DID YOU KNOW?

While many animals have a jawbone, humans are the only

species with a chin, a unique feature that distinguishes
them from other primates

12 BHUBANESWAR WEDNESDAY 16 04 2025

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HRITHIK KIRAN BAGADE health policies, such as adjusting drug dos- ing the genomes of pathogens and hosts, re-
ages for ethnic groups known to respond searchers can detect outbreaks early, iden-

H
UMANS have come a long way as the differently due to genetic factors. tify transmission chains, and develop tar-
most dominant species on Earth, Overtime, defeating diseases, both con- geted interventions.
largely due to sophisticated adapta- genital and contagious, is key to the success In 2014, during the Ebola outbreak in West
tions, ingenuity, and the evolution of of humankind. Finding cures and preven- Africa, genome sequencing revealed multi-
a brain capable of abstract thought tion strategies for various diseases, such as ple introductions of the virus into human
and complex planning. However, not polio, smallpox, rabies, and Covid-19, apart populations and allowed researchers to track

MIRACLE
all evolution yields beneficial results. from interventions to contain several types its evolution over time. Similar approaches
Some adaptations have brought unintended of cancers, integrated population genetics were used during the Covid-19 pandemic to
consequences, such as inheritable genetic dis- in some form or the other. Vaccination has monitor the global spread and mutation of
orders. These side effects of evolution have played a huge role in this quest. the virus. Genomic surveillance is now an

IN THE
been passed down through generations, mak- Vaccination programmes today rely heav- integral part of public health infrastructure,
ing the study of genetic disorders vital not ily on the principles of population genetics, enabling a proactive approach to emerging
only to understand human biology, but also to particularly the concept of herd immunity, diseases, rather than a reactive one.
manage, prevent, and treat inherited which occurs when a sizable portion While population genetics offers

