COMPUTER HARDWARE

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Introduction to Computer______________________________________2
2. Computer Hardware_________________________________________ 3
3. The Motherboard and It’s Components___________________________5
4. Computer software__________________________________________12
5. Computer Hardware Health and Safety__________________________16
6. Maintaining Computer Hardware______________________________17
7. Assembling and Disassembling of Computer_____________________19
8. Installation of the Operation System (Windows 10)_________________21
9. Identifying a Computer Problems and their Solutions_______________23
10. Guideline In Computer Repairs________________________________37
11. Step by Step of Building a Computer Desktop_____________________39
12. Computer Virus and Anti-Virus________________________________46
13. Basic Do’s and Don’ts in Hardware_____________________________49

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

DEFINITION OF A COMPUTER

An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own
memory, that can:

- Accept data (input)

- Process the data according to specified rules (process)

- Produce results (output)

- Store the results (storage) for future use

Example and Types of computers

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COMPUTER HARDWARE

Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer i.e. the
components that can be seen and touched.

Examples of Hardware are following:

- Input devices: keyboard, mouse etc.

- Output devices: printer, monitor, speaker

- Secondary storage devices: hard disk, CD, DVD etc.

- Internal components: CPU, motherboard, RME etc.

INPUT DEVICES

Input devices are devices which allows the user to feed the computer with
information

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OUTPUT DEVICES

Output devices are devices which feed the computer user with informations from
the computer

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES

Secondary storage devices are devices used to store informations from the
computer after being processed

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INTERNAL COMPONENT OF THE SYSTEM UNIT (HARDWARE)

Computer Hardware is the physical components that a computer system requires

to function. It encompasses everything with a circuit board that operates within a
PC or laptop; including the Motherboard, Graphics Card, CPU (Central
Processing Unit), Ventilation fans, Webcam, Power supply and so on.

MOTHER BOARD

A motherboard is a circuit board that connects a computer's internal components,

such as the processor, memory, graphics card, and hard drive. It also provides
power to each component and allows them to communicate with each other.

A motherboard's main function is to connect all of a computer's parts together in

a way that allows them to communicate and work together effectively. It's similar
to the brain of the computer.

How to find out what motherboard you have

To find out what motherboard you have in Windows, you can:

1. Open Run by pressing the Windows + R keys

2. Type msinfo32 into the text box and click OK

3. Select System Summary in the left panel

4. Look for information about your motherboard next to the headings

BaseBoard Manufacturer and BaseBoard Product

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TYPES OF MOTHERBOARDS

• ATX

The most common type of motherboard for desktops, ATX stands for "Advanced
Technology Extended". It's known for being easy to use and compatible with
many different components.

• Micro ATX

A compact version of the ATX motherboard, Micro ATX is designed to fit in

smaller cases. It's more energy-efficient and quieter than ATX, and is suitable for
budget-friendly and mid-range builds.

• Mini-ITX

Even smaller than Micro ATX, Mini-ITX is designed to save space. It's good for
making small computers or watching movies at home.

• XL-ATX

A rare form factor that doesn't follow a standard height and width.

When choosing a motherboard, you can consider things like:

• CPU socket: Whether it can accommodate your choice of CPU

• Chipset: Determines the speed of the computer

• Slots: The number of memory slots, which determines how much memory
you can add

• Connectors: Whether it supports USB 3.0, graphic connectors, external

eSATA, or legacy ports

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CPU Central Processing Unit

The CPU (Central Processing Unit or Processor) is responsible for processing all
information from programs run by your computer. The ‘clock speed’ or the speed
at which the processor processes information, is measure in gigahertz (GHz). This
means that a processor advertising a high GHz rating will likely perform faster
than a similarly specified processor of the same brand and age.

A typical modern processing speed ranges from 1.0GHz – 5.0GHz. Intel and
AMD are the two most popular processor manufacturers in the world

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RAM (Random Access Memory)

Random Access Memory, or RAM, is hardware found in the memory slots of the
motherboard. The role of RAM is to temporarily store on-the-fly information
created by programs and to do so in the way that makes this data immediately
accessible. The tasks that require random memory could be; rendering images for
graphics, editing video or photographs, multi-tasking with multiple apps open
(eg. Running a game on a screen)

RAM stores data temporary, It come in types like DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM,
DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, and DDR5. But the DDR1 – DDR4 are mostly used.

Hard Drive

The hard drive is a storage device responsible for storing permanent and
temporary data. This data comes in many different forms, but is essentially
anything saved or installed to a computer: for example, computer programs,
family photos, operating system, word-processing documents, and so on. There
are two different types of storage devices: the traditional hard disk drive (HDD)
and the newer Solid-State Drive (SSD). Hard Disk Drives work by writing binary
data onto spinning magnetic disks called platters that rotate at high speeds, while
a Solid-State Drives stores data by using static flash memory chips.

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Hard Disk Drive Solid-State Drive

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

A GPU, or graphics processing unit, is a piece of hardware that processes

graphical data and performs mathematical calculations at high speeds. GPUs are
used for a variety of tasks, including rendering graphics and videos, machine
learning, and video editing.

There are two types of GPUs: integrated and dedicated. Integrated GPUs are built
into a computer's motherboard, while dedicated GPUs are also known as discrete
graphics cards.

