Form 1 : Science

Unit : 2
2.3 : Microorganisms and Decay
Organic matter refers to a substance that has been made from living
organisms

Microorganisms break down organic matter by decaying it

Benefits

Return Nutrients in Organic matter to the soil which helps plants grow

Factors affecting rate of decay

Temperature (Warm is fastest)

Water amount

Oxygen amount

2.6 : Plant Cells

-Cell Wall

Strong and stiff

Hold the plant cell in shape

Made of cellulose

-Cell Membrane

Thin and flexible

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

-Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance

Chemical reactions happen inside

Keep cells alive with these reactions

-Nucleus

Contain Chromosomes

Form 1 : Science 1
 Control Activities of the cell

-Large Vacuole

Many cells have a large vacuole

Fluid-fills space in cells

Contains Cell Sap (A sugary solution)

-Chloroplast

Plant cells in sunlight often contain chloroplasts (Usually where plants make
food)

Looks green due to a green pigment called chlorophyll

2.7 ： Animals Cells

Consists of cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus

-Protozoa

Single cell organisms

E.g. : Amoeba which crawls around surfaces of mud and leaves in pond

Feed by flowing around organisms smaller than themselves

Digest organisms inside their skin

Unit 3 : Living things in their environment

3.2 : Food Chains
-Producers and consumers

First organism is always a plant which produces energy from sunlight to

make food are called producers

Animals which cannot make food using sunlight have to eat ready-made
food

Consume animals or plants

Called Consumers

Food Chain Example

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 Producer (1st organism) -> Primary Consumer (2nd organism) -> Secondary
Consumer(3rd organism) -> Tertiary Consumer (4th organism) -> Apex Predator
(5th organism)

3.3 : Humans and Food Chains

-Human-Gatherers

Gathered food close to where they lived

Didn’t kill many animals as it was difficult, smart and left some plants to
grow

-Farmers

Need land to grow crops and keep animals

When farming began , trees and plants were killed

Planted crops on clear land

-How farming affects food chain

When land is cleared , most plants or animals which lived there cant survive
due to lack of food and destruction of habitat

Trees and plants killed causing most of the animals further along the chain
to die or migrate due to lack of food

Some may increase in numbers by eating the crops that farmers grows

-Human Activities and Food Chains

Can affect food chain

—Fishing

When fishing , we take food from other animals which if taken too much
could cause them to die out

Example : Puffin in Scotland decrease as humans catch too many sand eels

—Introduction of new species

Invasive species may cause a shortage of food as they could affect the
food chain by eating other animals foods

Unit 5 : States of matter

Form 1 : Science 3
 5.1 : States of matter
Everything you feel is called matter

Classified into solid , liquid and gas which are called states of matter

-Solids

Take up same amount of space

Keep the same volume

Keep the same shape

Can’t be squashed (compressed) or poured

-Liquids

Take shape of the container they are in

Can be poured and move through gaps but can’t be compressed or

squashed

Take up the same amount of space

Keep the same volume

-Gases

Move to fill any closed container they are in

Flow like liquids and very easy to squash

Volume of gases can change

Weigh very little

Can’t be seen but can be felt and smelled

5.3 : Changing State

Solid (Melt) -> Liquid (Evaporation) -> Gas

Gas (Condensation) -> Liquid(Freezing) -> Solid

Water boils at 100 Celsius

-Measuring

Use a measuring cylinder and look at the meniscus

Use a thermometer to measure temperature

Form 1 : Science 4
 5.4 : Explaining changes of state
-Heating solids

The particles in a solid are arranged in a fixed patter and are held together
strongly and are tightly packed. When they are heated , they expand . The
particles in the solid vibrate. The heat energy transferred to the particles
causes it to vibrate more and take up more space

-Melting solids

The particles will vibrate more and more as heat energy is transferred. The
particles vibrate until they break through the attractive forces between them
which causes them to slide past one another. The forces is still enough to
hold them together in a liquid state . The more the liquid is heated , the
more energy is transferred to the particles , the more they move .

