2012

1)Define architecture. Explain design as a process.

Definition of Architecture: Provide a clear definition of architecture as the art and science of designing
and constructing buildings and other physical structures.

Design Process Explanation: Describe the design process in architecture, covering stages such as
conceptualization, research, planning, development of drawings and models, material selection,
detailing, and collaboration with other professionals.

Key Points: Highlight the importance of creativity, functionality, sustainability, and aesthetics in the
design process. Discuss how architects balance artistic vision with practical considerations to achieve
successful outcomes in building design.

2)Explain the tendencies of development of architecture from early civilizations to the present in brief.

Overview of Architectural Evolution: Briefly outline the evolution of architecture from ancient
civilizations (e.g., Mesopotamia, Egypt) to classical periods (Greek, Roman), Middle Ages (Gothic),
Renaissance, modern era, and contemporary trends.

Key Architectural Styles and Innovations: Mention significant architectural styles, innovations, and
societal influences during each period. Highlight transitions in building materials, construction
techniques, cultural influences, and design philosophies.

Impact on Contemporary Architecture: Discuss how historical architectural developments influence

contemporary design principles, sustainability practices, and technological advancements in architecture
today.

3)Discuss form and function. What are the principles used in architecture for visual aesthetics?

Form and Function: Define form (physical appearance) and function (practical purpose) in architecture.
Explain the importance of balancing form and function to create harmonious and efficient buildings.

Principles for Visual Aesthetics: Discuss key principles such as proportion, symmetry, balance, rhythm,
contrast, and unity. Explain how architects apply these principles to create visually appealing designs
that enhance the user experience and evoke emotional responses.
Examples: Provide examples from architectural history or contemporary practice to illustrate how these
principles are implemented in building design. Discuss how different architectural styles emphasize
certain aesthetic principles.

4)What is thermal insulation? What are the passive modes of heating and cooling in buildings?

Thermal Insulation Definition: Define thermal insulation as the process of reducing heat transfer
between the interior and exterior of a building to improve energy efficiency and comfort.

Passive Heating Modes: Explain passive heating methods such as building orientation for solar gain, use
of thermal mass (e.g., concrete floors), and design features that optimize natural sunlight penetration.

Passive Cooling Modes: Describe passive cooling techniques like shading devices, natural ventilation
(cross-ventilation), and evaporative cooling (using water features or plants) to maintain comfortable
indoor temperatures without mechanical systems.

Benefits: Discuss the benefits of passive heating and cooling in terms of energy savings, reduced
environmental impact, and enhanced occupant comfort. Provide examples of buildings or regions where
these techniques are effectively employed.

5)What is urban planning? What are the benefits of urban planning?

Definition of Urban Planning: Define urban planning as the discipline focused on designing and
organizing the physical, social, and economic aspects of urban areas to ensure sustainable development
and quality of life.

Benefits: Outline the benefits of urban planning, including improved infrastructure (transportation,
utilities), efficient land use (zoning regulations), enhanced public spaces (parks, plazas), reduced
environmental impact (green building practices), and support for economic growth and social equity.

Case Studies or Examples: Provide examples of successful urban planning initiatives or cities known for
their effective urban planning strategies. Discuss how these initiatives have positively impacted the
communities and residents.

6)Write short notes on:

(a) Construction Systems: Briefly describe various construction systems used in building construction,
including traditional methods (masonry, timber framing) and modern techniques (prefabrication, steel
framing). Discuss how different systems impact construction speed, cost, and building performance.
(b) Lighting: Explain the role of lighting in architecture, covering natural light, artificial lighting systems
(LED, fluorescent), and design strategies to optimize light distribution, energy efficiency, and visual
comfort. Discuss lighting design principles for different building types and spaces.

(c) Acoustics: Define acoustics in architecture and discuss its importance in controlling sound
transmission within buildings. Describe materials and design strategies used to improve acoustics in
spaces such as theaters, concert halls, and offices.

(d) Residential Buildings and Their Types: Provide an overview of residential building types, including
single-family homes, apartments, condominiums, and townhouses. Discuss their design characteristics,
spatial layouts, and considerations for privacy, community living, and sustainability.
2013
1.Explain what architecture is and factors influencing its development.

Architecture Definition: Architecture encompasses the art and science of designing and constructing
buildings and structures that serve both functional and aesthetic purposes. It involves creating
environments that are responsive to human needs while reflecting cultural, technological, and
environmental contexts.

Factors Influencing Development: Architecture evolves under the influence of several key factors:

Cultural Influences: Architectural styles and practices are shaped by cultural beliefs, traditions, and
values. For example, Gothic architecture in Europe reflected religious devotion and awe-inspiring
spaces.

Technological Advancements: Innovations in materials (e.g., reinforced concrete, steel), construction

techniques (e.g., prefabrication), and digital tools (e.g., Building Information Modeling - BIM) have
revolutionized architectural design capabilities.

Environmental Considerations: Sustainable design practices have become crucial, influencing choices in
materials, energy efficiency, and ecological impact.

Socioeconomic Factors: Economic conditions, urbanization trends, and social needs (such as housing,
public spaces) shape architectural priorities and projects.

Architectural Movements: Periods like the Renaissance, Modernism, and Postmodernism have
introduced new philosophies and aesthetics, influencing architectural expressions globally.

2.Explain, in brief, the processes involved in designing a building. Illustrate with necessary sketches.

Design Process Overview: Designing a building involves a systematic approach to translate ideas into
built form:

Programming: Defining client requirements, project goals, and site constraints.

Conceptual Design: Generating initial concepts and sketches to explore spatial arrangements, forms, and
design themes.

Design Development: Refining concepts with detailed drawings, 3D models, and material selections.
Considerations include structural integrity, building codes, and environmental impact.
Construction Documents: Producing comprehensive drawings, specifications, and schedules for
construction teams.

Construction Administration: Overseeing the construction phase to ensure design intent, quality control,
and adherence to budget and schedule.

Sketches: Include sketches demonstrating:

Conceptual sketches exploring different architectural forms and spatial arrangements.

Detailed drawings showing construction details, material specifications, and structural elements.

3D models illustrating the building’s massing, spatial organization, and relationship with its
surroundings.

3.What are various construction systems? Explain modern technologies in practice systems?

Construction Systems: Various construction systems include:

Traditional Systems: Masonry (brick, stone), timber framing, and adobe construction.

Modern Systems: Reinforced concrete, steel frame, prefabricated systems (modular construction), and
sustainable building techniques (such as passive design principles and green building certifications).

Modern Technologies: Advanced technologies in construction:

Building Information Modeling (BIM): Digital modeling and simulation tools for design, coordination, and
project management.

3D Printing: Additive manufacturing techniques for producing building components and structures.

