in2
LRFD (Strength Design)
From NCEES PE Structural Reference Handbook:
R = Mu/bd 2
R = 1,800/0.9(12)(3.81)2 = 183
At R = 183, p = 0.00325
At 16 in. o.c.: AS = 0.00325(16)(3.81) = 0.20 in2
24 in. o.c.: AS = 0.00325(24)(3.81) = 0.30 in2 < 0.31 in2
32 in. o.c.: AS = 0.00325(32)(3.81) = 0.40 in2
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: ASD: 31 to 33
LRFD: 23 to 25
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 256
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
7. Find GCpi: Table 26.13-1 Enclosed Building, GCpi = 0.18 ±
Find GCp: Effective wind area = 16.67 × 1.33 ft = 22 ft2
Joist length Joist spacing
ASCE 7 Figure 303-2A, Zone 2: GCp can be taken with range of –2.0 to –2.2
91.6 psf
Design wind uplift pressure, LRFD/Strength: P = 42 psf 2.0 0.18
2.2 0.18 = to
99.9 psf
91.6 psf 121.8 plf
to
Distributed load on joist: W = 99.6 psf 1.33ft 132.9
to
plf
4,230 lb-ft 50,760 lb-in.
Wl 2 W (16.67 ft)2
Moment in joist: 4,618tolb-ft 55,417lb-in.
to
8 8
Fb = 900 psi DF-L No. 2
NDS 4.3.9 Cr = 1.15, joist
NDS Table 2.3.2 CD = 1.60, wind
Fb' = (900)(1.15)(1.60) = 1,656 psi ASD
For LRFD, Fb' = 0.85(2.54)(1,656 psi) = 3,575 psi
KF Fb' ASD
fb = M/Sreq; set Fb' = fb to solve for Sreq
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 257
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
7. (Continued)
ASD (Allowable Design)
(0.6)(50, 760)
Sreq = 18.39 in 3
1, 656 psi
(0.6)(55, 417)
= 20.08 in 3
1, 656 psi
2 × 10 Sx = 21.39 > 20.08 in3 ⸫ OK; use 2 × 10
LRFD (Strength Design)
Sreq = M/Fb'
50, 760 lb-in.
Sreq = = 14.20 in2
3,575 psi
to
55, 417 lb-in.
= 15.5 in2
3,575 psi
2 × 8 Sx = 13.14 < 14.20 in2⸫ NG
2 × 10 Sx = 21.39 > 15.5 in2 ⸫ OK; use 2 × 10
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 10
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 258
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
8. W = 2,300 plf, strength/LRFD level
LRFD (Strength Design)
Shear at Grid Line 7: V7 = 2,300 plf (30 ft) = 69,000 lb
v7 = 77,400 lb/50 ft = 1,380 lb/ft
Shear at Grid Line 8: v8 = 1/2v7 = 690 lb/ft
2015 NDS, Table 4.2A: D = 0.8
Structural I sheathing
10d nails
2× members
Blocked diaphragm
6/6 nailing capacity = (0.8)(895) = 716 plf
4/6 nailing capacity = (0.8)(1,190) = 952 plf
2 ½/4 nailing capacity = (0.8)(1,790) = 1,432 plf
2/3 nailing capacity = (0.8)(2,045) = 1,636 plf
Grid Line 7: 2½/4 nailing = 1,432 lb-ft > 1,380 lb-ft ⸫ OK; use 2½/4 nailing
Grid Line 8: 6/6 nailing = 716 lb-ft > 690 lb-ft ⸫ OK; use 6/6 nailing
ASD (Allowable Design)
v7 = 0.6(1,548 lb-ft) = 828 lb-ft
v8 = 0.6(774 lb-ft) = 414 lb-ft
2015 NDS, Table 4.2A ASD; capacity Ω = 2.0
6/6 nailing capacity = 895/2 = 447.5 lb-ft
4/6 nailing capacity = 1,190/2 = 595 lb-ft
2 ½/4 nailing capacity = 1,790/2 = 895 lb-ft
2/3 nailing capacity = 2,045/2 = 1,023 lb-ft
Grid Lines A and 7: 2½/4 nailing = 895 lb-ft > 828 lb-ft ⸫ OK; use 2½/4 nailing
Grid Line 8: 6/6 nailing = 447.5 lb-ft > 414 lb-ft ⸫ OK; use 6/6 nailing
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: E, G
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 259
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
9. Option A: True. If the wall reaction is 2,300 plf, the diaphragm shear on the east side of the
opening is 680 plf, and it increases to 1,035 plf above and below the opening.