GENES
diseases. of the population is immune to a powerful tools for disease control,
Modern humans evolved from ape-like an- disease, thereby arresting its it also raises important ethical
cestors over millions of years, with Homo sa- spread. The effectiveness of vac- and social dilemmas. Genetic
piens appearing in Africa about 200,000 years cines can be influenced by host data must be collected and used
ago. Roughly 70,000 to 100,000 years ago, early genetics. For instance, certain responsibly, with attention to
humans began migrating across the globe, HLA (human leukocyte anti- privacy, consent, and potential
adapting to various climates and geographies. gen) alleles are associated with misuse. There is also a risk of
Environmental shifts, interbreeding with Ne- stronger immune responses to genetic discrimination, where
anderthals and Denisovans, and social behav- vaccines. Population genetic individuals or groups might be
iours all influenced human development. studies help identify such associa- stigmatised based on their genetic
Much of our evolutionary story is recorded in tions, which can be used to design susceptibility to diseases. Equitable
our genomes, where both advantageous traits by evolutionary pressures, especially those ex- mans or evade immune responses. Tracking more effective vaccines tailored to specific access to genetic testing, treatments, and
and harmful mutations reside. erted by infectious diseases over centuries. the frequency of these mutations within popu- populations. vaccines is essential to avoid exacerbating
The earliest-known genetic condition, amel- For instance, the sickle-cell allele is a classic lations allowed public health authorities to ad- Moreover, the evolution of pathogens in health disparities between populations.
ogenesis imperfecta, has been identified in the case where population genetics and disease just strategies, such as updating vaccines or response to vaccines, known as vaccine- Hence, community engagement and trans-
fossil remains of Paranthropus robustus. This intersect. The allele is prevalent in regions implementing stricter containment measures. driven selection, is a growing concern. For parent communication are vital when imple-
rare enamel formation disorder highlights where malaria is or was endemic, such as Sub- Likewise, while the coronavirus infected a lot instance, some strains of the pneumococcus menting genetic-based interventions, par-
how genetic issues have existed throughout Saharan Africa. Individuals heterozygous for of people across continents to varying degrees, bacteria have developed resistance or evad- ticularly in communities with historical
human evolution. As human populations set- the sickle-cell allele (carrying one normal and there were many who were free from infection, ed vaccines by altering their surface pro- mistrust of medical institutions.
tled and became geographically and geneti- one mutant allele) are more resistant to ma- despite living within or in close proximity to teins. Monitoring these genetic changes is As microbes get smarter and mutate rap-
cally isolated, certain traits and mutations — laria, giving them a selective advantage. How- the contagion zones. crucial for updating vaccines and ensuring idly, spreading disease among humans, so
including disease-causing ones — became ever, homozygous individuals (with two mu- Population genetic tools, such as genome se- long-term disease control. will our capacity to analyse genetic data
more concentrated in specific communities. tant alleles) suffer from sickle-cell disease. quencing and phylogenetic analysis, help trace Advances in genomic technologies have grow, improving our ability to anticipate,
This gave rise to the field of population genet- This balance between benefit and cost has the origins and spread of infectious diseases. transformed population genetics into a prevent, and respond to health threats and
ics, which examines how genetic variation is maintained the allele in the population — a This approach, often called molecular epidemi- frontline tool in disease control. By sequenc- shield populations against them.
distributed within and across populations. phenomenon known as balancing selection. ology, enables scientists to identify hotspots of
Other examples include genetic variations in mutation or transmission and assess the effec-
Disease susceptibility the CCR5 gene, which affect susceptibility to tiveness of interventions. OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER
Offspring inherit two copies of genes — one HIV. Individuals with a particular mutation In small, isolated populations, random chang- KANTABANJI (R&B) DIVISION
from each parent. Genes come in different known as CCR5-�32 are resistant to HIV infec- es in allele frequencies, known as genetic drift, e-mail lD :eerbkbj@rediffmail.com
forms called allele, which may be recessive or tion, because the virus cannot effectively enter can significantly impact disease-related traits. Bid ldentification No.01 / KBJ / 2025-2026
dominant. According to population genetics, their cells. Founder effects, a specific type of genetic drift, B-26: The Superintending Engineer, Kantabanji (R&B) Division on behalf of Governor of
evolutionary forces, such as natural selection, occur when a new population is established by Odisha invites Percentage Rate bid for Road and Building works detailed in the table below in
genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow influ- a small number of individuals, leading to re- Single Cover system 0NLINE MODE from the class of contractors mentioned in column-7 reg-
istered with the State Government and contractors of equivalent Grade / class registered with
ence allele frequencies over time, thus impact- duced genetic diversity. Founder effects can re- central Government / MES / Railways for execution of civil works. The proof of registration from
ing genetic variation within populations. sult in a higher prevalence of genetic disorders the appropriate authority shall be enclosed along with the bid.
When it comes to public health and epidemiol- within certain communities. For instance, Tay- 1) No. of work :- 02 Nos. (Single Cover)
ogy, understanding population genetics is es- Sachs disease (a rare, fatal disease that destroys 2) Nature of work :- 01 No. Road work & 01 No. Building work
sential for developing effective disease control nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord) is more 3) Class of contractor :- “D” & “C” Class
strategies, predicting outbreaks, and tailoring common among Ashkenazi Jews due to a his- 4) Approximate value of work :- Rs.8.40 Lakhs & Rs.17.66 Lakhs
medical treatments to specific groups. torical founder effect. Understanding such pop- 5) Tender cost :- Rs.4,000/- & Rs.6,000/-
6) Date and time of availability :- From Dt.16.04.2025, 8.00 A.M. to