Dedicated GPU Integrated GPU

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

A computer power supply unit (PSU) is a device that converts the electricity from
a wall outlet into a form that can be used by a computer's components. It's
responsible for providing the correct voltage and current to each part of the
computer, and ensuring that the system receives a steady supply of clean power.

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A PSU's internal components include a transformer, rectifier diode, capacitor,
resistor, LED, rotary switch, and alligator clips.

Types

Some popular types of PSUs include ATX, ITX, and SFX. ITX PSUs are smaller
than ATX PSUs, and SFX PSUs are slightly smaller than ATX PSUs.

Power supply case

A PSU's components are mounted on a printed circuit board inside a case. The
front panel of a PSU usually has a power switch and voltage selector, and the rear
panel has a fuse and AC line cord.

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Computer Ports

Is a connector on the motherboard or on a separate adapter that allows a device

to connect to a computer; these may include keyboard, mouse, serial, parallel,
network, sound, or video ports.

Ports vary with the type of equipment that connects to the ports. Ports have
gradually changed over time computers have changed to become faster and easier
to work with.

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COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Software is a program, which is designed to perform a well-defined function.

Program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

System Software, Applications Software and Utility Software.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

System software is a type of software that provides a platform for other software
to run on. It's a key component of a computer system, along with hardware.

Examples

Examples of system software include operating systems, device drivers,

firmware, utility software, and programming tools.

Functions

System software performs many functions, including:

• Process management: Manages the various processes running on a

computer, including the processor, memory, and other hardware resources

• Security: Ensures the security of the system

• Error detection: Helps detect errors

• Communication: Coordinates between users and other software

Features

System software is versatile and can communicate with both the hardware and
application software. It's also difficult to design and manipulate.

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Firmware

A type of system software that's embedded into hardware devices and runs as part
of the operating system. Firmware provides instructions for how to operate the
hardware, access functions, and store data.

Operation System

An operating system (OS) is the core software that acts as an interface between a
computer's hardware and the user. It manages the computer's resources, including
memory, files, and applications.

Functions

An OS performs many functions, including:

• Memory management: Controls the computer's main memory, ensuring

that each application has enough memory to run.

• Process management: Creates, schedules, and terminates processes,

which are programs in execution.

• Device management: Controls the hardware and virtual devices in a

computer, including input/output devices like keyboards, printers, and
USB ports.

Examples

Some common operating systems include Windows, Mac, Android, Linux, Apple
iOS, and Apple macOS.

Features

Other features of an OS include:

• Protected and supervisor mode

• Program execution

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 • File system manipulation

• I/O operations

• Error handling

• Resource allocation

• Information and resource protection

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Application software, also known as an app, is a computer program that helps

users perform specific tasks. It can be used for personal, educational, or business
purposes.

Examples

Some examples of application software include:

• Web browsers like Google Chrome and Firefox

• Microsoft Word and Excel
• Smartphone apps like WhatsApp and Telegram
• Games like Candy Crush Saga and Ludo
• Customer relationship management (CRM) software

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Functions

Application software can help with a variety of tasks, including:

• Data analysis and information management

• Document management
• Emails, text messaging, audio, and video conferencing
• Graphics, animations, and video development
• Accounting, payroll, and finance management
• Project management
• Resource (ERP and CRM system) and HR management

Relationship to system software

Application software is one of the two main categories of software, along with
system software. System software runs the computer's hardware and provides a
platform for applications to run on.

Examples of Application Software

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COMPUTER HARDWARE HEALTH AND SAFTY

Computer hardware health and safety is about protecting users from physical and
digital hazards associated with computer use. Here are some tips for computer
hardware health and safety:

• Protect your body

Wear proper clothing, such as avoiding loose-fitting clothing, rings, and
bracelets. You can also use an anti-static wrist strap or touch a grounded metal
object to discharge yourself.

• Protect your computer

Unplug all computer equipment and peripherals before opening any
cases. Cover sharp edges inside the computer case with tape.

• Protect your eyes

Avoid glare and bright reflections on your screen by adjusting curtains and
blinds.

• Protect your posture

Use proper furniture and good working habits to avoid back, neck, and
shoulder pains, headaches, and eye strain.

• Protect your computer from viruses and hackers

Use antivirus software, antispyware software, and firewalls. Keep your
browser and operating system up-to-date, and choose strong passwords.

• Protect your computer from physical damage

Check for damaged parts and do not force components into computer ports.

• Protect your computer from overheating

Electronic components should never become hot. If they do, disconnect any
power immediately.

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• Protect your computer from dust
Regularly clean your equipment, including mice, keyboards, screens, and
monitors.

MAINTAINING YOUR COMPUTER'S HARDWARE

• Clean
Dust and debris can build up over time and cause your computer to overheat,
making noise, or even fail. Use compressed air to clean dust from fans, vents,
and heatsinks.

• Run scans
Regularly scan for viruses and malware to prevent data loss, performance
issues, and ransomware.

• Update drivers
Keep your BIOS and motherboard drivers up to date to reduce computer
issues.

• Change passwords
Update your passwords regularly, as weak or stolen passwords are often used
in hacking-related breaches.

• Clean up disk
Run regular disk cleanups to free up storage space and make your computer
run faster.

• Keep hardware secure

Store your hardware in a dry, secure place to prevent damage and data loss.