Sustainable Practices: Incorporating renewable materials, energy-efficient systems (e.g., solar panels,
green roofs), and smart building technologies (e.g., automated systems for lighting and climate control).

4.What are objectives and principles of Urban Planning? Explain its importance in the context of Nepal.

Objectives: Urban planning aims to:

Optimize land use and infrastructure development.

Enhance quality of life through efficient transportation, housing, and public spaces.

Promote sustainability, resilience to natural disasters, and social equity.

Principles: Principles include:

Zoning and Land Use: Allocating areas for residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational purposes.

Transportation Planning: Designing efficient transport networks to reduce congestion and pollution.

Sustainable Development: Integrating green spaces, renewable energy, and low-impact design
strategies.

Community Engagement: Involving stakeholders in planning decisions to ensure inclusive development.

Importance in Nepal: Urban planning in Nepal addresses rapid urbanization challenges, earthquake
resilience (building codes and disaster preparedness), cultural preservation in historic cities like
Kathmandu, and sustainable development in emerging urban centers.

5.What is thermal comfort in building? Explain, with sketches, the details of thermal insulation in
openings and roof.

Thermal Comfort: Thermal comfort refers to conditions that satisfy occupants' preferences regarding
temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiant heat. Achieving thermal comfort enhances occupant
productivity and well-being.

Thermal Insulation Details: Sketches should detail:

Roof Insulation: Cross-section showing layers of insulation materials (e.g., foam board, fiberglass), vapor
barriers, and roofing materials (e.g., tiles, membranes).

Opening Insulation: Detailing around windows and doors, illustrating techniques to minimize heat loss
or gain through effective sealing, insulated frames, and shading devices (e.g., awnings, louvers).

6.Why architecture is called the mother of all arts? Elucidate the fact.

Elucidation: Architecture integrates elements of various arts:

Visual Arts: Design principles like balance, harmony, and proportion.

Sculpture: Ornamentation and decorative elements on facades and interiors.

Music: Acoustic considerations in designing spaces like concert halls and auditoriums.

Engineering: Structural integrity, materials science, and environmental sustainability.

Foundational Role: Architecture serves as a synthesis of artistic expression and technical innovation,
shaping environments that reflect cultural identities, societal values, and human experiences. It lays the
groundwork for urban planning, landscape design, and interior architecture, influencing all aspects of
built environments.
7.Write short notes on:

(a) Volumetric and Spatial Composition: Volumetric composition refers to the arrangement of solid
forms and voids in three-dimensional space, creating architectural massing and defining external
silhouettes. Spatial composition focuses on organizing interior spaces to optimize functionality,
circulation, and visual connections between rooms.

(b) Residential Building: Residential buildings encompass diverse types like single-family homes,
apartments, and condominiums. Design considerations include privacy, natural lighting, ventilation, and
community amenities, tailored to meet occupants' lifestyle needs and local building codes.

(c) Bazaar: Bazaars are traditional marketplaces found in urban settings, serving as economic hubs and
social gathering places. Architecturally, bazaars feature covered arcades, open squares, and intricate
spatial layouts that accommodate commerce, cultural activities, and community interactions.
2014
1.Compare and contrast between any TWO of the following:

(a) Bubble diagram and flow chart:

Bubble Diagram:

Purpose: Represents spatial relationships and functional zones within a building or site.

Representation: Uses circles or bubbles to denote spaces and lines to show connections or flows
between them.

Usage: Primarily used in early design stages to visualize space planning and circulation.

Flow Chart:

Purpose: Illustrates procedural steps or decision-making processes.

Representation: Uses various shapes (rectangles, diamonds) connected by arrows to show the sequence
of actions or decisions.

Usage: Commonly employed in project management, programming, and workflow analysis.

Comparison: Both bubble diagrams and flow charts visually represent relationships and sequences, but
they serve different purposes: bubble diagrams focus on spatial organization in architecture, while flow
charts depict procedural logic or workflows.

Contrast: Bubble diagrams emphasize spatial layout and relationships within a building or site, whereas
flow charts are used to illustrate procedural steps, decision points, and information flow in processes
outside architectural design.

(b) Load Bearing and framed buildings:

Load Bearing Buildings:

Structure: Walls support vertical loads and transfer them directly to the foundation.
Construction: Relies on the strength of walls (typically masonry or adobe) to bear the weight of the
building.

Flexibility: Interior layout is influenced by load-bearing walls, limiting open floor plans and spatial
flexibility.

Framed Buildings:

Structure: Uses a skeletal framework of columns and beams to support vertical and lateral loads.

Construction: Walls serve as partitions and do not bear significant structural loads, allowing for more
open and flexible interior layouts.

Flexibility: Offers greater design flexibility in terms of interior spaces and building heights compared to
load-bearing construction.

Comparison: Both systems support the weight of the building but differ in structural approach and
interior flexibility.

Contrast: Load-bearing buildings distribute loads through solid walls, influencing interior layout and
limiting design options, whereas framed buildings use a framework of structural elements to allow for
more varied floor plans and architectural expression.

(c) Residential and public building:

Residential Building:

Purpose: Designed for private occupancy, providing living spaces for individuals or families.

Usage: Includes single-family homes, apartments, condominiums, and townhouses.

Design Considerations: Emphasizes comfort, privacy, and personalization for residents.

Public Building:

Purpose: Serves collective community functions and public use.

Usage: Includes government buildings, schools, hospitals, libraries, museums, and cultural centers.

Design Considerations: Focuses on accessibility, safety, durability, and accommodating large numbers of
people.
Comparison: Both types of buildings provide shelter and functional spaces but differ in scale, usage, and
design considerations.

Contrast: Residential buildings prioritize individual comfort and privacy, with design choices tailored to
personal living needs, whereas public buildings cater to broader community needs, requiring
considerations for accessibility, public safety, and multi-functional spaces.

2.Explain building design as a process:

Building Design Process: Building design is a systematic approach that involves several stages to
translate conceptual ideas into a constructed reality:

Programming: Gathering and analyzing project requirements, user needs, site conditions, and regulatory
constraints.

Conceptual Design: Developing initial design concepts and spatial layouts that respond to project goals
and functional requirements.

Design Development: Refining conceptual designs with detailed drawings, specifications, and material
selections to ensure structural integrity, building codes compliance, and sustainability.

Construction Documents: Preparing comprehensive technical drawings, specifications, and contract

documents that guide the construction process.

Construction Administration: Overseeing construction activities to ensure adherence to design intent,

quality standards, budget, and schedule.

3.Define architecture. Discuss the tendencies of development of architecture in brief:

Architecture Definition: Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and
other physical structures that are aesthetically pleasing, functional, and responsive to human needs.

Tendencies of Development:

Ancient Civilizations: Early architecture focused on monumental structures for religious, civic, and burial
purposes, characterized by massive stone construction (e.g., pyramids, temples).