As the world grapples with infectious dis- ulation-specific genetic risks enables targeted of Bid documents in online Dt.22.04.2024 up to 05.00 P.M.
eases, emerging pathogens, and genetic disor- screening programmes, genetic counselling, 7) Date of Opening :- Dt.23.04.2024 at 11.30 A.M.
ders, population genetics offers powerful in- Novel and early interventions. 8) Other details can be seen in the bidding documents from the e-procurement portal
Coronavirus
sights into how diseases spread, who is most “www.tendersodisha.gov.in”
at risk, and how interventions can be opti-
SARS-CoV-2 Achieving herd immunity 9) The bidders have to participate in ONLINE bidding only. Further details can be seen from the
mised. In humans, it is often used to investi- Population genetics plays a crucial role in per- website: “www.tendersodisha.gov.in”. All future corrigendum will be available on ONLINE
MODE only.
gate the genetic basis of disease susceptibility, sonalised medicine, which aims medical treat-
and further progress into the direction of per- Pathogen evolution and founder effects ment at individual genetic profiles. Some pop- OIPR- 34099/11/0014/2526 Sd/- Superintending Engineer, Kantabanji (R&B) Division
sonalised medicine. ulations metabolise drugs differently due to
Genetic variations have been associated Disease control is not only about the host pop- variations in genes related to liver enzymes, Directorate of Ports & Inland Water Transport,
with increased risk for breast cancer, Alzhe- ulation, but understanding the genetics of affecting both the efficacy and safety of Fortune Tower, Ground Floor, Zone - A,
imer’s disease, type-2 diabetes, and high cho- pathogens is equally important. Pathogens, medications. Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar
lesterol levels. Population genetics studies such as viruses and bacteria, also evolve rap- Pharmacogenomics helps optimise treat- Phone: 0674-2300885, Email: - portsniwt.od@nic.in
contribute to the Polygenic Risk Score (PRS), idly, with genetic mutations influencing their ment regimens and avoid adverse drug reac- e-PROCUREMENT NOTICE
which is an estimation for disease susceptibil- virulence, transmissibility, and resistance to tions. For instance, variations in the CYP2C9 Bid Identification No. DPIWT - 01/2025-26
JJ-05
ity based on an individual’s genetic profile. treatment. and VKORC1 genes influence the proper dos-
01. Name of work : Procurement of 01 (One) No. 40 Seater Twin
Besides, pharmacogenetics also relies on it to The Covid-19 pandemic underscored the im- age of warfarin, a common blood thinner. By
Screw FRP Hull Catamaran Training Craft
determine the effects of genetic variations on portance of real-time genetic surveillance of considering a patient’s genetic background, for Crew Training Institute, Chandbali,
drug metabolism and adverse drug reactions. pathogens. Variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, clinicians can minimise risks and improve Bhadrak, Odisha.
One of the central tenets of population ge- such as Delta and Omicron, exhibited muta- outcomes. Furthermore, understanding popu- 02. No. of Covers : Double cover
netics is that genetic differences can be shaped tions that enhanced their ability to infect hu- lation-level differences can inform public 03. Value of works : Rs.1.02 Crore (Approximately)
04. Bid Cost : Rs.10,000.00
05. Period of Completion : 06 (Six) Calendar Months
OFFICE OF THE SE & PM WCDC ZILA PARISHAD ALWAR �������������������� 06. Date & Time of availability of : 16.04.2025 to 30.04.2025 up to 05.00 P.M.
E -procurement notice bid document in the portal
File No. ( )/ 35 Date : 06/04/2025
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER: SONEPUR (R&B) DIVISION, SONEPUR
NOTICE INVITING BID E-mail - eepwdsnpr@gmail.com, Phone -06654-221081 07. Date & Time of Bid Clarification : 16.04.2025 to 22.04.2025 up to 03.00 P.M.
NIB NO. 06/2025-26 CANCELLATION OF BID IDENTIFICATION NO. 08. Last date & time for receipt of : 30.04.2025 up to 05.00 P.M.
Bids for Anicut, PCD and Talab Renovation etc. Under PMKSY-2.0 project area in Block SE/R&B/SNPR/08/2024-25 bids in the portal
MALAKHERA of Estimated value INR 291.60 Lacs [01 Package] are invited from interested Letter No. 1313 // Dt. 09.04.2025 // 09. Date of opening of bid docu- : 01.05.2025 at 11.30 A.M.
bidders up to 06.00 PM, 28-04-2025 Other particulars of the bid may be visited on the B-28: The bids for the following works are here by cancelled for want of administra- ment (Cover-I)
procurement portal (https://eproc.rajasthan.gov.in or https://sppp.rajasthan.gov.in/) of the State. tive approval. 10. Name and address of officer : Director, Ports & Inland Water Transport,
1. Construction of Paddy Procurement Center at Village Lachhipur Rampur in Dunguripali inviting Tender (OIT) Fortune Tower, Ground Floor, Zone-A,
Sd/-
Block in the District of Subarnapur (Tender ID: 2024_EICCL_106405_1)
NIB CODE:- WSC2526A0018 [NARENDRA SINGH MOTHU] 2. Construction of Paddy Procurement Center at Village Silati in Binka Block in the District
Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha,
UBN:- 1. WSC2526WSOB00018 Superintending Engineer and Project Manager of Subarnapur (Tender ID: 2024_EICCL_106405_ 4) Pin-751023, Phone-0674-2390355,
DIPR/C/4894/2025 WCDC Zilla Parisad Alwar 3. Construction of Paddy Procurement Center at Village Kaintara in Binka Block in the Fax-2396885, e-Mail: -portsniwt.od@nic.in
District of Subarnapur (Tender ID: 2024_EICCL_106405_7) Further details can be seen from the e-Procurement market place, https://tendersod-
Sd/- Superintending Engineer isha.gov.in, The Addendum / Corrigendum if any will be hosted in the website only.
GOVERNMENT OF ODISHA OIPR- 34081/11/0020/2526 Sonepur (R&B) Division, Sonepur
E-procurement notice OIPR-38035/11/0028/2526 Sd/- Director, Ports & IWT, Odisha
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER
SONEPUR (R&B) DIVISION, SONEPUR
E-mail - eepwdsnpr@gmail.com, Phone -06654-221081
BID IDENTIFICATION No. SE/R&B/SNPR/01/2025-26
B-24 No.1352 // Dt.11.04.2025
1. The Superintending Engineer, Sonepur (R&B) Division, Sonepur
on behalf of Governor of Odisha, invites Percentage Rate bids in Dou-
ble cover system in Online Mode for Road/Building works detailed in
the DTCN from the eligible Class of Contractors.
2. No. of work : 01(One)
3. Tender Cost : Rs.10,000/- for Serial No.1
4. Class of Contractor : "B" Class Contractor for Serial No.1
5. Date and time Available in Website & receipt of Bids: From 10.00 A.M.
of 17.04.2025 to 5.00 P.M. of 28.04.2025
6. Date of Opening of Tender: 29.04.2025 at 11.00 A.M.
7. The Bidders have to participate in Online bidding only further details
can be seen from the WebSite.
8. Any Corrigendum / Addendum will be displayed in the website www.
tendersodisha.gov.in only.
Sd/- Superintending Engineer
OIPR-34081/11/0017/2526 Sonepur (R&B) Division, Sonepur