• Check for overloaded connections

Overloaded electrical sockets can start fires, so look for any overloaded
connections.
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• Check cables
Check for exposed or damaged cables, which can slow down network traffic
or cause signal connection issues.

• Disconnect unauthorized hardware

Disconnect any unauthorized hardware, such as Wi-Fi routers, to keep your
network safe.

• Schedule maintenance
Schedule regular maintenance cycles to prevent hardware malfunctions and
boost productivity.

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ASSEMBLING AND DISASSEMBLING OF COMPUTER

Internal Components of The System Unit

Before disassembling and assembling computer hardware one this you should
consider first, Safety. Always remember that electrocution and nasty cuts are the
most common injuries that the technician acquire when doing this. In order to
avoid this, you must follow the safety procedures and use the proper tools in
disassembling and assembling computer hardware.

Remember! Do not neglect SAFETY. Neglecting it can cause catastrophic effect

DISASSEMBLING

1. Switch off the computer if it is on.

2. Switch of the alternate power supply systems. (i.e. the socket or the APC)
3. Unplug all the peripheral devices from the back and front of the system
unit
4. Open the computer case by removing the side panel
5. Carefully disconnect all the device that are connected to the power
supply, motherboard and other devices
6. Unscrew bolts from the motherboard
7. Gently remove the power supply, hard disk drive and the ROM
8. Unscrew bolts from the motherboard

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 9. Gently remove the motherboard from the case
10. Gently remove the RAM Modules, CPU fan and Heatsink
11. Gently remove the CPU/Processor

ASSEMBLING

1. Install the CPU unto the CPU socket.

2. Clean the top of the CPU.
3. Place small amount of thermal compound on the top of the CPU.
4. Clean the CPU fan and heatsink before installing it on the mounting tab.
5. Place small amount of thermal compound on the heatsink
Note: The thermal compound is designed to efficiently transfer heat away
from the heat-generating component
6. Install the CPU fan and heatsink unto the mounting tab.
7. Clean the RAM and install it to the memory slot on the motherboard
8. Install the motherboard by screwing it on the side of the system case.
9. Install the hard disk drive and the ROM unto the system unit.
10. Install the power supply unto the computer.
11. Connect all the cables onto the motherboard
12. All the devices that have been installed need to connect from the power
supply
13. Cover the side panel
14. Connect all the computer cables and power cord unto the system

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INSTALLATION OF OPERATION SYSTEM (Windows 10)

Creating a Bootable Windows 10 Pendrive

1. Get a pendrive with a minimum size of 8gig.

2. Open your browser (Chrome, Firefox, Opera Mini, etc).
3. In your browser, type windows 10 and click on search or press enter.
4. You will see Microsoft – (Download Windows 10) click on the URL.
5. Official Microsoft website will open, scroll down and you can see (Create
Windows 10 installation media) click on Download tool now. And wait for
a few seconds to download the media creation tool.
6. Check on the download icon at search bar, you will see the media creation
tool popup or go to This PC and to Download to locate the media creation
tool.
7. Click on the media creation tool for the program to start. Wait for some
time for the process to load.
8. Then click on Accept then you wait for the process to continue.
9. A popup will appear then you select Create installation media… and click
on next.
10. Another popup will appear, untick the use the recommended options for
this PC and proceed by selecting your preferred language (English –
United State), then maintain the edition at windows 10 and the architecture
at 64-bit (x64) then click on next.
11. On this popup, select USB flash drive and insert your pendrive (Note:
Make sure that you don’t have any important information on the pendrive)
select your pendrive and click on next.
12. The process of making the pendrive bootable for windows will start. Wait
until the progress gets to 100% then click on finish.

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Installation Process of Windows 10

1. Plug in your bootable pendrive into your PC / Laptop.

2. Press the power button and within a second continuously pressing on F9 to
open the boot menu.
3. On the Boot Menu, select your pendrive (UEFI) and press enter. Then wait
for a few seconds to boot to the installation menu.
4. On the Installation Menu, click on next then install now.
5. Since we don’t have the activation keys, skip and click next.
6. Select your windows 10 edition (Windows 10 Pro) then click on next.
7. Tick (I accept the license terms) and click on next.
8. Click on the (custom:….) option
9. It will open your drive. (Now we are coming to partition the drive into two
and ran the windows on one). So, select the drive and click on new to create
a partition, click on apply and click on OK. Click on next for the
installation process to start. It will take some minutes to finish.
10. Now select your country and click on yes, then select your keyboard layout
and click yes.
11. You can skip the next option, on the next page, click on set up personal use
and click on next.
12. At this point, you can use your Microsoft account to login if you have any,
if not, you can create a new Microsoft account or create an offline account.
But for this lesson we will go for the offline account so click on the offline
account.
13. On the next page, click on Limited experience then on the next page, enter
your user’s name to create a new login account and click on next. Then you
setup a password and click on next. Then you confirm the password and
click on next.

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14. On this page we are coming to answer some security questions, so click on
your preferred question and give answers for three time. The questions
don’t mean you should give an accurate answer. Then you click on next.
15. At this page you can navigate the options there to your preferred format
then you click on accept. But for the sake of this lesson, we won’t touch
anything there so go ahead and click on accept. Then skip the next option.
16. Click on Not Now.
17. At this point the installation process is almost done so the next process will
take several minutes for the windows to boot.
18. Now you can take off your pen drive.