-Boiling Liquids

When liquid are heated , they evaporate and boil . The particles in liquids
are held together weakly . The particle move more as heat energy is
transferred to them . Some particles have enough energy to break the weak
attractive forces holding them together . These particles escape into the air
as gas particles

-Cooling gases

The particles in a gas are free to move anywhere and spread out as there
are no forces holding them . When a gas gets cooler it condenses to form a
liquid. When gas particles reach a cold surface , some of the heat energy
transfers from the particles to the surface . The particles move less and get
closer together until they form a liquid

-Freezing Liquids

The particles in a liquid move and slide past each other . As heat energy is
transferred from the particles to the environment ,the particles move more
slowly and the liquid gets cooler . The cooler the liquid is the less the
particles can move or slide past each other . Eventually , the particles have
so little energy they can only vibrate . They became arranged in a fixed
pattern to form a liquid .

Unit 7 : Material Changes

Form 1 : Science 5
 7.4 : Neutralization
When acids and alkali mixed together , they cancel each other out .

If too much acid is added to an alkali , it will make an acidic liquid and vice
versa

1st .Making a neutral solution involves a burette to make sure both the liquids
are the same amount.

2nd .Using a Universal indicator inside the alkali in the flask , Slowly add the
acid into the flask and shaken slightly each time acid is added .
3rd . The acid reacted with the alkali and neutralized it after the liquid became
neutral (green color)

Unit 10 : Energy
10.1 : Using energy
Everything we do requires energy

We get energy from the food we eat

Fuel is an energy supply which could help us do many things by powering

machines

Electricity is a good way of moving energy from place to place , usually

produced at a larger power station and carried to the users via metal cables
(wires)

10.2 : Chemical stores of energy

The energy we use is supplied by our food/

Other energy supplies we use includes : Fuel (Has to be burnt to release

their store of energy.

Batteries are an example of an energy storage . Some can be recharged

while others just stay dead when it is used up .

Chemicals stores of energy includes FOOD , FUELS , BATTERIES

Burning is a chemical reaction which is needed to get the energy out of fuel
such as gas

Inside a battery , chemical substances react to produce electricity

Form 1 : Science 6
 Chemical reactions is needed to release the energy inside food

10.3 : More energy stores

Some clocks use a wound-up spring which slowly unwinds to make the
clock work while the other uses a heavy weight which is pulled and
dropped repeatedly ,

A raised object stores a store of gravitational potential energy .

A stretched spring stores elastic energy

10.4 : Thermal Energy

Thermal energy store refers to an object which is hot.

The hotter it is , the more energy it stores .

Thermal energy cant be stored for a long time as it spreads out into the
surrounding so that it cools down

10.5 : Kinetic Energy

When an object is moving , it has kinetic energy . When it stops , it doesn’t
have it anymore

The faster the object , the more kinetic energy it has .

If two objects are moving at the same speed , the one which has more mass
has higher kinetic energy

The Process of Slowing down

Speed -> Slow down (due to friction and also causes heat) -> Stops

Friction reduces a moving object’s kinetic energy which makes thing hot .

10.6 : Energy on the move

Wires carry electrical energy so it can be transferred to one place to
another

Heat energy spreads out from a hot object to cool down

If an object is how enough , it can give out light energy

Sound is the energy that has been transferred through the air/

Form 1 : Science 7
 Electricity , heat energy , light energy and sound energy are examples of
energy carriers

10.7 : Energy changing form

Form of Energy Description

Chemical energy Energy of a chemical substance

Elastic energy Energy of a stretched or squashed object

Electrical energy Energy carried by electricity

Gravitational potential energy Energy of an object that has been lifted

Heat energy Energy spreading out from a hot object

Kinetic energy Energy of a moving object

Light energy Energy spreading out from a bright object

Thermal energy Energy of a hot object

Sound energy Energy coming from a vibrating source

Energy can be transferred or transformed into another form

10.8 : Energy is conserved

Energy is measured in joules (J)

Principal of Conservation of Energy

Energy can’t be created or destroyed but can be changed to another form

with the same amount of energy.

It never disappears it only has gone from the store and changed into other
forms.

Form 1 : Science 8