Classical Period: Greek and Roman architecture emphasized symmetry, proportion, and the use of
columns and arches in public buildings and temples.

Medieval and Gothic: Gothic architecture introduced pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying
buttresses, allowing for taller and more intricate church designs.
Renaissance: Revival of classical architecture principles, emphasizing harmony, proportion, and
humanism in civic and residential buildings.

Modern Era: Industrialization led to innovations in materials (steel, reinforced concrete) and
construction techniques (skyscrapers, functionalism, modernism), focusing on efficiency, minimalism,
and integration with urban environments.

Contemporary Trends: Sustainable architecture, digital technologies (BIM, parametric design), and
postmodernist approaches that blend historical references with innovation characterize current
architectural trends.

4.What are the elements of design? Explain the ordering principles used in architectural design:

Elements of Design: The fundamental elements of architectural design include:

Form: Shape and structure of a building or space.

Space: Three-dimensional volume within and around structures.

Texture: Surface qualities, both tactile and visual.

Color: Visual appearance influenced by light and material.

Light: Natural and artificial illumination affecting perception and atmosphere.

Scale: Proportion and size relationships between elements.

Line: Linear elements defining edges, contours, and divisions.

Ordering Principles: Principles used to organize these elements in architectural design include:

Balance: Visual equilibrium and distribution of elements.

Unity: Coherence and harmony achieved through consistent design themes.

Hierarchy: Organization of elements to emphasize importance or function.

Rhythm: Repetition and variation of elements to create visual interest and flow.

Proportion: Relationship between sizes of elements and their overall composition.

Emphasis: Focal points or dominant features that draw attention within a design.

5.Write short notes on:

(a) Form and function:

Form: Refers to the shape, configuration, and aesthetic appearance of a building or structure.

Function: Refers to the purpose, use, and practical requirements that a building or space must fulfill.

Relationship: Effective architecture achieves a balance between form and function, integrating aesthetic
expression with functional utility to create environments that are both visually appealing and
operationally efficient.

(b) Urban planning and its objectives:

Urban Planning: Involves the design, organization, and management of urban areas to ensure
sustainable development and quality of life for inhabitants.

Objectives:

Efficient land use and infrastructure development.

Social equity and community engagement.

Environmental sustainability and resilience to natural hazards.

Enhancement of public spaces, transportation networks, and economic opportunities.

(c) Architecture as the mother of all arts:

Concept: Architecture integrates elements of various arts (visual arts, sculpture, music, engineering) to
create built environments that reflect cultural identity and societal values.

Foundation: Often called the "mother of all arts," architecture precedes and influences other artistic
disciplines, shaping urban landscapes and defining human experiences.

Role: Architecture's synthesis of artistry and functionality sets the stage for urban planning, interior
design, and landscape architecture, demonstrating its pivotal role in shaping civilizations.
2015
1.What is Architecture? What is its importance in society? Explain about the development of
Architecture in terms of material, technology, and socio-cultural factors.

Architecture Definition: Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and
other physical structures that are aesthetically pleasing, functional, and responsive to human needs.

Importance in Society:

Shelter and Safety: Provides shelter, protection, and safety for individuals and communities.

Cultural Identity: Reflects and preserves cultural identity through built heritage and architectural styles.

Quality of Life: Enhances quality of life by creating functional and inspiring environments for living,
working, and recreation.

Environmental Impact: Influences environmental sustainability through design choices that optimize
energy use and resource efficiency.

Development of Architecture:

Materials: Early structures used natural materials like stone and wood. Modern architecture employs
steel, concrete, glass, and sustainable materials.

Technology: Advancements in construction techniques (e.g., reinforced concrete, prefabrication) and

building systems (e.g., HVAC, smart technologies).

Socio-Cultural Factors: Architecture evolves with societal needs, cultural preferences, and technological
advancements, reflecting changes in lifestyle, urbanization, and global influences.

2.What are the functional classifications of buildings? Explain with its basic standards.

Functional Classifications:

Residential Buildings: Designed for private living spaces, including single-family homes, apartments, and
condominiums. Standards include privacy, comfort, safety, and zoning regulations.
Commercial Buildings: Intended for business and commerce, such as offices, retail stores, and hotels.
Standards focus on accessibility, visibility, flexibility, and branding.

Industrial Buildings: Used for manufacturing, processing, or storage, requiring sturdy structures, clear
spans, and specialized systems for production and logistics.

Institutional Buildings: Serve public or community functions, like schools, hospitals, and government
offices. Standards emphasize accessibility, safety, durability, and regulatory compliance.

3.Define Urban Planning. What are the aims and objectives of urban planning? Explain its impact on the
environment.

Urban Planning Definition: Urban planning is the process of designing and organizing urban areas to
optimize land use, infrastructure, and public amenities for sustainable development and community
well-being.

Aims and Objectives:

Efficient Land Use: Optimize space for residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational purposes.

Infrastructure Development: Plan transportation networks, utilities, and public services to support
population growth and economic activities.

Environmental Sustainability: Protect natural resources, reduce pollution, promote green spaces, and
mitigate urban heat island effects.

Social Equity: Enhance livability, access to services, and community engagement through inclusive
planning practices.

Impact on the Environment:

Green Spaces: Preserves and enhances green areas for biodiversity, recreation, and climate regulation.

Transportation: Promotes sustainable transportation options to reduce congestion, emissions, and

energy consumption.

Resource Efficiency: Encourages energy-efficient buildings, water conservation measures, and waste
management strategies.

Resilience: Designs resilient infrastructure to withstand natural disasters and climate change impacts.
4.What are the important factors to be considered to design a building? Draw a bubble diagram of a
residential building with a parking area.

Factors for Building Design:

Site Analysis: Evaluate location, topography, climate, and environmental impact.

Functional Requirements: Define spatial needs, circulation patterns, and zoning regulations.

Aesthetic Considerations: Integrate architectural style, materials, and visual harmony with surroundings.

Structural Integrity: Ensure stability, load-bearing capacity, and compliance with building codes.

Sustainability: Incorporate energy efficiency, water conservation, and green building practices.

Bubble Diagram Example:

A residential building bubble diagram would typically show zones for living spaces (bedrooms, living
room), support spaces (kitchen, bathrooms), and circulation (hallways, stairs).

A parking area would be designated adjacent to or integrated within the residential zones, ensuring
accessibility and convenience for residents.

5.Define acoustic treatment in the building. What are the materials used for acoustic treatment?

Acoustic Treatment Definition: Acoustic treatment involves controlling sound within a space to optimize
auditory conditions for intended activities and minimize noise disturbance.

Materials Used:

Absorptive Materials: Soft surfaces like acoustic panels, fabric-wrapped panels, acoustic ceiling tiles, and
carpets absorb sound waves.