IDENTIFYING A COMPUTER PROBLEM

A computer problem is either a software problem or a hardware problem. In your

system doesn’t turn on automatically that means your problem is a hardware but
if your system turns on but not function then the problem is a software problem.

Common Computer Problems and their solutions

Note: make sure you reduce possible “external” problems before proceeding. This
means unplug any external devices (such as a hard drives, scanners, or printers),
and remove any USB flash disk, CD or DVD disks from their drives.

1. Slow Computer Performance (both software and hardware problem)

A slow computer is a source of frustration for many users. However, this
computer problem can be caused by numerous reasons, some mentioned
below, along with their solutions

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a. Maxed Out Disk Space
When a computer's storage device, whether an HDD (Hard Disk Drive) or
an SSD (Solid State Drive), is nearly full, it can affect the system's
performance differently.
Solutions
Cleaning unnecessary files from your drives is essential to regain your PC’s
performance speed. Begin by emptying the Recycle Bin and deleting
oblivious junk files.
b. Program Running in the Background
Background applications, including system services and user-installed
software, consume system resources such as CPU and RAM. It can lead to
slower system performance as these resources are divided among more
processes, especially if these applications are resource intensive. Users
might not be aware of these processes running, as they can start
automatically at boot or run hidden in the system tray
Solutions
i. Manage Startup Applications

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To prevent unnecessary programs from slowing down your computer right from
startup, you can manage which applications automatically run at boot:
• Right-click the Taskbar and select Task Manager.
• Switch to the Startup apps tab.
• Here, you'll see a list of applications that start automatically when your
computer boots. Carefully review this list, and for any application you don't
need immediately at startup, right click it and choose Disable.

This action doesn't uninstall the applications but prevents them from auto-
starting, freeing up resources.

ii. Use Task Manager for Active Applications

• Press (Ctrl+Shift+Esc) or (Ctrl+Alt+Del) and select Task Manager to open
it
• Navigate to the Processes tab to see all running applications and
background processes. Identify any applications that you are not actively
using and select them, then click End Task to close them and free up
resources.
iii. Regularly Check for Unnecessary Applications
Periodically review the applications installed on your computer. If you find
programs you no longer use, consider uninstalling them to free up space
and resources.

By managing startup applications and actively monitoring what runs in the

background, you can significantly improve your computer's performance without
needing technical interventions that might compromise system stability

c. Malware Attack
Malicious software, also known as malware, includes viruses, spyware,
and other harmful programs designed to sneak into your computer without
you knowing. These unwanted programs can cause much trouble by

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 slowing down your computer, as they use up your system's resources while
running in the background. Malware can come in many forms and do
different things—some might steal your personal information, while others
could just slow your device down or display unwanted ads

Solution

Antivirus software prevents malware from executing harmful actions by scanning

for malicious patterns or behaviors. Real-time protection actively monitors files
as they are accessed and blocks malicious activities, while scheduled scans
periodically check the entire system for malware. These actions are crucial for
maintaining system performance and security by preventing malware from
consuming resources or damaging files.

Use reliable antivirus software to keep your device virus-free and ensure smooth
functioning (McAfee Total Protection, Avira Antivirus Pro, Avast Premium
Security)

d. Low-Spec Computer
Your device can also slow down if you run an operating system with low-
config hardware that does not align with the system requirements of
advanced programs. Note: It's high time to consider upgrading your system

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2. Computer Keeps Restarting (Reboot Loop) - Software and Hardware

The Windows Reboot loop, or the boot loop, can be frustrating.

There can be multiple reasons your computer is stuck in the endless looping
process. However, usually, the fault can be traced back to one of these three
things:

- A Windows or App Update

- Windows Driver that needs an upgrade
- Installation of new software

Something in the process goes wrong, resulting in an infinite reboot loop. It is a

problem that has plagued Windows for years.

Solutions

i. Do a Hard Reboot
Unplug any external devices (like USB drives or printers), then hold down
the power button for 5 seconds to turn off your PC. Wait a bit, then turn it
back on. This can sometimes break the loop.

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ii. Open Safe Mode Manually
If the method mentioned earlier doesn't resolve the boot loop, try booting
up your system in Safe Mode.

To enter Safe Mode on Windows, you should first access the Windows Recovery
Environment (WinRE):

• Press and hold the Shift key while clicking Restart from the Shut down or
Sign out menu

• Select Troubleshoot > Advanced options > Startup Settings > Restart

• After the computer restarts, select 4 or F4 or Fn+F4 to start in Safe Mode

You can also start Windows 10 in Safe mode by using the System Configuration
window:

• Press Windows key + R

• Type msconfig in the dialog box

• Select the Boot tab

• Select the Safe Boot option and click Apply

• Choose Restart to apply the changes

iii. Turn off the automatic restart feature

Windows includes a built-in feature designed to automatically restart your
computer in response to application failures and other issue. However, this
functionality can become bothersome, particularly when engaged in crucial
tasks. Hence, to deactivate this feature, please follow these instructions
provided below:
• Find the 'Control Panel' by searching for it in the Start Menu.
• Opt for 'System and Security.'
• Select the 'System' option.
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 • Now select 'Advanced system settings' in the right pane.
• Click 'Settings' in the next window's 'Startup and Recovery' section.
• Uncheck the Automatically restart box under 'System failure.' Click OK to
close
iv. Update System Drivers
Device drivers ensure communication between the operating system and
hardware components. Outdated drivers can lead to inefficiencies in this
communication, causing the hardware to underperform or behave
erratically. This can result in system instability, crashes, or reduced
performance, emphasizing the importance of keeping drivers updated for
optimal system functionality

To update your device drivers, you can follow these steps:

• Press the Windows icon to open the Start Menu,

• Search for Device Manager,
• Check for individual driver updates and install them
v. Some unnoticed hardware issues can often generate reboot loops.
Thus, you must ensure that the hardware component of your system is
functioning well. Check your CPU and RAM thoroughly to guarantee the
well-being of your device. Also, check if your device's power supply is
connected properly.

