SQL FUNCTIONS
Baraa Khatib Salkini
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SQL Course | SQL Functions
What are
Functions?
SQL Course | SQL Functions
Nested Function
SQL Course | SQL Functions
SQL
Runs outer
Functions
query
Single-Row Multi-Row
Functions Functions
String Numeric Aggregate Window
Functions Functions Functions Functions
(Basics) (Advanced)
Date & Time NULL
Functions Functions
SQL Course | SQL Functions
SQL
Runs outer
Functions
query
Single-Row Multi-Row
Functions Functions
String Numeric Aggregate Window
Functions Functions Functions Functions
(Basics) (Advanced)
Date & Time NULL
Functions Functions
SQL Course | SQL Functions
STRING
FUNCTIONS
Baraa Khatib Salkini
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SQL Course | String Functions
String
Functions
Manipulation String
Calculation
Extraction
CONCAT LEN LEFT
UPPER RIGHT
LOWER SUBSTRING
TRIM
REPLACE
SQL Course | String Functions
CONCAT Combines multiple strings into one
UPPER Converts all characters to uppercase
LOWER Converts all characters to lowercase
TRIM Removes Leading and Trailing spaces
String REPLACE Replaces specific character with a new character
Functions
LEN Counts how many characters
LEFT Extracts specific Number of Characters from the start
RIGHT Extracts specific Number of Characters from the End
Substring Extracts a part of string at a specified position
CONCAT
SQL Course | String Functions | CONCAT
LOWER & UPPER
SQL Course | String Functions | LOWER & UPPER
TRIM
SQL Course | String Functions | TRIM
REPLACE
SQL Course | String Functions | REPLACE
LEN
SQL Course | String Functions | LEN
LEFT & RIGHT
SQL Course | String Functions | LEFT & RIGHT
SUBSTRING
SQL Course | String Functions | SUBSTRING
NUMERIC
FUNCTIONS
Baraa Khatib Salkini
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SQL Course | Number Functions
SQL
Runs outer
Functions
query
Single-Row Multi-Row
Functions Functions
String Numeric Aggregate Window
Functions Functions Functions Functions
(Basics) (Advanced)
Date & Time NULL
Functions Functions
SQL Course | Numeric Functions
SQL Course | Numeric Functions
DATE & TIME
FUNCTIONS
Baraa Khatib Salkini
YouTube | DATA WITH BARAA
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
SQL
Runs outer
Functions
query
Single-Row Multi-Row
Functions Functions
String Numeric Aggregate Window
Functions Functions Functions Functions
(Basics) (Advanced)
Date & Time NULL
Functions Functions
SQL Course | Date & Time Functions
SQL Course | Date & Time Functions
Date & Time
Runs outer query
Functions
Part
Runs outer Format
Runs &
outer Runs outer
Runs outer
Calculations Validation
Extraction
query Casting
query query
query
DAY FORMAT DATEADD ISDATE
MONTH CONVERT DATEDIFF
YEAR CAST
DATEPART
DATENAME
DATETRUNC
EOMONTH
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
PARTS
EXTRACTION
Baraa Khatib Salkini
YouTube | DATA WITH BARAA
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
Date & Time
Runs outer query
Functions
Part
Runs outer Format
Runs &
outer Runs outer
Runs outer
Calculations Validation
Extraction
query Casting
query query
query
DAY FORMAT DATEADD ISDATE
MONTH CONVERT DATEDIFF
YEAR CAST
DATEPART
DATENAME
DATETRUNC
EOMONTH
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
Quick Functions
YEAR, MONTH, DAY
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
DATEPART
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
DATENAME
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
DATETRUNC
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
DATETRUNC
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
EOMONTH
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
PART EXTRACTION
Syntax
DAY(date)
Runs outer query
DATEPART(part,
Runs outer query date)
MONTH(date)
Runs outer query
DATENAME(part,
Runs outer query date)
YEAR(date)
Runs outer query
DATETRUNC(part,
Runs outer query date)
EOMONTH(date)
Runs outer query
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
DATA TYPES
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
DATE PARTS
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
How to Choose the Right Function?