Diffusive Materials: Irregular surfaces or panels with varied shapes scatter sound waves to reduce
echoes and enhance sound clarity.

Isolation Materials: Soundproofing materials like double-glazed windows, acoustic seals, and heavy
partitions prevent sound transmission between spaces.
6.What are the principles used in architectural design? Explain with sketches.

Principles of Architectural Design:

Balance: Distributes visual weight and elements symmetrically or asymmetrically for stability and
harmony.

Proportion: Relates sizes of elements to create visual harmony and establish hierarchy.

Scale: Determines the size relationship between elements and the overall composition.

Rhythm: Uses repetition, progression, or contrast to create visual interest and flow.

Emphasis: Highlights focal points or dominant features to draw attention and create hierarchy.

Unity: Creates cohesion and coherence through consistent design themes and elements.

(Sketches can be provided in-person for better understanding)

7.Write short notes on any TWO:

(a) Thermal insulation:

Definition: Thermal insulation reduces heat transfer between the interior and exterior of a building to
maintain comfortable indoor temperatures and reduce energy consumption.

Materials: Includes fiberglass, cellulose, foam boards, and reflective barriers installed in walls, roofs, and
floors to resist heat flow.

Benefits: Enhances energy efficiency, reduces heating and cooling costs, and improves occupant
comfort.

(b) Supermarket:

Function: Retail establishment offering a wide range of food products, groceries, household items, and
sometimes services like bakery or pharmacy.

Design Considerations: Focus on spacious aisles, efficient shelving for product display, refrigeration for
perishables, and customer-friendly layout for easy navigation and shopping experience.

Impact: Influences local economy, community convenience, and sustainability practices through waste
management and energy-efficient operations.
(c) Auditorium:

Function: Dedicated space for public gatherings, performances, concerts, lectures, and presentations.

Design Features: Includes seating arrangement for audience visibility and acoustics, stage or platform for
performers, sound and lighting systems, and accessibility for performers and audience.

Architectural Considerations: Acoustic treatments, sightlines, seating comfort, and HVAC systems to
ensure optimal auditory and visual experiences for diverse events and audiences.
2016
1.State the basic techniques of architectural development and also explain them:

Basic Techniques of Architectural Development:

Historical Analysis: Study of architectural styles, materials, and techniques from different time periods
and cultures to understand their influences and significance.

Site Analysis: Evaluation of site conditions, topography, climate, and context to inform design decisions
and optimize building placement and orientation.

Programming: Gathering and analyzing user requirements, functional needs, and spatial preferences to
establish design parameters and priorities.

Conceptual Design: Generation of initial design ideas, sketches, and diagrams to explore spatial
arrangements, circulation patterns, and architectural expression.

Design Development: Refinement of conceptual designs through detailed drawings, models, and
specifications to address structural, functional, and aesthetic considerations.

Construction Documents: Preparation of comprehensive construction drawings, schedules, and

specifications to communicate design intent and facilitate the construction process.

Construction Administration: Oversight of construction activities, contractor coordination, and quality

control to ensure compliance with design standards, codes, and specifications.

2.Explain about the construction system of building in Nepal:

Construction Systems in Nepal:

Traditional Methods: Historically, buildings in Nepal were constructed using traditional techniques and
materials like mud bricks, stone masonry, and timber framing. These methods relied on local
craftsmanship and vernacular architecture principles.

Modern Methods: With urbanization and technological advancements, modern construction systems
have been introduced in Nepal. These include reinforced concrete (RC) frame construction, precast
concrete elements, and steel structures.

Challenges: Limited access to skilled labor, lack of enforcement of building codes and standards, and
seismic vulnerability are some challenges facing the construction industry in Nepal.
Adaptations: Efforts are being made to adapt construction systems to local conditions, incorporate
seismic-resistant design principles, and promote sustainable building practices.

3.What are the modern technologies of architectural designing in Nepal? Explain:

Modern Technologies of Architectural Designing:

Computer-Aided Design (CAD): Use of software tools like AutoCAD, Revit, and SketchUp for drafting,
modeling, and visualization of architectural designs.

Building Information Modeling (BIM): Integrated approach to design, construction, and management of
buildings using digital representations and data-rich models for collaborative decision-making.

3D Printing: Emerging technology for rapid prototyping and fabrication of architectural components,
models, and building elements.

Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR): Immersive technologies used for interactive design
visualization, client presentations, and virtual walkthroughs of architectural spaces.

Green Building Technologies: Adoption of sustainable design principles, energy-efficient systems, and
renewable materials to minimize environmental impact and enhance occupant comfort.

4.What are the basic principles of urban planning? Explain:

Basic Principles of Urban Planning:

Land Use Planning: Allocation of land for residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational purposes
to optimize spatial organization and minimize conflicts.

Transportation Planning: Design of transportation networks, roads, public transit systems, and
pedestrian infrastructure to facilitate mobility, accessibility, and connectivity.

Infrastructure Development: Provision of utilities, services, and amenities such as water supply, sewage
treatment, waste management, parks, and public spaces to support urban living.

Environmental Sustainability: Integration of green spaces, sustainable building practices, energy-

efficient technologies, and resilience measures to mitigate environmental impacts and enhance urban
resilience.

Community Engagement: Participation of stakeholders, residents, and communities in the planning

process to ensure inclusivity, transparency, and responsiveness to local needs and aspirations.
5.Define form and function. Explain the volumetric and spatial composition of a building:

Form and Function:

Form: Refers to the physical appearance, shape, and aesthetic qualities of a building or structure.

Function: Relates to the purpose, use, and practical requirements that a building or space must fulfill.

Volumetric and Spatial Composition:

Volumetric Composition: Deals with the three-dimensional arrangement and massing of building
elements, including floors, walls, roofs, and openings, to create spatial volumes and proportions.

Spatial Composition: Involves the organization and layout of interior spaces, circulation paths, and
functional zones within a building to optimize spatial efficiency, flow, and user experience.

6.Write short notes on:

(a) Light:

Natural Light: Daylighting strategies optimize natural light penetration into buildings to enhance visual
comfort, reduce energy consumption, and promote well-being.

Artificial Lighting: Artificial lighting systems provide illumination for indoor spaces during nighttime or in
areas with limited natural light, using fixtures, lamps, and controls to create desired ambiance and
functionality.

(b) Kinder Gardens:

Early Childhood Education: Kinder Gardens, also known as kindergartens or preschools, provide early
childhood education and care for children typically aged three to five years old.

Design Considerations: Kinder Gardens require child-friendly facilities, safe and stimulating
environments, age-appropriate furniture, and outdoor play areas to support holistic development and
learning.