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3. Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) - Software and Hardware

One of the most common computer problems, BSOD (Blue Screen of

Death), is a nightmare for Windows users. BSOD is a warning displayed
on a blue screen when your system is interrupted by some errors.

However, with the latest technological advancements, it has become less

common than it was years ago. Typically, the BSODs are caused by driver
software, faulty apps, or hardware issues.

An occasional BSOD that you never see again is usually harmless.

However, it would be best to keep yourself prepared for uncertain
situations.

Solutions

Below are the measurements you can take if you ever face such occurrences

i. Do Necessary Updates
Operating system updates often include patches for security vulnerabilities
and fixes for known bugs affecting system performance. By addressing
these issues, updates help maintain system stability and efficiency,

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 protecting against exploits that could slow down the system or compromise
user data.
ii. Remove Bad Programs
Remove suspicious programs that you think can cause trouble in your
system—especially those incompatible with your PC configuration and
downloaded from untrusted sources.
iii. Return to the previous device driver
Sometimes, faulty upgradation of device drivers can cause BSOD. On such
occasions, it is advised to roll back to the previous version of the device
driver before your most recent upgrade.
iv. Conduct a diagnostic test
While there isn't a one-stop diagnostic test for all BSOD causes, Windows
provides multiple tools to help pinpoint and resolve issues:
• Windows Memory Diagnostic: To check for memory (RAM) problems,
type "Windows Memory Diagnostic" into the search bar, select it, and
choose to restart your computer and check for memory problems.
• Check Disk Utility (CHKDSK): To find and fix hard drive errors, open
Command Prompt as an administrator, type chkdsk /f followed by Enter,
and then press Y to schedule a disk check on the next restart.
• System File Checker (SFC): To repair corrupted Windows system files,
open Command Prompt as an administrator, type sfc /scan now, and then
press Enter. This scans your system for corrupted files and automatically
repairs them.
• View Reliability History: Search for "Reliability Monitor" in the Windows
search bar. This tool provides a timeline of system events and errors,
including BSODs, which can help identify recent changes that might have
led to the issue Consulting Microsoft's official support website or forums
can provide more targeted advice for specific BSOD error codes

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4. Troubleshooting Malfunctioning Peripheral Devices (Hardware and
Software)
Certain devices that we connect to our computers, like keyboards, mice,
printers, and others, can sometimes stop working correctly. This might
happen because they are used often or because setting them up can be
complicated, leading to issues.
When these devices fail to operate properly, the probable solution might be
costly and irritating, which is not ideal for any user.
Solutions
i. The first thing to do if a device like a keyboard or printer isn't working is
to check its connection to the computer. If the cables are damaged or not
plugged in properly, try using different cables or plugging them into
different ports.
ii. You can reinstall or update the device drivers and see if that fixes the issue.

5. Frozen or Stuck Computer Problem (Software)

Unexpected computer freezes can create immense frustration while
working on an important task. You can be quickly prompted to attempt a
manual reboot of your computer to fix the issue but with the risk of losing
everything unsaved.
However, you can also try a better option by understanding the reasons for
the frozen system. Usually, software issues are the most common reason
behind a frozen computer. Thus, you can apply the solutions mentioned
below to prevent such uncertain occurrences.

Solutions

Here are 7 easy solutions to fix freezing computer problems.

a. Before prompting a quick reboot, wait a while to see if the problem fixes
itself. At times, heavy application on low-configuration devices takes a toll

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 on the CPU and RAM, which can sometimes cause your system to freeze
for a while.
b. Make an effort to move the mouse cursor around the screen. If it won't
move, your computer probably has a deadlock and needs to be restarted.
c. Try pressing the keyboard's "Caps Lock" button. The Windows Task
Manager can fix the software problem if the Caps Lock light indicates it is
functioning. You may need to reboot your computer if the Caps Lock light
malfunctions.
d. Upgrade your system hardware configuration.
e. Keep your device up-to-date.
f. Keeping your device configuration in mind, minimize the amount of
multitasking or kill unnecessary tasks from Task Manager.
g. Uninstall Unnecessary Programs that consume a lot of your system
resources
6. Unexpected PC Shutdowns (Hardware)
Hardware can significantly impact system performances, such as
overheating due to dust accumulation in fans and heat sinks or failing hard
drives. Overheating can cause the CPU to throttle down its speed to avoid
damage, while hard drive issues can lead to slow data access times.
Monitoring system temperatures and hard drive health can help identify
these issues before they lead to more severe performance degradation.

