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Lecture 2 (Microprocessor & Microcontroller)

The document discusses the fundamental concepts of microprocessors and microcontrollers, focusing on the von Neumann architecture which integrates data and instructions in a single memory store. It explains the components of the Central Processing Unit (CPU), including the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit, and registers, as well as the role of buses in data transfer. Additionally, it outlines the memory unit's structure and types, along with the function of input/output devices in relation to the CPU.

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13 views15 pages

Lecture 2 (Microprocessor & Microcontroller)

The document discusses the fundamental concepts of microprocessors and microcontrollers, focusing on the von Neumann architecture which integrates data and instructions in a single memory store. It explains the components of the Central Processing Unit (CPU), including the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit, and registers, as well as the role of buses in data transfer. Additionally, it outlines the memory unit's structure and types, along with the function of input/output devices in relation to the CPU.

Uploaded by

manzoormurshedctg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2

Microprocessor anf Microcontroller


Von Neumann machine
• von Neumann machine, the basic design of the modern, or classical,
computer.
• Data and instructions should be kept in a single store and that
instructions should be encoded so as to be modifiable by other
instructions. This was an extremely critical decision, because it meant
that one program could be treated as data by another program.
• Contents of memory are addressable by memory address, without
regard to the type of data contained.
• Execution occurs in a sequential fashion, unless explicitly altered,
from one instruction to the other
Von Neumann Basic Structure
Central Processing Unit
• The part of the Computer that performs the bulk of data processing
operations is called the Central Processing Unit and is referred to as
the CPU.
• The Central Processing Unit can also be defined as an electric circuit
responsible for executing the instructions of a computer program.
• The major components of CPU are Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU),
Control Unit (CU) and a variety of registers.
Central Processing Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):
The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) performs the required micro-operations
for executing the instructions. In simple words, ALU allows arithmetic (add,
subtract, etc.) and logic (AND, OR, NOT, etc.) operations to be carried out.
Control Unit:
The Control Unit of a computer system controls the operations of
components like ALU, memory and input/output devices.
The Control Unit consists of a program counter that contains the address of
the instructions to be fetched and an instruction register into which
instructions are fetched from memory for execution.
Central Processing Unit
Registers:
Registers refer to high-speed storage areas in the CPU. The data
processed by the CPU are fetched from the registers
Central Processing Unit
Buses:
Buses are the means by which information is shared between the registers in a
multiple-register configuration system. A bus structure consists of a set of common
lines, one for each bit of a register, through which binary information is transferred
one at a time. Control signals determine which register is selected by the bus
during each particular register transfer.
Memory Unit
A memory unit is a collection of storage cells together with associated
circuits needed to transfer information in and out of the storage. The
memory stores binary information in groups of bits called words. The
internal structure of a memory unit is specified by the number of
words it contains and the number of bits in each word.
Two major types of memories are used in computer systems:
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• ROM (Read-Only Memory)
Input / Output Devices
• Program or data is read into main memory from the input device or
secondary storage under the control of CPU input instruction. Output
devices are used to output information from a computer. If some
results are evaluated by the computer and it is stored in the
computer, then with the help of output devices, we can present them
to the user.
8085 Architecture
8085 Pin Diagram
8085 Bus Diagram
8086 Architecture
8086 Pin Diagram
8086 Buses

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