(c) Railway Stations:

Transport Hub: Railway stations serve as transportation hubs for passenger trains, facilitating intercity
and intracity travel.
Design Features: Railway stations require ticketing counters, waiting areas, platforms, boarding gates,
information displays, and amenities like shops, restaurants, and restrooms to accommodate passengers
and provide a comfortable travel experience.

(d) Sport Complex:

Athletic Facilities: Sport complexes include stadiums, arenas, gyms, and recreational facilities for various
sports and physical activities.

Design Elements: Sport complexes feature playing fields, seating areas, locker rooms, equipment
storage, concessions, and spectator amenities to support athletic events, competitions, and recreational
pursuits.
2016
1.Define architecture in detail. How do you define "Architecture as mother of all arts"?

Architecture Definition: Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and
other physical structures that are aesthetically pleasing, functional, and responsive to human needs. It
encompasses the spatial organization, material selection, environmental considerations, and cultural
significance of built environments.

Architecture as Mother of All Arts:

Architecture is often referred to as the "mother of all arts" because it integrates elements of various
artistic disciplines such as sculpture, painting, music, and literature into a unified whole.

It combines creativity with technical knowledge and practical skills to create spaces that not only serve
utilitarian purposes but also evoke emotions, convey cultural meanings, and inspire human experience.

Through architecture, artists and designers express ideas, values, and aspirations of societies across
different time periods and cultures, shaping the physical and symbolic landscapes of civilizations.

2.Explain briefly about the types of residential and public buildings.

Types of Residential Buildings:

Single-Family Homes: Detached houses designed for individual families, ranging from small cottages to
luxury estates.

Apartments: Multi-unit residential buildings where individual units are leased or owned by tenants.

Condominiums: Residential units within a larger building or complex where owners have individual
ownership of their unit and shared ownership of common areas.

Types of Public Buildings:

Government Buildings: Houses administrative offices, courthouses, and legislative assemblies.

Educational Buildings: Schools, universities, and libraries providing educational and research facilities.

Healthcare Facilities: Hospitals, clinics, and medical centers offering medical services and patient care.
Cultural Institutions: Museums, theaters, and galleries promoting arts, history, and cultural activities.

3.Explain briefly about the objectives and principles of urban planning. What is Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA)?

Objectives of Urban Planning:

Efficient Land Use: Optimize spatial organization for residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational
activities.

Infrastructure Development: Plan transportation networks, utilities, and public services to support
population growth and economic development.

Environmental Sustainability: Protect natural resources, promote green spaces, and mitigate
urbanization impacts on ecosystems.

Community Well-being: Enhance livability, social equity, and public health through accessible amenities
and quality urban environments.

Principles of Urban Planning:

Zoning: Segregation of land use into functional zones to minimize conflicts and enhance efficiency.

Compact Development: Promote higher densities and mixed-use development to reduce sprawl and
preserve open spaces.

Sustainable Transportation: Prioritize pedestrian-friendly streets, cycling infrastructure, and efficient

public transit systems.

Community Engagement: Involve stakeholders, residents, and experts in decision-making processes to

ensure inclusive and responsive planning outcomes.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):

EIA is a process to assess the potential environmental consequences of proposed projects or

developments.

It evaluates impacts on air quality, water resources, biodiversity, and human health to inform decision-
making and mitigate adverse effects through design modifications and mitigation measures.

EIA aims to promote sustainable development by identifying and addressing environmental risks and
ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements.
4.Explain design process of residence. Also make a sketch of any residential building.

Design Process of a Residence:

Programming: Define client requirements, spatial needs, and functional preferences.

Site Analysis: Evaluate site conditions, orientation, views, and environmental factors.

Concept Design: Generate initial design ideas, floor plans, and massing studies.

Design Development: Refine design details, material selections, and interior layouts.

Construction Documents: Prepare technical drawings, specifications, and schedules for construction.

Construction Administration: Oversee construction activities, quality control, and project management
to ensure adherence to design intent and standards.

Sketch of a Residential Building: (Sketch can be provided in-person for better understanding)

5.Write short notes on any TWO:

(a) Thermal Insulation in a building:

Definition: Thermal insulation reduces heat transfer between the interior and exterior of a building to
maintain comfortable indoor temperatures and reduce energy consumption.

Materials: Includes fiberglass, cellulose, foam boards, and reflective barriers installed in walls, roofs, and
floors to resist heat flow.

Benefits: Enhances energy efficiency, reduces heating and cooling costs, and improves occupant
comfort.

(b) Construction systems used in buildings:

Types: Include load-bearing construction, framed construction (steel or wood), precast concrete
systems, and modular construction.

Advantages: Each system offers specific advantages in terms of speed of construction, cost-
effectiveness, structural strength, and design flexibility.

Application: Selection of construction system depends on project requirements, site conditions, budget
constraints, and architectural design considerations.
(c) Architectural conservation:

Definition: Architectural conservation involves the preservation, restoration, and adaptive reuse of
historic buildings and structures to maintain cultural heritage and architectural significance.

Methods: Conservation methods include documentation, repair of deteriorated elements, use of

compatible materials, and conservation planning to ensure authenticity and longevity.

Importance: Promotes sustainable development, cultural identity, tourism, and community pride by
safeguarding architectural treasures and historic landmarks.
2017
1."Architecture is a creative art". Explain this statement. What are the bases for the development of
architecture?

Architecture as a Creative Art:

Creativity: Architecture involves the imaginative and artistic expression of ideas, concepts, and emotions
through spatial design, form, and function.

Aesthetics: Architects blend creativity with aesthetic principles to create visually pleasing and
harmonious built environments that evoke sensory and emotional responses.

Innovation: Architects innovate by integrating new materials, technologies, and sustainable practices
into their designs to address contemporary challenges and aspirations.

Expression of Culture: Architecture reflects cultural values, traditions, and identity, enriching societal
and historical narratives through built form.

Bases for the Development of Architecture:

Functional Needs: Architecture addresses human needs for shelter, comfort, safety, and social
interaction.

Technological Advances: Development in construction materials, methods, and building systems drive
architectural innovation and possibilities.

Environmental Considerations: Sustainability and environmental stewardship influence architectural

design to minimize ecological impact and promote resilience.

Cultural Context: Historical, social, and cultural contexts shape architectural styles, typologies, and
regional identities.

2."Building design is the result of a systematic design process". Explain this statement with supportive
sketches.

Systematic Design Process in Building Design:

Programming: Define project requirements, functional spaces, and user needs through client
consultation and research.
Concept Design: Generate initial design ideas, sketches, and diagrams to explore spatial relationships,
circulation patterns, and architectural expression.

Design Development: Refine concepts into detailed drawings, plans, and 3D models that incorporate
structural, mechanical, and environmental considerations.

Construction Documentation: Prepare comprehensive drawings, specifications, and schedules to

communicate design intent and facilitate construction.