Check if Your Computer is overheating

A computer can overheat for multiple reasons, like damaged or

underperforming fans, poor ventilation, dust, inadequate power supply, and
multitasking.

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Solution

Maintaining your computer's cleanliness, ensuring a steady power source,

and elevating your laptop if the fan is on the underside is advised.
Faulty Power Supply, Battery, or Charger
Diagnosing and resolving power supply issues becomes easy with a
thorough analysis. A faulty laptop battery or a broken cable can cause
sudden PC shutdowns.
Also, a heavily used computer can go off spontaneously when plugged into
a power source with less voltage than required.

Solution

Be mindful while powering your device from the right connection sources

7. Battery Drain Issues (software)

Like other portable devices, laptops have a built-in battery that degrades
over time, making the battery last less. There are numerous reasons behind
a battery draining too fast, like too many processes running in the
background, using a heavy application, increased screen brightness,
malware elements running in the background, and using your laptop in
high-performance Mode.

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Solutions

Use the curated guide mentioned below to save your computer's battery
life. Below are 3 easy solutions to fix this computer problem.

a. Use Battery Saver Mode Updates from Windows 10 and Windows 11 come
with battery saver mode. You can use the given feature to save battery juice
for important work.
b. Use third-party PC optimization tools
PC tune-up applications automate computer maintenance by cleaning up
unnecessary files, optimizing startup processes, and managing system
resources. They can help clear out temporary files that take up space, adjust
settings to speed up boot times, and identify and disable unnecessary
background processes, improving overall system performance.
c. Minimizing the use of Heavy Applications Programs requiring intensive
graphic consumption to function properly often consume a lot of juice from
the battery. Thus, minimizing the usage duration of those applications can
increase your battery life.

8. PC Power-On Failures – Hardware

Imagine trying to turn on your computer by pressing the power button, but
nothing happens. This can make you feel really scared and confused.
Luckily, power issues do not mean your PC is broken and data is lost. Both
desktops and laptops face power issues for multiple reasons, most of which
are hardware-related. It can be because of a faulty laptop keyboard or an
external monitor facing some issues that stop the PC from turning on
properly.

Solutions

Here's how you can fix the issues;

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 For Laptops
Laptops are more prone to face power issues than desktops due to their
internal batteries and external power supplies. If your laptop is not turning
on after pressing the power key multiple times, you should first analyze for
damages to the charger or internal battery.
You should carefully open the laptop's back cover, ensuring the machine is
unplugged, and detach the battery before attempting to power off the
computer again.
If this resolves the issue, it might be a sign that it's time to consider
replacing your battery. And if not, then I suggest you contact the experts to
look into the matter.
Note: Apart from the battery, the problem can also lie in the keyboard. If
your device is powered on after trying the above method and not by
applying the power button, consider contacting an IT professional.
For Desktops
All cables must be correctly connected to the CPU for a desktop computer
to turn on. So, before powering on your device, verify that all cables are
properly attached. However, if that's not the case, you should consider
taking professional guidance.

9. PC Overheating
One of the common causes of PC Overheating is overusing your device.
The more tasks you perform at once, the more likely you will experience
PC overheating. Below, I have mentioned a few methods to cool down your
overheating PC.

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Solutions

a. End all the heavy tasks from the Task Manager you are performing
together. Also, look for unwanted apps consuming your device resources
and killing them.
b. Check if the fans are working. Fans play a vital role in cooling down your
PC. But if your fan isn't working properly and causing loud noises, you
should start cleaning up your PC to improve the airflow.
c. Laptops can also use an external cooling system, like a cooling pad that
can blow air upwards.
d. Finally, let yourself and your computer rest, especially if you work long
hours

HAREWARE REPAIRS

Hardware means to rectify, to fix the problem either in the hardware or software.
It may also include replacement of a component that is faulty.

It is an essential part of troubleshooting.

In finding or analyzing the faults, it can be decided which hardware or software

can be repaired.

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR REPAIRING COMPUTERS

1. Gather together your toolkit: e.g. air blowing machine, screw drivers,
software, back up disk. Etc.
2. Check for power first, before doing anything else.
10 – 15 percent of all computer issues/problems emanate from power
surge. Check this before doing anything else. Check to be sure if the
computer is plugged in to an AC outlet properly.

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3. Check your external connections to the computer.
Specifically, check the mouse, keyboard, monitor, modem and/or printer
cables, making sure that all are secure and in the right sockets.
4. Perform the Power on self test (Post)
Post is a set of procedures that a computer runs through each time it is
turned on. It ensures that all of the system’s hardware is working properly
before trying to load the operating system. If the computer does not pass
post, it will not boot.
Tip: Make sure the computer turns on. If nothing happens (no lights, no
sound, no fans, etc), the computer has a power related issues.
5. If the computer is still malfunctioning, go ahead then and open the case.
Check to see that all of the cards are fully pressed down into the bus
connections, that any socketed chis are fully pressed into their sockets, and
that all cable connections are fully attached. Make sure that the drive cables
are attached correctly.
6. Clean any dust or foreign material out of the case while it is open.
Dust can cause overheating problems and electrical shorts. Sometimes,
insects will nest inside the case as well. All of this needs to be cleaned out
before you close the case. Take precautions to avoid inhaling excess dust,
and consider using protective eyeware if necessary.
7. Try to boot the computer to the hard drive, or to a bootable disk if
necessary.
Sometimes the hard disk will become corrupted by a user, or by a virus.
8. Check the CMOS setup program, and correct any configuration problems.
If the information in CMOS RAM about your PC’s configuration has been
changed, or if the battery has died, your computer will not boot correctly,
or it will not recognize certain components.
9. Look for unwanted changes

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 Someone may have turned the brightness down on a monitor, or the LAN
staff may have changed your PC’s configuration without your knowledge
(or approval), or an installation program may have corrupted your
software. Look for recent changes in your system’s operation. You may
need to run an uninstaller program to remedy software-related problems.
10. Isolate the problem to one piece of hardware, or one software package.