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
2025-08-20
09:38:54.840 Date Parts
INT String Datetime2
Part Abbre. DATEPART DATENMAME DATETRUNC
year yy, yyyy 2025 2025 2025-01-01 00:00:00
quarter qq,q 3 3 2025-07-01 00:00:00
month mm,m 8 August 2025-08-01 00:00:00
DATEPART dayofyear dy,y 232 232 2025-08-20 00:00:00
day dd, d 20 20 2025-08-20 00:00:00
DATENAME weekday dw 4 Wednesday Not supported
week wk,ww 34 34 2025-08-17 00:00:00
DATETUNC iso_week ns 34 34 2025-08-18 00:00:00
hour hh 9 9 2025-08-20 09:00:00
minute mi,n 45 45 2025-08-20 09:45:00
second ss,s 21 21 2025-08-20 09:45:21
millisecond ms 0 0 2025-08-20 09:45:21
microsecond msc 0 0 2025-08-20 09:45:21
nanosecond ns 0 0 Not supported
iso_week isowk, isoww 0 +00:00 Not supported
DATE
FORMATS
Baraa Khatib Salkini
YouTube | DATA WITH BARAA
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
Date & Time
Runs outer query
Functions
Part
Runs outer Format
Runs &
outer Runs outer
Runs outer
Calculations Validation
Extraction
query Casting
query query
query
DAY FORMAT DATEADD ISDATE
MONTH CONVERT DATEDIFF
YEAR CAST
DATEPART
DATENAME
DATETRUNC
EOMONTH
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
FORMAT
Syntax Syntax
FORMAT(value,
Runs outer query format [,culture])
Optional
Examples
FORMAT(OrderDate,'dd/MM/yyyy')
Runs outer query
FORMAT(OrderDate,'dd/MM/yyyy','ja-JP')
Runs outer query
FORMAT(1234.56,
Runs outer query 'D' ,'fr-FR')
Default Cultuer = ‘en-US’
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
FORMAT
Use Case
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
FORMAT
Use Case
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
2025-08-20
Date & Time
18:55:45
Runs outer
Format query
Speicifiers
Format Description Result
D Full day name
d Day of the month 8/20/2025
dd Day of the month (two-digit) 20
ddd Abbreviated day name Wed
dddd Full day name Wednesday
M Month number 44044
MM Month number (two-digit) 8
FORMAT MMM Abbreviated month name Aug
MMMM Full month name August
yy Year (two-digit) 25
yyyy Year (four-digit) 2025
hh Hour (12-hour format, two-digit) 06
HH Hour (24-hour format, two-digit) 18
m Minutes August 20
mm Minutes (two-digit) 55
s Seconds 2025-08-20T18:55:45
ss Seconds (two-digit) 45
f Fractional seconds (one digit) Wednesday, August 20, 2025 6:55 PM
ff Fractional seconds (two digits) 00
fff Fractional seconds (three digits) 000
tt AM/PM designator PM
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
2025-08-20
Number
18:55:45
Runs outer
Format query
Speicifiers
Format Description Query Result
N Numeric default SELECT FORMAT(1234.56, 'N') 1,234.56
P Percentage SELECT FORMAT(1234.56, 'P') 123,456.00 %
C Currency SELECT FORMAT(1234.56, 'C') $1,234.56
E Scientific notation SELECT FORMAT(1234.56, 'E') 1,23E+09
FORMAT F Fixed-point SELECT FORMAT(1234.56, 'F') 1234.56
N0 Numeric no decimals SELECT FORMAT(1234.56, 'N0') 1,235
N1 Numeric one decimal SELECT FORMAT(1234.56, 'N1') 1,234.6
N2 Numeric two decimals SELECT FORMAT(1234.56, 'N2') 1,234.56
N , de_DE Numeric (German) SELECT FORMAT(1234.56, 'N', 'de-DE') 1.234,56
N, en_US Numeric (US) SELECT FORMAT(1234.56, 'N', 'en-US') 1,234.56
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
FORMAT
Use Case
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
CONVERT
Syntax
CONVERT(data_type,
Runs outer query value [,style])
Optional
Examples
CONVERT(INT,
Runs outer query'124')
CONVERT(VARCHAR,
Runs outer query OrderDate, '34')
Default Style = 0
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
Date Time Datetime2
# Format Example # Format Example # Format Example
1 mm/dd/yy 12/30/25 8 hh:mm:ss 00:38:54 0 Mon dd yyyy hh:mm AM/PM Dec 30 2025 12:38AM
2 yy.mm.dd 25.12.30 14 hh:mm:ss:nnn 00:38:54:840 9 Mon dd yyyy hh:mm:ss:nnn AM/PM Dec 30 2025 12:38:54:840AM
