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WAD LECTURE9and10

The document provides an overview of JavaScript conditional statements, loops, and functions. It explains the use of if, else, else if, and switch statements, along with examples for each. Additionally, it covers different types of functions, including regular, anonymous, and arrow functions, as well as the concept of callbacks.

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Zunaira Akbar

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

21 views47 pages

WAD LECTURE9and10

Uploaded by

Zunaira Akbar

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 47

Web Application Development

❖ JavaScript

Ammar Ahmad Khan

Conditional Statements

Very often when you write code, you want to perform

different actions for different decisions.

In JavaScript we have the following conditional

statements:
• Use if to specify a block of code to be executed, if a specified condition is
true
• Use else to specify a block of code to be executed, if the same condition
is false
• Use else if to specify a new condition to test, if the first condition is false
• Use switch to specify many alternative blocks of code to be executed

2
The if Statement
Use the if statement to specify a block of JavaScript code to be executed if a condition is true.
Syntax
if (condition) {
// block of code to be executed if the condition is true
}
Note that if is in lowercase letters. Uppercase letters (If or IF) will generate a JavaScript error.
Example
Make a "Good day" greeting if the hour is less than 18:00:

if (hour < 18) {

greeting = "Good day";
}

The result of greeting will be:

Good day

3
The if Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>JavaScript if</h2>
<p>Display "Good day!" if the hour is less than 18:00:</p>
<p id="demo">Good Evening!</p>
<script>
if (new Date().getHours() < 18) {
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Good day!";
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

4
The else Statement
Use the else statement to specify a block of code to be executed if the condition is false.
Syntax:
if (condition) {
// block of code to be executed if the condition is true
} else {
// block of code to be executed if the condition is false
}
Example
If the hour is less than 18, create a "Good day" greeting, otherwise "Good evening":
if (hour < 18) {
greeting = "Good day";
} else {
greeting = "Good evening";
}

The result of greeting will be:

Good day

5
The else Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>JavaScript if...else Example</h2>
<p>Check if a person is an adult or a minor:</p>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
let age = 16; // Change this value to test different cases
let message;
if (age >= 18) {
message = "You are an adult.";
} else {
message = "You are a minor.";
}
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = message;
</script>
</body>
</html>

6
The else if Statement
Use the else if statement to specify a new condition if the first condition is false.
Syntax
if (condition1) {
// block of code to be executed if condition1 is true
} else if (condition2) {
// block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is true
} else {
// block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is false
}
Example
If time is less than 10:00, create a "Good morning" greeting, if not, but time is less than 20:00, create a "Good day"
greeting, otherwise a "Good evening":
if (time < 10) {
greeting = "Good morning";
} else if (time < 20) {
greeting = "Good day";
} else {
greeting = "Good evening";
}
The result of greeting will be:
Good day

7
The else if Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>JavaScript if...else if...else Example</h2>
<p>Check the age category of a person:</p>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
let age = prompt("Enter your age:"); // User enters their age
age = Number(age); // Convert the input to a number
let message;
if (age < 13) {
message = "You are a child.";
} else if (age >= 13 && age < 18) {
message = "You are a teenager.";
} else if (age >= 18 && age < 60) {
message = "You are an adult.";
} else {
message = "You are a senior citizen.";
}
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = message;
</script>
</body>
</html>

8
The JavaScript Switch Statement
Use the switch statement to select one of many code blocks to be executed.
Syntax
switch(expression) {
case x:
// code block
break;
case y:
// code block
break;
default:
// code block
}
This is how it works:
• The switch expression is evaluated once.
• The value of the expression is compared with the values of each case.
• If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed.
• If there is no match, the default code block is executed.

9
Example: Switch
The getDay() method returns the weekday as a number between 0 and 6.
(Sunday=0, Monday=1, Tuesday=2 ..)
This example uses the weekday number to calculate the weekday name:
switch (new Date().getDay()) {
case 0:
day = "Sunday";
break;
case 1:
day = "Monday";
break;
case 2:
day = "Tuesday";
break;
case 3:
day = "Wednesday";
break;
case 4:
day = "Thursday";
break;
case 5:
day = "Friday";
break;
case 6:
day = “Saturday";
}
The result of day will be:
Sunday

10
The break Keyword

When JavaScript reaches a break keyword, it breaks out of

the switch block.

This will stop the execution inside the switch block.

It is not necessary to break the last case in a switch block.

The block breaks (ends) there anyway.

