Mathematics in the Modern World
Module 4. Statistics
4.1 Review of Measures of Central Tendency 4.2 Review of Measures of Variation
Arithmetic Mean, often referred as “mean” Standard Deviation
- To find the mean for a set of data, find the sum of the - The standard deviation of a set of numerical values
data values and divide by the number of data values. makes use of the amount by which each individual data
value deviates from the mean. The sum of all deviations
Example: Find the mean of these five salaries:
(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ) is 0 for all sets of data.
20,000 25,000 30,000 27,500 22,500
Formula for Standard Deviation
Step 1: Find the sum.
Population: Sample:
20,000 + 25,000 + 30,000 + 27,500 + 22,500 = 125,000
∑(𝒙−𝝁)𝟐 ̅)𝟐
∑(𝒙−𝒙
Step 2: Divide the sum by the number of data. 𝝈=√ 𝒔=√
𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
125,000
= 𝟐𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 is the mean
5 Variance
Median - The variance is the square of the standard deviation.
- The median is the middle number or the mean of the two Formula for Variance
middle numbers in a list of numbers arranged in Population: 𝝈𝟐 Sample: 𝒔𝟐
increasing or decreasing order. Example: The following numbers were obtained by
Example: Find the median of the list of numbers below. sampling a population: 2, 4, 7, 12, and 15. Find the
4, 8, 1 14, 9, 21, 12, 11 standard deviation and variance of the sample.
2+4+7+12+15 40
Step 1: Arrange in increasing or decreasing order. Mean of the Sample: 𝑥̅ = 5
= 5
=8
1, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 21
x 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
Step 2: Locate the middle one. If there is no exactly one 2 2 – 8 = -6 (−6)2 = 36
middle number, get the mean of the two middle numbers. 4 4 – 8 = -4 (−4)2 = 16
9 and 11 are the two middle numbers. 7 7 – 8 = -1 (−1)2 = 1
9 + 11 20 12 12 – 8 = 4 (4)2 = 16
= = 𝟏𝟎 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐧 15 15 – 8 = 7 (7)2 = 49
2 2
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 = 118
Mode
- The mode of a list of numbers is the number that occurs ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 118 118
𝑠=√ =√ =√ = √29.5 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟑
most frequently. A list can have more than one mode. 𝑛−1 5−1 4
Example: Find the mode of the list of numbers below: 2
18, 15, 21, 16. 15, 14, 15, 21, 14 𝑠 2 = (√29.5) = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟓
Step 1: Look for numbers that occur more than once.
15 appeared thrice while 14 appeared twice 4.3 Measures of Correlation and Regression
15 is the mode Linear Regression
Weighted Mean/Average - Linear regression predicts the relationship between two
- The weighted mean is often used when some data values variables by assuming a linear connection between the
contribute more or are more important than others. independent and dependent variables. Data involving two
variables is called bivariate data.
Grades (N) Factor (W) N*W
Quizzes 82 0.20 16.4 Least Squares Method
Exam 90 0.35 31.5 - This is a method of finding a regression line or the
Term Paper 76 0.45 34.2
best-fitting curve for a set of data points.
Weighted Mean/Average = 82.1
Mathematics in the Modern World
Module 4. Statistics
Least Squares Method
Mean: 𝑦̅ = 64.4545 or 64.45 𝑦̅ = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥̅
𝑥̅ = 4.7272 or 4.73 Solving for a:
Linear Regression: 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥
64.45 = 𝑎 + 6.49(4.73)
∑[(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ) ∗ (𝑦 − 𝑦̅)] 𝑎 = 64.45 − 6.49(4.73)
𝑏= 𝑎 = 64.45 − 30.70
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑎 = 33.75
∑[(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ) ∗ (𝑦 − 𝑦̅)] = 611.36
What is the predicted grade of
someone who spends 2.35
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 = 94.18 hours on their essay?
𝑦 = 33.75 + 6.49𝑥
611.36 𝑦 = 33.75 + 6.49(2.35)
𝑏= = 6.49
94.18 𝒚 = 𝟒𝟗