STEP BY STEP IN BUILDING A DESKTOP COMPUTER

Have you ever thought about building your own computer? Actually, buying
a motherboard and a case along with all the supporting components and
assembling the whole thing yourself?

Here are three reasons why you might want to consider taking the plunge:

a. You'll be able to create a custom machine that exactly matches your needs.

b. It will be much easier to upgrade your machine in the future because you'll
understand it completely.

c. You may be able to save some money.

Let’s follow these steps to build our own computer.

1. The first step in building a computer is deciding what type of machine you
want to build. Do you want a really inexpensive computer for the kids to
use? A small, quiet machine to use as a media computer in the living room?
A high-end gaming computer? Or maybe you need a powerful machine
with a lot of disk space for video editing. With any computer you build,
knowing the type of machine you want to create can really help with
decision-making.

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2. Choosing / buying your components.
This is a guide on how to build a computer, but you can't do that until you
have all the parts a computer needs. If you haven’t selected and purchased
all the required hardware, make sure you do that first. Also, make sure that
it's all compatible and that it will fit inside whatever case you want to build
it in.
Here are the core components to build a PC:
• Case
• CPU
• CPU cooler
• Motherboard
• RAM
• Solid state drive (SSD) and/or a hard drive.
• Power supply
• Graphics card

Note: Choosing a motherboard is the most important part of any building

project. You need to decide whether you are building a "cheap machine,"
a "high-end machine" or a "tricked-out super machine" and then choose
your motherboard accordingly. Here are some other decisions that help
narrow down your motherboard choices:

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 • Do you want to use an Intel or an AMD processor?
• What size motherboard do you want to use? (micro ATX, normal
ATX, mini-ITX, nano-ITX etc.)
• How may USB ports do you want? If you want several, make sure
the motherboard can handle it.
• Do you need FireWire? It's nice if the motherboard accommodates
it (although it's also possible to add a card).
• Do you want a PCI Express graphics card?
• What pin configuration are you using for the CPU? If you want to
use the latest CPUs, make sure that your motherboard accepts them.
• Do you want to try things like dual video cards or special high-speed
RAM configurations? If so, make sure the motherboard supports it.

If you don't care about any of this stuff (or if it all sounds like gibberish to you),
then you're probably interested in building a cheap machine. In that case, find an
inexpensive motherboard/CPU combo kit and don't worry about all of these
details.

3. Gather your tools

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4. Install the power
The first component to make its way into the case should be the power
supply (PSU). It is typically located at the rear of the case, usually at the
bottom, but in older chassis, it can be at the top. Consult your case’s manual
if you have trouble finding the proper location.

A semi-modular supply has some fixed cables and some that plug into the
end of the PSU via sockets. The fixed ones are cables you'll definitely use.
Last, the modular type comes with all of its cables in a pouch; you plug
only the ones you need into the end of the PSU box. That makes installation
easier and cleaner.
5. Install the CPU on the Motherboard
Although you don't have to, it's a good idea to install the processor before
you put the motherboard in the case, as access is far easier.

To install the CPU, you need to line it up correctly. On most Intel CPUs,
you'll have notches on the side that allow you to only place the CPU in one
orientation. On the latest Intel CPUs, you get a little golden triangle in one
corner to help you align it properly. The same is true of all modern AMD
processors.

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6. Install the RAM on the Motherboard
When you know which slot to install your RAM in, push the plastic wings at
either end of the slot down and outward (some motherboards only have one).
Then, to confirm you have your stick turned around the right way, make sure
the gap in the RAM stick's metal connectors lines up with the notch in the
slot.

Place the stick in the slot sticking straight up. Push down firmly until the RAM
clicks into the slot and the plastic wings click back in and clamp the ends of
the sticks.
7. Install the Motherboard
Place your motherboard into your case, and push and wiggle it into place
so that it slots into your I/O panel and has all of its screw holes lined up
with the motherboard standoffs underneath.

Once the motherboard is seated comfortably in the case, there are a few
necessary connections. Connect the cables for your front-panel USB ports,
the front-panel audio jack or jacks, and the case's switches and LEDs.

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8. Install the CPU cooler
Apply a pea-sized amount of thermal paste to your CPU in the center. Place
the CPU cooler on top of the processor, and press down gently. Line up any
retaining brackets or bolts with the CPU cooler mounting holes on the
motherboard.

Install the retaining screws/brackets to secure the cooler in place. If you

have to tighten several screws, be sure to do them a couple of turns at a
time in a cross pattern so that you don't put too much pressure on one
portion of the CPU. Make sure that they are tight enough that the CPU
cannot wiggle around, but don't overtighten.

