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Experimental Error

The document outlines types of experimental errors, including human mistakes and systematic/random errors, and identifies common sources of error related to measurement, variable control, setup limitations, and apparatus inaccuracies. It also provides strategies for improving experiments, such as using precise tools, controlling variables, enhancing procedures, and better experimental design. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of addressing anomalies and extending investigations to explore new variables.

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Dhanaraj Gopal
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36 views2 pages

Experimental Error

The document outlines types of experimental errors, including human mistakes and systematic/random errors, and identifies common sources of error related to measurement, variable control, setup limitations, and apparatus inaccuracies. It also provides strategies for improving experiments, such as using precise tools, controlling variables, enhancing procedures, and better experimental design. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of addressing anomalies and extending investigations to explore new variables.

Uploaded by

Dhanaraj Gopal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experimental Errors & Improvements – Paper 3 Notes

Types of Error:

●​ Mistakes = Human error (e.g., misreading scale) – should be avoided.


●​ Sources of Error = Limitations in method or equipment – must be evaluated.
○​ Systematic Errors: Consistent, affect accuracy (e.g., faulty scale), don't
affect trend.
○​ Random Errors: Vary unpredictably, affect accuracy and trend (e.g.,
inconsistent readings).

Common Sources of Error:

1. Measurement/Observation Issues

●​ Judging colour change by eye.


●​ Counting fast-moving things (bubbles).
●​ Low-precision instruments.
●​ Parallax errors.
●​ Subjective microscope observations.

2. Controlling Variables

●​ Unstable temperature.
●​ Variable timing.
●​ Unequal volumes.
●​ Variation in biological materials.
●​ Inconsistent size/shape or technique.

3. Setup/Procedure Limitations

●​ Evaporation changing concentration.


●​ Material not fully immersed.
●​ Apparatus not sealed.
●​ Too narrow/large intervals.
●​ Too few repetitions.

4. Systematic Apparatus Errors

●​ Calibration inaccuracies (e.g., syringe, ruler).

How to Improve Experiments:

1. Measurement & Observation


●​ Use precise tools: burettes, colorimeter, vernier callipers.
●​ Use white tile/background.
●​ Use slow-motion video or digital counters.

2. Control Variables

●​ Use water bath for temperature.


●​ Use buffer for pH.
●​ Keep volume/material source consistent.
●​ Seal equipment (e.g., Vaseline).

3. Improve Procedure

●​ Cover solutions to stop evaporation.


●​ Fully immerse materials.
●​ Time steps consistently.

4. Better Design

●​ More repeats; calculate means.


●​ Use smaller intervals and wider variable ranges.
●​ Count more samples (e.g., cells).

5. Anomalies

●​ Identify and repeat or discard.


●​ Offer possible reasons.

6. Extend Investigation

●​ Modify design to test a new variable/question.

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