3 dd/mm/yy 30/12/2025 24 hh:mm:ss 00:38:54 13 dd Mon yyyy hh:mm:ss:nnn AM/PM 30 Dec 2025 00:38:54:840AM
4 dd.mm.yy 30.12.25 108 hh:mm:ss 00:38:54 20 yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss 2025-12-30 00:38:54
5 dd-mm-yy 30/12/2025 114 hh:mm:ss:nnn 00:38:54:840 21 yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss:nnn 2025-12-30 00:38:54.840
6 dd-Mon-yy 30-Dec-25 22 mm/dd/yy hh:mm:ss AM/PM 12/30/25 12:38:54 AM
7 Mon dd, yy Dec 30, 25 25 yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss:nnn 2025-12-30 00:38:54.840
10 mm-dd-yy 12-30-25 26 yyyy-dd-mm hh:mm:ss:nnn 2025-30-12 00:38:54.840
11 yy/mm/dd 25/12/1930 27 mm-dd-yyyy hh:mm:ss:nnn 12-30-2025 00:38:54.840
12 yymmdd 251230 Date
Runs&outer
Time 28
29
mm-yyyy-dd hh:mm:ss:nnn
dd-mm-yyyy hh:mm:ss:nnn
12-2025-30 00:38:54.840
30-12-2025 00:38:54.840
23 yyyy-mm-dd 30/12/2025
31 yyyy-dd-mm 2025-30-12 Styles
query 30 dd-yyyy-mm hh:mm:ss:nnn 30-2025-12 00:38:54.840
32 mm-dd-yyyy 12-30-2025 100 Mon dd yyyy hh:mm AM/PM Dec 30 2025 12:38AM
33 mm-yyyy-dd 12-2025-30 109 Mon dd yyyy hh:mm:ss:nnn AM/PM Dec 30 2025 12:38:54:840AM
34 dd-mm-yyyy 30/12/2025 CONVERT 113 dd Mon yyyy hh:mm:ss:nnn 30 Dec 2025 00:38:54:840
35 dd-yyyy-mm 30-2025-12 120 yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss 2025-12-30 00:38:54
101 mm/dd/yyyy 12/30/2025 121 yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss:nnn 2025-12-30 00:38:54.840
102 yyyy.mm.dd 2025.12.30 126 yyyy-mm-dd T hh:mm:ss:nnn 2025-12-30T00:38:54.840
103 dd/mm/yyyy 30/12/2025 127 yyyy-mm-dd T hh:mm:ss:nnn 2025-12-30T00:38:54.840
104 dd.mm.yyyy 30.12.2025
105 dd-mm-yyyy 30/12/2025 2025-08-20
106 dd Mon yyyy 30-Dec-25 18:55:45.840
107 Mon dd, yyyy Dec 30, 2025
110 mm-dd-yyyy 12-30-2025
111 yyyy/mm/dd 30/12/2025
112 yyyymmdd 20251230
CAST
Syntax
CAST(value AS data_type)
Runs outer query
Examples
CAST('123' AS INT)
Runs outer query
CAST('2025-08-20'
Runs outer query AS DATE)
No format can be specified
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
DATE
CALCULATIONS
Baraa Khatib Salkini
YouTube | DATA WITH BARAA
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
Date & Time
Runs outer query
Functions
Part
Runs outer Format
Runs &
outer Runs outer
Runs outer
Calculations Validation
Extraction
query Casting
query query
query
DAY FORMAT DATEADD ISDATE
MONTH CONVERT DATEDIFF
YEAR CAST
DATEPART
DATENAME
DATETRUNC
EOMONTH
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
DATEADD
Syntax
DATEADD(part,
Runs outer query interval, date)
Examples
DATEADD(year,
Runs outer query 2, OrderDate)
DATEADD(month,
Runs outer query -4, OrderDate)
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
DATEDIFF
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
DATEDIFF
Syntax
DATEDIFF(part,
Runs outer query start_date, end_date)
Examples
DATEDIFF(year,
Runs outer query OrderDate, ShipDate)
DATEDIFF(day,
Runs outer query OrderDate, ShipDate)
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
ISDATE
Syntax
ISDATE(value)
Runs outer query
ISDATE('2025-08-20')
Runs outer query
ISDATE(2025)
Runs outer query
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
Date & Time
Runs outer query
Functions
Part
Runs outer Format
Runs &
outer Runs outer
Runs outer
Calculations Validation
Extraction
query Casting
query query
query
DAY FORMAT DATEADD ISDATE
MONTH CONVERT DATEDIFF
YEAR CAST
DATEPART
DATENAME
DATETRUNC
EOMONTH
SQL Course | Date & Time Funcitons
NULL
FUNCTIONS
Baraa Khatib Salkini
YouTube | DATA WITH BARAA
SQL Course | NULL Funcitons
SQL
Runs outer
Functions
query
Single-Row Multi-Row
Functions Functions
String Numeric Aggregate Window
Functions Functions Functions Functions
(Basics) (Advanced)
Date & Time NULL
Functions Functions
SQL Course | NULL Functions
What are NULLS?