If your cooler has a separate fan, attach it now, and plug its three-pin or
four-pin connector into the CPU cooler port on the motherboard. It should
be located near the CPU cooler. If it has multiple fans, either plug the
additional ones into extra motherboard headers or use a fan splitter to
power both from the CPU fan port.
9. Mount the Hard Disk Drive / Solid State Drive
To install a hard drive, find the 3.5-inch drive mounting point(s) in your
case. These can be full hard drive cages with multiple mounting points, or
it might be just space for a single drive with screw holes right in the case.
If in doubt, refer to your manual.

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 Slot your drive into the appropriate place and screw it or lock it into place
using your case's mounting system. When in place, attach the SATA data
cable to the drive and the motherboard, and attach the SATA power
connector to the drive.

10. Install your Graphic Card

Grab your graphics card and, making sure the ports are aligned to the rear
of the case and the PCIExpress connector is facing down, carefully slot it
into the motherboard. You should hear a click when the motherboard locks
it into place, but that's not always the case on every motherboard.

You don’t need excessive force, so if you encounter a great deal of

resistance, take another look at the backplate and PCIe slot to make sure
both are clear and the motherboard is properly aligned. Also take note if
there is a pushpin that locks the card in like your memory slots, as some
motherboards use it as a safety measure.

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11. Perform final cables management and cover the case.

12. Switch on the power supply and press the Power button on the front. If all
is well, it should display the post screen or manufacturer logo on the
monitor and then move on to Windows installation or the login screen. If
it doesn't, however, don't fret. It's not uncommon for PCs to need to reboot
a couple of times on their first startup, and some can even take a couple of
minutes to boot the first time while they configure memory and other
components.

If you encounter any error messages or beeps, refer to your motherboard's

manual to decode the message and figure out what you need to fix.

If you don't get any power at all, turn the power supply off and double-
check all of your connections. Make sure the wall socket is turned on, too.
For further help, consult our PC Troubleshooting guide.

COMPUTER VIRUS

Malicious software, is any software used to disrupt computer or mobile

operations, gather sensitive information, gain access to private computer systems,
or display unwanted advertising.
This Malicious software find its way into:
• Boot sector
• File allocation table
• Partition table
• .Com and.Exe. File

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Deadly Effects of Virus
• Delete files

• Change files
• Steal important information
• Load unwanted applications
• Send documents via electronic mail (e-mail)
• Cripple a machine’s Operation System (OS), the basic software that runs
the computer.
Virus warning signs
• The computer’s performance slows down considerably.

• Programs don’t function as they should. They either don’t start, or if they
start, they stop or do not give the desired output.
• Computer fails to boot
• Files and folders keep disappearing without anybody deleting them.
• The computer crashes or freezes indiscriminately such as program not
responding errors.
• The computer keeps showing out of memory space messages or strange
dialog boxes.
• Programs and windows popping up randomly.
• Disk can not be accessed
• New icons and programs get installed automatically.
• Printing doesn’t work correctly
• Windows shuts down or restarts unexpectedly.
• A partition in the system disappears automatically.
• File size changes for nor apparent reason.
• An increase in the number of files no the system when nothing has been
added.

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ANTIVIRUS

Antivirus software is a tool that protects a computer or network from malicious

programs, such as viruses, worms, and ransomware. It scans, detects, and
removes these threats, and can also prevent identity theft and phishing.

How it works

• Antivirus software scans files for known malware signatures and analyzes
their behavior
• It neutralizes infected files to protect data and system functionality
• Once installed, it usually runs automatically in the background to provide
real-time protection

Benefits: Prevents identity theft, Blocks phishing and fraud, and Warns about
dangerous websites and links.

Examples of antivirus software

• Microsoft Defender
• Norton 360
• Bitdefender Antivirus
• Malwarebytes
• McAfee Total Protection
• ESET NOD32 Antivirus
• Kaspersky Security Cloud
• Sophos Home Free

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BASIC DO’S AND DON’TS IN HARDWARE

1. Always ensure that the power has been turn off before installing or
troubleshooting any hardware part of the computer.
2. Before opening a computer case, always unplug the power cord from your
computer.
3. When unplugging the power cord from your case, Hold the power button
in for at least 5 seconds. This will drain any residual electricity from the
power supply
4. Always ground yourself to the case frame while touching any inside
components. This can be done by touching the case frame with your bare
hand, or using a clamp-on grounding device made specifically for his
purpose
5. Keep all liquids away.
6. Avoid installing components when the computer is in operation.
7. When installing any, peripheral or device, aways read the installation
instructions that come with the device. Never apply force to try and connect
any plug/device
8. When fitting/handling processor on motherboard always wear gloves.
9. Always choose to shut down you computer by clicking shutdown. Avoid
switching of the power directly from main switch.
10. If electrical power is lost, switch off all computer devices from the mains
to avoid any problems due to power surge.
11. Always “eject: USB devices from the operating system before
disconnecting them.
12. Upgrade the anti-virus regularly.
13. Always us UPS (uninterruptible Power supply)-This will keep your
computer from crashing during power outages, and will protech your
computer from low and high voltage occurrences.

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 • Uninstall software by

- “Add / Remove Program” function in Control Panel

- Uninstall function of applications

14. Back up data, if possible before making changes.

15. Check to ensure that speakers is not muted through the Control Panel.

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