Construction Administration: Oversee construction activities, coordinate with contractors, and ensure
compliance with design specifications and quality standards.

Supportive Sketches: (Sketches can be provided in-person for better understanding)

3.Classify the types of building according to function. Also give a sketch of any residence.

Types of Buildings According to Function:

Residential Buildings: Single-family homes, apartments, condominiums.

Commercial Buildings: Offices, retail stores, restaurants.

Industrial Buildings: Factories, warehouses, manufacturing plants.

Institutional Buildings: Schools, hospitals, government offices.

Recreational Buildings: Sports complexes, theaters, museums.

Sketch of a Residential Building: (Sketch can be provided in-person for better understanding)

4.Define urban planning. What are the principles of urban planning?

Urban Planning Definition: Urban planning is the process of designing and organizing urban areas to
optimize land use, infrastructure, and public amenities for sustainable development and community
well-being.

Principles of Urban Planning:

Land Use: Efficient allocation of land for residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational purposes.
Transportation: Design of transportation networks, public transit systems, and pedestrian infrastructure
to enhance mobility and connectivity.

Sustainability: Integration of green spaces, energy-efficient buildings, and sustainable practices to

minimize environmental impact.

Community Engagement: Involvement of stakeholders and residents in decision-making processes to

ensure inclusivity and responsiveness to local needs.

Resilience: Planning resilient infrastructure and adaptive strategies to mitigate risks from natural
disasters and climate change impacts.

5.Explain the importance of sound insulation in building. Explain different types of sound insulation
measures in the building.

Importance of Sound Insulation:

Comfort: Enhances occupant comfort and well-being by reducing noise transmission between interior
spaces and from external sources.

Privacy: Maintains confidentiality and privacy within residential, office, and healthcare environments.

Productivity: Improves concentration and productivity in work and learning environments by minimizing
distractions.

Regulatory Compliance: Meets building code requirements and standards for acoustic performance in
residential and commercial buildings.

Types of Sound Insulation Measures:

Wall Insulation: Use of sound-absorbing materials and construction techniques to reduce airborne
sound transmission between rooms or units.

Floor and Ceiling Insulation: Installation of resilient underlays, acoustic mats, or suspended ceilings to
attenuate impact noise and footfall sound.

Window and Door Seals: Application of weather-stripping, seals, and double-glazed windows to
minimize external noise infiltration.

Partition Design: Designing partitions with adequate mass, thickness, and sound-dampening materials to
isolate noise between spaces.

6.Write short notes on any TWO:

(a) Kindergartens:

Early Childhood Education: Provide preschool education and care for children aged three to five years
old.

Design Considerations: Focus on safe, stimulating, and age-appropriate environments with play areas,
classrooms, restrooms, and secure access.

Pedagogical Approach: Support child development through interactive learning spaces, sensory
exploration, and creative activities.

(b) Railway Stations:

Transport Hubs: Serve as intermodal transportation centers for passenger trains, connecting urban and
regional destinations.

Design Features: Include ticketing counters, waiting areas, platforms, pedestrian concourses, and
amenities like shops, restaurants, and restrooms.

Operational Considerations: Ensure efficient passenger flow, accessibility compliance, safety measures,
and integration with urban transit networks.

(c) Supermarket:

Retail Environment: Provide a wide range of food products, groceries, household items, and services in a
spacious and organized layout.

Design Considerations: Optimize shelving, aisle width, refrigeration units, checkout counters, and
product displays for customer convenience and efficient operations.

Customer Experience: Enhance shopping experience through signage, lighting, wayfinding, and
amenities such as parking, carts, and self-service options.
2018
1.Define architecture. Explain with an example of "architecture as mother of all arts".

Architecture Definition: Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and
other physical structures. It encompasses the planning, design, and construction of spaces that serve
both functional and aesthetic purposes.

Architecture as Mother of All Arts:

Architecture integrates elements of various artistic disciplines such as sculpture, painting, music, and
literature into a unified whole.

It requires creativity, technical knowledge, and craftsmanship to create environments that are not only
utilitarian but also culturally significant and emotionally evocative.

For example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, embodies architectural excellence where its proportions,
symmetry, and decorative elements reflect the artistic ideals of ancient Greek civilization, influencing art
and culture for centuries.

2.Explain the design process and its importance. Explain the design process of a residential building.

Design Process and its Importance:

Design Process: The design process in architecture involves a systematic approach to problem-solving
and creativity, encompassing stages from initial concept to final construction. It includes programming,
schematic design, design development, construction documentation, and construction administration.

Importance: It ensures that architectural solutions meet functional requirements, aesthetic aspirations,
and environmental considerations while adhering to budget and schedule constraints. A well-executed
design process leads to buildings that are efficient, sustainable, and responsive to human needs and
aspirations.

Design Process of a Residential Building:

Programming: Define client requirements, spatial needs, and functional preferences.

Concept Design: Generate initial design ideas, floor plans, and massing studies.

Design Development: Refine design details, material selections, and interior layouts.
Construction Documentation: Prepare technical drawings, specifications, and schedules for construction.

Construction Administration: Oversee construction activities, ensure quality control, and coordinate
with contractors to realize design intent.

3.What is Planning? Discuss the objectives, aims, and principles of urban planning.

Planning Definition: Planning involves the systematic process of setting goals, evaluating resources, and
formulating strategies to achieve desired outcomes. Urban planning specifically focuses on the
development and organization of urban areas to optimize land use, infrastructure, and community well-
being.

Objectives, Aims, and Principles of Urban Planning:

Objectives: Efficient land use, sustainable development, social equity, economic vitality, and
environmental stewardship.

Aims: Enhance quality of life, promote public health, ensure safety, and foster economic growth.

Principles: Include zoning regulations, transportation planning, environmental sustainability, community

participation, and resilience to natural hazards.

4.What is conservation? Explain the spatial composition of buildings with suitable examples.

Conservation Definition: Conservation in architecture refers to the preservation, restoration, and

adaptive reuse of historic buildings and cultural heritage sites to maintain their architectural significance
and cultural value for future generations.

Spatial Composition of Buildings:

Definition: Spatial composition refers to the arrangement and organization of spaces within a building to
create functional, aesthetic, and experiential qualities.

Examples: The Taj Mahal in India exemplifies meticulous spatial composition with its symmetrical layout,
axial planning, and hierarchical arrangement of spaces such as the mausoleum, gardens, and reflecting
pools. Similarly, the Gothic cathedrals of Europe demonstrate spatial composition through verticality,
light-filled interiors, and spatial sequences that guide visitors through spiritual and narrative
experiences.

5.Elaborate on the importance of thermal insulation in building. Also, mention the types of residential
and public buildings.
Importance of Thermal Insulation:

Enhances energy efficiency by reducing heat loss or gain through building envelopes.

Improves occupant comfort by maintaining stable indoor temperatures.