SQL Course | NULL Functions
Where NULLS Come From?
SQL Course | NULL Functions
NULL FUNCTIONS
SQL Course | NULL Functions
SQL Course | NULL Functions
ISNULL
replaces NULL with the specified replacement value.
SQL Course | NULL Functions
ISNULL
replaces NULL with the specified replacement value.
SQL Course | NULL Functions
COALESCE
returns the first non-NULL value from the given expressions.
SQL Course | NULL Functions
COALESCE
returns the first non-NULL value from the given expressions.
SQL Course | NULL Functions
NULLIF
returns NULL if both values are equal; otherwise, it returns first value.
SQL Course | NULL Functions
IS NULL
check if a value is NULL.
SQL Course | NULL Functions
IS NULL
In SQL, use IS NULL instead of = NULL to correctly filter rows with NULL values.
SQL Course | NULL Functions
JOINS & IS NULL
SQL Course | NULL Functions
NULL vs Empty vs Blank
SQL Course | NULL Functions
CASE STATEMENT
CASE WHEN
Baraa Khatib Salkini
YouTube | DATA WITH BARAA
SQL Course | Case Statement
CASE STATEMENT
Syntax
The start of logic
Result, if the condition is true
CASE
Condition to be evaluated WHEN condition1 THEN result1
WHEN condition2 THEN result2
Default Value (Optional):
…
if none of the WHEN ELSE result
conditions are true
END
The End of logic
SQL Course | Case Statement
Use Case: Derive New Columns
The CASE statement in SQL categorizes values based on conditions
High
Sales
100
CASE
WHEN Sales >= 100 THEN 'High' 50
Medium
WHEN Sales >= 50 THEN 'Medium'
75
ELSE 'Low'
90
END
150
Low
SQL Course | Case Statement
Transformation & Standardization
The CASE statement in SQL is used for data transformation and
standardization by mapping specific values to standardized formats.
CASE
WHEN Country = 'Germany' THEN 'DE' CASE
WHEN Country = 'F' THEN 'Female'
WHEN Country = 'France' THEN 'FR'
WHEN Country = 'M' THEN 'Male'
WHEN Country = 'Italy' THEN 'IT'
ELSE 'n/a'
ELSE 'n/a'
END
END
Country CaseWhen Gender CaseWhen
Germany DE F Female
France FR M Male
Italy IT Null n/a
SQL Course | Case Statement
Column Name
to be evaluated (Only One) Column Value
To be compared
CASE CASE Country
WHEN Country = 'Germany' THEN 'DE' WHEN 'Germany' THEN 'DE'
WHEN Country = 'India' THEN 'IN' WHEN 'India' THEN 'IN'
WHEN Country = 'United States' THEN 'US' WHEN 'United States' THEN 'US'
WHEN Country = 'France' THEN 'FR' WHEN 'France' THEN 'FR'
WHEN Country = 'Italy' THEN 'IT' WHEN 'Italy' THEN 'IT'
ELSE 'n/a' ELSE 'n/a'
END END
Full Form Quick Form
SQL Course | Case Statement
SQL Course | Case Statement
SQL Course | Case Statement
SQL Course | Case Statement