Note: If you omit the break statement, the next case will
be executed even if the evaluation does not match the
case.
11
The default Keyword
The default keyword specifies the code to run if there is no case match:
Example: The getDay() method returns the weekday as a number between 0 and 6.
If today is neither Saturday (6) nor Sunday (0), write a default message:
switch (new Date().getDay()) {
case 6:
text = "Today is Saturday";
break;
case 0:
text = "Today is Sunday";
break;
default:
text = "Looking forward to the Weekend";
}
The result of text will be:
Today is Sunday
12
JavaScript Loops

Loops are handy, if you want to run the same code over
and over again, each time with a different value.

Different Kinds of Loops

• for - loops through a block of code a number of times
• while - loops through a block of code while a specified
condition is true
• do/while - also loops through a block of code while a
specified condition is true

13
The For Loop

The for statement creates a loop with 3 optional expressions:

for (expression 1; expression 2; expression 3) {
// code block to be executed
}
• Expression 1 is executed (one time) before the execution of the code block.
• Expression 2 defines the condition for executing the code block.
• Expression 3 is executed (every time) after the code block has been
executed.

Example
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
text += "The number is " + i + "<br>";
}

14
The For Loop Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>JavaScript For Loop</h2>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
let text = "";
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
text += "The number is " + i + "<br>";
}
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = text;
</script>
</body>
</html>
15
The While Loop
The while loop loops through a block of code as long as a specified
condition is true.
Syntax
while (condition) {
// code block to be executed
}
Example: In the following example, the code in the loop will run, over and
over again, as long as a variable (i) is less than 10:

while (i < 10) {

text += "The number is " + i;
i++;
}

16
The Do While Loop
The do while loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will execute the code block once,
before checking if the condition is true, then it will repeat the loop as long as the condition is
true.
Syntax
do {
// code block to be executed
}
while (condition);
Example: The example below uses a do while loop. The loop will always be executed at
least once, even if the condition is false, because the code block is executed before the
condition is tested:
do {
text += "The number is " + i;
i++;
}
while (i < 10);

17
Functions

A JavaScript function is a block of code designed to

perform a particular task.
A JavaScript function is executed when "something"
invokes it (calls it).
Example
// Function to compute the product of p1 and p2
function myFunction(p1, p2) {
return p1 * p2;
}

18
Function Invocation

The code inside the function will execute when

"something" invokes (calls) the function:

• When an event occurs (when a user clicks a

button)
• When it is invoked (called) from JavaScript code
• Automatically (self invoked)

19
Function Return

• When JavaScript reaches a return statement, the function will stop executing.
• If the function was invoked from a statement, JavaScript will "return" to execute the
code after the invoking statement.
• Functions often compute a return value. The return value is "returned" back to the
"caller":

Example: Calculate the product of two numbers, and return the result:

// Function is called, the return value will end up in x

let x = myFunction(4, 3);
function myFunction(a, b) {
// Function returns the product of a and b
return a * b;
}

Reference Link: https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_functions.asp

20
Types of Functions

In JavaScript we have multiple types of functions:

• Regular Function
• Anonymous Function
• Arrow Function
• IIFE(Immediately Invoked Function Expression)

21
1. Regular Function

Definition
A regular function is a named function that can be
reused and called multiple times.

Example:
function greet(name) {
return "Hello, " + name + "!";
}
console.log(greet("Alice"));

22
Example(Regular)

<body>

<h2>1. Regular Function</h2>

<p>A named function that can be called multiple times.</p>
<p id="regularOutput"></p>

</script>
</body>

23
2. Anonymous Function

Definition
An anonymous function is a function without a name,
often assigned to a variable or passed as an argument.

Example:
const sum = function(a, b) {
return a + b;
};
console.log(sum(5, 10));

24
Example(Anonymous)

<body>
<h1>Anonymous Function in JavaScript</h1>

<p>An anonymous function is a function without a name. It is often

assigned to a variable and can be used as a function expression.</p>

// Display output
document.getElementById("anonymous-function").innerText = "Sum of
7 and 8: " + sum(7, 8);
</script>
</body>

25
this keyword

In JavaScript, the this keyword refers to an object.

The this keyword refers to different objects depending
on how it is used:
• In an object method, this refers to the object.
• In a function, this refers to the global object.
• In an event, this refers to the element that received the event.
• Methods like call(), apply(), and bind() can refer this to any
object.

Note: this is not a variable. It is a keyword. You cannot change the value of this.

26
this in a Method

When used in an object method, this refers to the object.

