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The document explains the concepts of exothermic and endothermic reactions, detailing how energy is absorbed or released during chemical reactions based on bond breaking and formation. It provides examples and calculations for determining the heat of reaction (ΔH) to classify reactions as exothermic or endothermic. Additionally, it includes energy level diagrams and specific examples to illustrate these concepts.
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Chemical Changes and Ener
© Chemical reactions may be exothermic or endothermic.
A+B AB
© During any chemical reaction, bonds of reactants:fe brokenind bonds of products are
formed.
* Bond breaking > endothermic step * Bond formation > exothermic step
“Exothermic Reaction”
+ Accompanied by release of energyi{Tr > Ti.
A+B AB + Heat
t
Hot [+ Surrounding
- The chemicals lose eritrgy, the surrounding gain energy _-. Temperature increases
ENERGY
E. Activation
energy
reactants
heat given out
to surroundings|
we 7 . oducts
EXOTHERMIC n
course of reaction
Energy level diagram
> NB. AH means change in heat energy from reactant to product (= Hp — Hy). IGCSE Grade (10)
- Energy content of reactant is greater than energy content of product.
- The product is more stable than reactant.
* Energy needed to break bonds of reactants is less than the energy produced
during formation of products.
> Ex. Neutralization — Combustion — Displacement — Precipitation — Condétsation =
Freezing (any physical process takes place by cooling).
“Endothermic Reaction”
* Accompanied by absorption of heat [Ir< Ti].
A+ B+ Heat —__, AB
|
Surroulading
- The chemicals gain energy, the surrounding, loseStenergy —_”. Temperature decreases
Activation
heat taken in
(absorbed)
reactants
=NDOTHERMIC
course of reaction
Energy level diagram
- Energy content of reactant is less than energy content of product.
- The produetigiless stable than reactant.
%* Energypneeded to break bonds of reactants is more than the energy produced
during formation of products.
>NEx. Decomposition [CaCO; 4» CaO +CO.]
> —Dissolving of some salts [NHsCl, KNOs] - Photosynthesis — Evaporation — Melting
(any physical process takes place by heating). IGCSE Grade (10)
Starting the reaction off:
For some reactions, not much energy is needed, the reaction takes place at room
temperature (spontaneous).
‘Some exothermic reactions need heat from a Bunsen burner just to start bond brétiifig,
Then the energy given out by the reaction breaks further bonds.
For endothermic reactions like the decomposition of calcium carbondte, you must
ting until the reaction is completed.
Calculating A H of a reactio
AH =sum of bond energies of reactants — sum of bond energies of products
Ex.1 Calculate the heat of reaction and detect if the-gagtion exothermic or
endothermic .
Hy + Ch ——— >a
Given that the bond energies are j
H-H = 436 Kj HERE FA; H-Cl = 431 Kj
Answer:
H-H + LCI 2H-Cl
436 242 2X431
Energy absorbed for bond Breaking = 436 + 242 = + 678 Kj
Energy released for bond formation = 2 x 431 =~ 862 Kj
Heat of reaetiotiiA H = 678 — 862 =- 184 Kj
AW has anegative value _. The reaction is exothermic
Tistenergyplevel diagram is shown IGCSE Grade (10)
Ex.2 In the following reaction
2NH;s ———> Nr + Ib
Calculate 4 Hand find the type of reaction, if the bond energies are:
N2N =946 Kj N-H = 391 Kj H-H = 436 Kj
Solution:
2NH; = ——*N2 + 3H?
6x 391 1x9463x436
Energy absorbed for bond breaking = 6x391 = +2346 Kj
Energy released for bond formation = 946 + (3x436) = - 2254 Kj
Heat of reaction AH = 2346 - 2254 = +92 Kj
AH hasa positive value ~. the reaction iséndothetmic
Ex.3 In the following reaction
O2H2 + Hz [= OoHs
Calculate A H and find iB %ype ofaction, if the bond energies are:
C=C = 838Kj GC ERK: CH= 412 Kj H-H = 436 Kj
Solution:
2x 412+ 612
838 + 436=+ 1274 Kj
Energy féléased fot bond formation = (2x 412) + 612 = - 1436 Kj
Heat bf teactidifAH = 1274 — 1436 =- 162 Kj
29H has a negative value. The reaction is exothermic IGCSE Grade (10)
Ex. 4 Show that the following reaction is exothermic.
CHs + F, ———+> CHF + HF
Bond energies are.
CH = 413 F-F = 158 HLF = 565 CF = 495 Allin Kj/mof
Energy absorbed for bond breakin;
Energy released for bond format
Heat of reaction AH = 571 — 1060 = - 489 Kj
AH hasa negative value. Theféaction is exothermic
Ex.4 Calculate the heat of reactiongiiad detées ifthe reaction is exothermic or
endothermic .
CH: + 20% C02 + 220
Given that the bond@itergteS Gite 5
CH =435 Oa” C=0 = 803 H-O= 464 Allin KJ /mol
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