Mitigates condensation and moisture-related issues, enhancing building durability.

Lowers heating and cooling costs, contributing to sustainable building practices.

Types of Residential and Public Buildings:

Residential Buildings: Include single-family homes, apartments, condominiums, and townhouses

designed for private occupancy.

Public Buildings: Encompass government offices, educational institutions, healthcare facilities, cultural
centers, and recreational complexes serving public functions and community needs.

6.Write short notes on any TWO:

(a) Airport:

Function: Airports serve as transportation hubs for air travel, facilitating passenger flights, cargo
operations, and aircraft maintenance.

Design Considerations: Include terminal buildings, runways, taxiways, control towers, and passenger
amenities like lounges, retail spaces, and security checkpoints.

Operational Efficiency: Airport design prioritizes efficiency, safety, accessibility, and passenger
experience to accommodate growing air travel demands.

(b) Form Remains, Function Never Dies:

This phrase encapsulates the enduring principle in architecture where the functional requirements of
buildings evolve over time, while their forms adapt to changing needs, technological advancements, and
cultural shifts.

It underscores the importance of flexibility, adaptability, and sustainability in architectural design to

ensure buildings remain relevant and functional across generations.

(c) Egyptian Civilization:

Architectural Contributions: Ancient Egypt is renowned for monumental architecture such as pyramids,
temples, and tombs that reflect religious beliefs, political power, and cultural identity.

Design Characteristics: Use of massive stone blocks, hieroglyphic inscriptions, axial planning, and
symbolic forms like obelisks and sphinxes.

Legacy: Egyptian architecture influenced subsequent civilizations in the Mediterranean and Near East,
enduring as a symbol of architectural mastery and cultural legacy.
2019
1.Explain what is architecture. Write in detail about the factors influencing the development of
architecture.

Architecture Definition:

Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures.
It involves the planning, designing, and construction of spaces that serve both functional and aesthetic
purposes.

Factors Influencing the Development of Architecture:

Technological Advances: Innovations in construction materials, techniques, and engineering influence

architectural possibilities and styles.

Cultural Influences: Societal values, traditions, beliefs, and customs shape architectural forms and
expressions.

Environmental Considerations: Climate, geography, and natural resources impact building design,
sustainability, and energy efficiency.

Economic Factors: Financial resources, funding availability, and economic conditions influence the scale
and scope of architectural projects.

Political and Social Context: Government regulations, urban planning policies, and social needs influence
architectural design and urban development.

2.List out the types of buildings according to function. Also, write in detail about the types of public
buildings.

Types of Buildings According to Function:

Residential Buildings: Single-family homes, apartments, condominiums.

Commercial Buildings: Offices, retail stores, shopping malls.

Industrial Buildings: Factories, warehouses, manufacturing plants.

Institutional Buildings: Schools, hospitals, government offices.

Recreational Buildings: Sports complexes, theaters, museums.

Types of Public Buildings:

Government Buildings: Houses administrative offices, courthouses, and legislative assemblies.

Educational Buildings: Schools, universities, libraries, and research institutions.

Healthcare Facilities: Hospitals, clinics, medical centers, and nursing homes.

Cultural Institutions: Museums, art galleries, theaters, and performance venues.

Transportation Hubs: Airports, railway stations, bus terminals, and ports.

3.Define urban planning. Mention the objectives and principles of Urban Planning. Explain its
importance in the context of Nepal.

Urban Planning Definition:

Urban planning is the process of designing, organizing, and managing urban spaces to achieve
sustainable development, efficiency, and quality of life for residents.

Objectives and Principles of Urban Planning:

Objectives: Efficient land use, infrastructure development, environmental sustainability, social equity,
and economic prosperity.

Principles: Include zoning regulations, transportation planning, green spaces, mixed land use, and
community participation.

Importance in Nepal: Urban planning in Nepal is crucial for managing rapid urbanization, improving
infrastructure, addressing housing needs, preserving cultural heritage, and promoting sustainable
development amidst diverse geographical and cultural landscapes.

4.Explain the design process of a residence. Explain in brief about the processes involved in designing a
building. Draw a bubble diagram of a simple residential building with sketches.

Design Process of a Residence:

Programming: Define client requirements, spatial needs, and functional preferences.

Concept Design: Generate initial design ideas, floor plans, and massing studies.

Design Development: Refine design details, material selections, and interior layouts.
Construction Documentation: Prepare technical drawings, specifications, and schedules.

Construction Administration: Oversee construction activities and ensure compliance with design intent.

Processes Involved in Designing a Building:

Site Analysis: Evaluate site conditions, orientation, and environmental factors.

Schematic Design: Develop conceptual sketches, diagrams, and spatial arrangements.

Design Development: Refine layouts, select materials, and integrate engineering systems.

Construction Documents: Produce detailed drawings, specifications, and cost estimates.

Construction Phase: Manage contractors, monitor progress, and ensure quality control.

Bubble Diagram of a Simple Residential Building: (Sketch can be provided in-person for better
understanding)

5.What are the principles used in architectural design? Explain.

Principles Used in Architectural Design:

Functionality: Design spaces that meet functional needs and support human activities effectively.

Aesthetics: Create visually appealing forms, proportions, and compositions that harmonize with
surroundings.

Sustainability: Integrate sustainable practices to minimize environmental impact and enhance energy
efficiency.

Durability: Select durable materials and construction methods to ensure long-term performance and
maintenance.

Contextual Integration: Respond to site conditions, cultural context, and local architectural traditions.

User Experience: Prioritize user comfort, safety, accessibility, and well-being in design solutions.

6.Write short notes on any TWO:

(a) Kindergarten:

Function: Provides early childhood education and care for children typically aged three to five years.
Design Considerations: Emphasizes safe, stimulating, and age-appropriate environments with play areas,
classrooms, and restrooms.

Pedagogical Approach: Supports child development through interactive learning spaces, sensory
exploration, and creative activities tailored to young learners.

(b) Railway Stations:

Function: Serve as transportation hubs for passenger trains, facilitating arrivals, departures, and
transfers.

Design Features: Include platforms, waiting areas, ticketing counters, and amenities such as shops,
cafes, and accessibility features.

Operational Considerations: Optimize passenger flow, safety protocols, and integration with urban
transit networks for efficient and seamless travel experiences.

(c) Acoustics:

Importance: Concerned with the control, manipulation, and quality of sound within buildings to
optimize auditory environments.

Design Strategies: Include sound-absorbing materials, acoustic insulation, room shape optimization, and
strategic placement of surfaces to enhance clarity and reduce noise.

Applications: Critical in auditoriums, concert halls, recording studios, and learning spaces where sound
quality and intelligibility are essential for user experience and functionality.
2021
1.What is thermal comfort in building? Explain briefly about thermal insulation, acoustics, and lights
with respect to building design.