GOVERNMENT OF ODISHA
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER
RURAL WORKS CIRCLE: SUNDARGARH
AT/PO-SANKARA, SUNDARGARH-770020, E-mail address- serw_sundargarh@yahoo.com
No. Tender Online - RWCCESNG - 04 of 2025-26 Letter No. 997 / Dtd. 11.04.2025
O-52 e-Procurement NOTICE
1. Type of the Work: Road and Bridge (MMSY)
2. Class of Contractor: As specified in the column-6 of the Annexure
3. Time of Completion: As specified in the column-5 of the Annexure
4. Detail Projects: As per Annexure attached
5. Estimated Cost : As specified in the column-4 of the Annexure
6. Other details:
Availability of Tender
Last Date & Time Date & Time of opening of
Bid Identifi- on-line for bidding tender
Procurement Officer of Seeking Tender
cation No.
From Clarification Technical Bid Financial Bid
To
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Chief Construction RWCCESNG- Will be
22.04.2025 07.05.2025 06.05.2025 08.05.2025
Engineer, Rural Works 04 of intimated
11:00 AM 5:00 PM 5:00 PM 11:00 AM
Circle, Sundargarh 2025-26 separately
Further details can be seen from the website www.tendersodisha.gov.in
Sd/- Chief Construction Engineer
OIPR- 25133/11/0044/2526 Rural Works Circle, Sundargarh
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