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TCP Notes

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented protocol that ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data at the Transport Layer of the OSI model. It features a three-way handshake for connection establishment, flow control, error checking, and congestion control. TCP is widely used in applications such as web browsing, email, file transfer, and remote access, but it is slower than UDP due to its overhead.

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55 views3 pages

TCP Notes

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented protocol that ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data at the Transport Layer of the OSI model. It features a three-way handshake for connection establishment, flow control, error checking, and congestion control. TCP is widely used in applications such as web browsing, email, file transfer, and remote access, but it is slower than UDP due to its overhead.

Uploaded by

Ojaswi Gahoi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TCP Notes

**Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) - Detailed Notes**

**Introduction:**

- TCP is a **connection-oriented** protocol that provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked

delivery of data.

- It operates at the **Transport Layer** (Layer 4) of the OSI model.

**Key Features:**

- **Reliable Data Transfer:** Ensures all data reaches the destination without errors and in the

correct order.

- **Connection-Oriented:** Establishes a connection before data transfer using a three-way

handshake.

- **Flow Control:** Manages the rate of data transmission between sender and receiver.

- **Error Checking:** Uses checksums to detect errors.

- **Congestion Control:** Adjusts data transmission rate based on network traffic conditions.

**How TCP Works:**

1. **Connection Establishment (Three-Way Handshake):**

- SYN: Sender sends a synchronization (SYN) packet.

- SYN-ACK: Receiver responds with a SYN-ACK packet.

- ACK: Sender sends an acknowledgment (ACK) packet, and connection is established.

2. **Data Transfer:**

- Data is divided into segments.

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TCP Notes

- Each segment is acknowledged upon receipt.

- Retransmission occurs if acknowledgments are not received.

3. **Connection Termination (Four-Step Process):**

- FIN: Sender sends a Finish (FIN) packet.

- ACK: Receiver acknowledges with an ACK.

- FIN: Receiver sends its own FIN.

- ACK: Sender sends a final acknowledgment.

**TCP Header Format:**

- **Source Port**: 16 bits

- **Destination Port**: 16 bits

- **Sequence Number**: 32 bits

- **Acknowledgment Number**: 32 bits

- **Data Offset**: 4 bits

- **Reserved**: 3 bits

- **Flags**: 9 bits (URG, ACK, PSH, RST, SYN, FIN)

- **Window Size**: 16 bits

- **Checksum**: 16 bits

- **Urgent Pointer**: 16 bits

- **Options and Padding**

**Important Concepts:**

- **Flow Control (Sliding Window Protocol):** Controls how much data the sender can transmit

before needing an acknowledgment.

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TCP Notes

- **Congestion Control (TCP Tahoe, TCP Reno):** Techniques to avoid overwhelming the network.

- **Timeout and Retransmission:** If acknowledgment not received within a timeout, data is

retransmitted.

- **Ordered Data Transfer:** Ensures segments are reassembled in correct order.

**Advantages of TCP:**

- Reliable data transfer.

- Error checking and correction.

- Congestion control.

- Flow control and ordered delivery.

**Disadvantages of TCP:**

- Slower than UDP due to overhead.

- More complex due to connection management and reliability features.

**Applications of TCP:**

- Web browsing (HTTP/HTTPS)

- Email (SMTP, IMAP, POP3)

- File Transfer (FTP)

- Remote access (SSH, Telnet)

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