Option B: True. The presence of the opening causes a moment at the ends of the subdiaphragms
above and below the opening. This moment generates tension and compression forces
at Grid Lines A, B, C, and D.
Option C: False. Due to north-south wind loads, moments in the subdiaphragms above and
below the opening are not created.
Option D: False. The strength and stiffness of the large beams on Grid Lines B and C will
encourage the tension and compression force couple to align with the beams on Grid
Lines B and C.
Option E: False. Straps between the north-south joists on either side of Grid Lines B and C for a
subdiaphragm bounded by Grid Lines 10, 11, A, and D are required but not due to the
presence of the opening.
Option F: False. Tension rod X-bracing is not required in plywood-sheathed diaphragms.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: A, B
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 260
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
10.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHADED ABOVE.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 261
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
11.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHOWN ABOVE.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 262
Lateral Forces Depth—Buildings Solutions Scenario 2
12. ASD (Allowable Design)
(0.6)(2,250 plf) = 1,350 plf
≥ 1,300 to ≤ 1,400 plf
LRFD (Strength Design)
Load to Grid Line 3 = (2,300 lb-in.)(1/2)(30 ft + 60 ft) = 103,500 lb
103,500 lb
Unit shear in Grid Line 3 shear wall = = 2,250 plf
(50 ft 4 ft)
≥ 2,200 to ≤ 2,300 plf
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: ASD: 1,300 to 1,400
LRFD: 2,200 to 2,300
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 263
LATERAL FORCES DEPTH
BRIDGES SOLUTIONS
265
Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
Questions begin on page 221.
Reference: AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
1. Given:
PGA = 0.55
SS = 1.40
S1 = 0.58
Since the soil profile is hard rock, according to Table [Link]-1 the site class is A.
According to Article [Link], the site factors shall be:
FPGA 0.8 Table [Link]-1
Fa 0.8 Table [Link]-2
FV 0.8 Table [Link]-3
AS FPGA PGA 0.8 0.55 0.44 Art.[Link]
SDS Fa Ss 0.8 1.40 1.12
SD1 Fv S1 0.8 0.58 0.46 Figure [Link]-1
0.3 S D1 0.5 Zone 3 Table 3.10.6-1
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 3
2. Option A: Box girder self-weight
Option B: Column self-weight
Option E: Crossbeam self-weight
Option F: Parapet self-weight
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: A, B, E, F
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 266
Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
3. The weights of the superstructure to be calculated include those of the box girder, the added part
of the diaphragms over the pier caps, the parapets, and half the weight of the columns. The average
weight per linear foot is calculated as shown.
wd weight of hollow deck, given 8.77 klf
wc added weight of the diaphragms over the pier caps
3 piers 4 cells (6 ft 4.42 ft 6.25 ft 0.150)/206 1.45 klf
w p weight of two parapets 2 0.420, given 0.84 klf
wc1 half the weight of the four columns of Piers 1 and 3
4[(1.5)2 10 0.15]/206 42.40/206 0.21 klf
wc 2 half the weight of the two columns of Pier 2
2[(2.0)2 10 0.15]/206 37.70/206 0.18 klf
Average weight 11.45 klf
W 11.45 klf (206 ft) = 2,360 kips
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 2,340 to 2,380
4. All three piers/boxes contribute to the longitudinal stiffness of the structure. The components
indicated by the dashed boxes are not correct.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHADED ABOVE.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 267
Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
5. Stiffness is the same in both directions.
K total stiffness of all columns of Piers 1, 2, and 3
K four columns of Piers 1 and 3 and two columns of Pier 2
EI EI
Ktotal 4 12 31 2 12 32
h h
Ec 3, 403 ksi given
Convert Ec to ksf: 3,403 ksi 144 ksf 490, 032 ksf
ksi
use 490, 000 ksf
h 20 ft
4 (34 )
I1 Piers 1 and 3 d 3.98 ft 4 (one column)
64 64
4 (44 )
I 2 Pier 2 d 12.57 ft 4 (one column)
64 64
K Pier 1 K Pier 3 4 columns 12 490, 000 3.98/203 11, 700 kips/ft
K Pier 2 2 columns 12 490, 000 12.58/203 18,500 kips/ft
Ktotal 30, 200 kips/ft
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHOWN ABOVE.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 268
Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
6. K = K Pier 1 + K Pier 2 + K Pier 3 = 50,000
6, 000
T = 2π 0.38 Eq. C4.7.4.32c-3
32.2 (50, 000)
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHOWN ABOVE.
S D1 0.5
7. Ts = = = 0.38 [Link]
S DS 1.3
To = 0.2 Ts = 0.077
S D1
Since Tm > Ts Csm = [Link]-5
Tm
0.5
Csm = = 1.25
0.4
pe = total equivalent static EQ loading = Cs W
pe = 1.25 (6,000) = 7,500 kips
K Pier 2
VL, Pier 2 = pe
Ktotal
Ktotal = 2 (15,000) + 20,000 = 50,000 kips/ft
20, 000
VL, Pier 2 = 7,500 = 3,000 kips
50, 000
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 2,975 to 3,025
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 269
Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
8. 2, 000
VL = 1,000
2
h 20
M L = VL = 1,000 = 10,000
2 2
P = 0 Axial forces due to overturning effect from the longitudinal EQ load are neglible
by inspection.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHOWN ABOVE.
pe (L) C W
9. δ= and pe = sm C [Link].2c-4
K L
Csm W
(L) C W
δ= L = sm
K K
w = 20 klf (206 ft) = 4,120 kips
K = K Pier 1 + K Pier 2 + K Pier 3 = 38,000 kips/ft
1.2 (4,120)
δ= = 0.13 ft = 1.56 in.
38,000
THE CORRECT ANSWER IS: 1.52 to 1.60
10. Option B: Column clear height is used in moment calculations.
Option E: Column spacing is used in axial force calculations.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE: B, E
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 270
Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
11. Load Case 1 = 100% longitudinal + 30% transverse 3.10.8
Load Case 2 = 30% longitudinal + 100% transverse
Case 1 Case 2
VL 800 0.3(800) = 240
VT 0.3(900) = 270 900
ML 8,000 0.3(8,000) = 2,400
MT 0.3(9,000) = 2,700 9,000
Case 2 controls.
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHOWN ABOVE.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 271
Lateral Forces Depth—Bridges Solutions Scenario 1
12.
Case 1, Extreme Event I Case 2, Extreme Event I
VL 0 + 833 = 833 0 + 250 = 250
VT 21 + 300 = 321 21 + 1,000 = 1,021
ML 0 + 8,330/5 = 1,666 0 + 2,500/5 = 500
MT 162 + 3,000/5 = 762 162 + 10,000/5 = 2,162
EXTR = DC + EQ 3.4.1-1
R=5 [Link]-1
By inspection, Case 2 controls.
Vu = 2502 + 1,0212 = 1,051 kips M u = 5002 + 2,1622 = 2,219 ft-kips
THE CORRECT ANSWERS ARE SHOWN ABOVE.
Copyright ©2023 by NCEES 272
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