Thermal Comfort: Thermal comfort refers to the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the
thermal environment. It is influenced by factors such as air temperature, humidity, air movement, and
radiant heat.

Thermal Insulation: Thermal insulation involves materials and techniques used to reduce heat transfer
between the interior and exterior of a building. This helps maintain comfortable indoor temperatures
and reduces energy consumption for heating and cooling.

Acoustics: Acoustics in building design refers to the management of sound within a space. It includes
using materials and design strategies to control noise levels, reverberation, and enhance sound quality
for occupants.

Lighting: Lighting design encompasses the selection and placement of artificial and natural light sources
to achieve functional and aesthetic goals. It considers factors like illumination levels, energy efficiency,
glare control, and the creation of ambiance.

2.Explain about restoration and reconstruction of architectural objects.

Restoration: Restoration involves the process of repairing and preserving existing architectural objects
to retain their original form, materials, and historical significance. It aims to stabilize deteriorated
elements, repair damage, and conserve cultural heritage.

Reconstruction: Reconstruction refers to the recreation or replication of architectural objects that have
been damaged, destroyed, or lost. It involves using historical evidence and techniques to recreate
elements or entire structures.

3.What is Architecture? What is its importance in society? Explain about the development of
Architecture in terms of material, technology, and socio-cultural factors.
Architecture: Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other
physical structures. It plays a crucial role in shaping the built environment, reflecting cultural identity,
and improving quality of life.

Importance in Society: Architecture provides shelter, facilitates human activities, and defines urban and
rural landscapes. It contributes to economic growth, sustainability, and social well-being. It also
preserves and expresses cultural values and traditions.

Development of Architecture:

Material: Advances in building materials such as concrete, steel, glass, and sustainable materials have
influenced architectural forms and structural capabilities.

Technology: Innovations in construction techniques, engineering, and digital design tools have expanded
architectural possibilities and efficiency.

Socio-cultural Factors: Changes in lifestyles, urbanization, environmental awareness, and cultural

preferences shape architectural styles, functions, and urban planning strategies.

3.Define Form and function. Explain building design as a process. What are the elements of design?

Form and Function:

Form: Refers to the shape, appearance, and composition of a building or object.

Function: Refers to the purpose, use, and activities accommodated within a building or space.

Building Design Process:

It involves stages such as programming, conceptual design, design development, construction

documentation, and construction administration.

Collaboration between architects, engineers, clients, and stakeholders ensures that design solutions
meet functional, aesthetic, and regulatory requirements.

Elements of Design: Elements include line, shape, form, color, texture, pattern, scale, proportion, and
balance. These elements are manipulated to create visually appealing and functional spaces.
4.Explain with neat sketches the ordering principles used in architectural design?

Ordering Principles in Architectural Design:

Symmetry: Balance achieved through mirroring elements around a central axis.

Hierarchy: Organizing elements to create a sense of importance or sequence.

Rhythm: Repeating elements or patterns to create visual interest and movement.

Proportion: Harmonizing sizes and scales of elements to achieve visual balance and cohesion.

5.What are various construction systems? Explain the modern technologies of architectural designing in
Nepal.

Construction Systems: Include traditional methods like load-bearing masonry, timber framing, and
modern techniques such as reinforced concrete, steel frame, and prefabricated systems. Each system is
chosen based on structural requirements, material availability, and cost-effectiveness.

Modern Technologies in Nepal: Technologies like Building Information Modeling (BIM), Computer-Aided
Design (CAD), parametric design tools, and sustainable building practices are increasingly used in Nepal.
These technologies improve efficiency, accuracy, and sustainability in architectural design and
construction.

6.Write short notes on:

(a) Public Centers: Public centers are communal spaces designed to serve diverse community needs,
such as civic engagements, cultural events, and recreational activities. Examples include town halls,
community centers, and cultural institutions.

(b) Volumetric and Spatial Composition of Building: Refers to the arrangement and organization of
three-dimensional spaces within a building. Architects manipulate volumes, voids, and spatial
relationships to create functional layouts and aesthetic experiences.
(c) Academic Building and Residential Building:

Academic Building: Designed to facilitate learning and research activities, academic buildings include
classrooms, laboratories, libraries, and administrative offices. They prioritize functionality, flexibility, and
conducive environments for education.

Residential Building: Provides living spaces for individuals or families. Residential buildings range from
single-family homes to apartment complexes, designed to meet privacy, comfort, and lifestyle
preferences of occupants.
2022
1.Define architecture as "printing machine of all ages".

Architecture, often referred to as the "printing machine of all ages," signifies its role in imprinting the
cultural, technological, and societal advancements of each era into the built environment. Like how a
printing press disseminates knowledge, architecture embodies the aspirations, innovations, and values
of civilizations through its structures and urban landscapes.

2.Explain the types of construction system used in constructing buildings.

Types of construction systems used in constructing buildings.

Load-Bearing Masonry: Walls carry the load of the building, typically made of brick or stone.

Reinforced Concrete: Concrete is reinforced with steel bars or mesh to enhance its tensile strength.

Steel Frame Construction: Structural steel members support the building, allowing for large spans and
flexible designs.

Timber Frame Construction: Uses wood as the primary structural material, common in residential and
low-rise buildings.

Prefabricated Systems: Components of the building are manufactured off-site and assembled on-site,
improving construction speed and quality.

3.Discuss the process of designing residential building. Make single line diagram of plans and front
elevation of residential building.

Process of designing a residential building.

Programming: Understanding client needs and project requirements.

Conceptual Design: Developing initial ideas and spatial arrangements.

Design Development: Refining the concept, integrating structural and mechanical systems.

Construction Documentation: Creating detailed drawings and specifications for construction.

Construction Administration: Overseeing construction to ensure design intent is realized.

4.What are the objectives and principles of urban planning and its impact in environment?

Objectives and principles of urban planning and its impact on the environment.

Objectives: Enhancing quality of life, managing growth, promoting sustainability, and fostering economic
development.

Principles: Sustainability, equity, efficiency, resilience, and inclusivity guide planning decisions.

Impact on Environment: Reduces urban sprawl, preserves natural resources, promotes green spaces,
and minimizes environmental pollution and congestion.

5.Short notes on:

(a) Supermarket: A large retail store offering a variety of food and household products. Designed for
efficient circulation, storage, and customer convenience, supermarkets are essential components of
urban and suburban retail environments.

(b) Kinder Gardens: Also known as kindergartens, these educational facilities cater to young children
before formal schooling begins. They focus on early childhood development through play-based
learning, social interaction, and cognitive development activities.

(c) Public Centers: Public centers are community-oriented spaces that host cultural, recreational, and
civic activities. Examples include community centers, town halls, and cultural institutions, providing
venues for public meetings, events, and services.