In the example give on this page, this refers to the person object.
Because the fullName method is a method of the person object.

const person = {
firstName: "John",
lastName : "Doe",
id : 5566,
fullName : function() {
return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName;
}
};

27
this in Event Handlers

In HTML event handlers, this refers to the HTML

element that received the event:

Example
<button onclick="this.style.display='none'">
Click to Remove Me!
</button>

28
3. Arrow Function

Definition
An arrow function provides a concise syntax for
functions using => and does not have its own this
context.

Example:
const multiply = (x, y) => x * y;
console.log(multiply(4, 3));

29
3. Arrow Function (Before/After)

Before Arrow:
hello = function() {
return "Hello World!";
}
With Arrow Function:
hello = () => {
return "Hello World!";
}
It gets shorter! If the function has only one statement, and the statement
returns a value, you can remove the brackets and the return keyword:
Arrow Functions Return Value by Default:
hello = () => "Hello World!";

30
3. Arrow Function (Parameters)

Note: This works only if the function has only one statement.

If you have parameters, you pass them inside the parentheses:

Arrow Function With Parameters:

hello = (val) => "Hello " + val;

In fact, if you have only one parameter, you can skip the parentheses as
well:

Arrow Function Without Parentheses:

hello = val => "Hello " + val;

31
Example (Arrow)
<body>
<h1>Arrow Function in JavaScript</h1>

<p>An arrow function is a shorter syntax for writing functions

using `=>`. It does not have its own `this` context.</p>

// Display output
document.getElementById("arrow-function").innerText =
"Multiplication of 6 and 5: " + multiply(6, 5);
</script>
</body>

32
Regular vs Anonymous vs Arrow

Differences:
• Syntax: Arrow functions are more concise
compared to regular or anonymous functions.
• this Binding: Regular and anonymous functions
have their own this, whereas arrow functions
inherit this from their surrounding scope.
• Usage: Regular functions are used for named
function declarations, anonymous functions for
callbacks, and arrow functions for concise function
expressions.

33
Callbacks
A callback is a function that is passed as an argument to another function and is
executed later, usually after a certain task is completed.

function greet(name, callback) {

console.log("Hello, " + name);
callback();
}
function sayBye() {
console.log("Goodbye!");
}
greet("Alice", sayBye);
// Output:
// Hello, Alice
// Goodbye!

34
Callbacks Example
<body>
<h2>JavaScript Callback Function Example</h2>
<p>Check the console for output.</p>

35
JavaScript Events

• HTML events are "things" that happen to HTML elements.

• When JavaScript is used in HTML pages, JavaScript can "react" on these
events.

HTML Events
• An HTML event can be something the browser does, or something a user
does.

Here are some examples of HTML events:

• An HTML web page has nished loading
• An HTML input eld was changed
• An HTML button was clicked

36
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Single Quote or Double Quote

With single quotes:

<element event='some JavaScript'>
With double quotes:
<element event="some JavaScript">

• In the following example, an onclick attribute (with code), is added to

a <button> element:

Example
<button onclick="document.getElementById('demo').innerHTML =
Date()">The time is?</button>

37
Event Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>JavaScript HTML Events</h1>
<h2>The onclick Attribute</h2>

<button onclick="this.innerHTML=Date()">The time is?</button>

</body>
</html>

38
Common HTML Event

Here is a list of some common HTML events:

Events:
onchange: An HTML element has been changed
onclick: The user clicks an HTML element
onmouseover: The user moves the mouse over an HTML element
onmouseout: The user moves the mouse away from an HTML element
onkeydown: The user pushes a keyboard key
onload: The browser has nished loading the page
Example: LECTURE10.html

Reference Link: W3Schools JavaScript Reference HTML DOM Events.

39
fi
ES6+ Features

Reference Link: https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_es6.asp

40
Error Handling

Throw, and Try...Catch...Finally

• The try statement de nes a code block to run (to try).

• The catch statement de nes a code block to handle any error.
• The nally statement de nes a code block to run regardless of the
result.
• The throw statement de nes a custom error.

41
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JavaScript try and catch

The try statement allows you to de ne a block of code to be tested for

errors while it is being executed.
The catch statement allows you to de ne a block of code to be executed, if
an error occurs in the try block.

The JavaScript statements try and catch come in pairs:

try {
Block of code to try
}
catch(err) {
Block of code to handle errors
}

42
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Example Try and Catch
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>JavaScript Error Handling</h2>
<p>How to use <b>catch</b> to display an error.</p>
<p id="demo"></p>
<script>
try {
adddlert("Welcome guest!");
}
catch(err) {
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = err.message;
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

43
The throw Statement

• The throw statement allows you to create a custom error.

• Technically you can throw an exception (throw an error).

The exception can be a JavaScript String, a Number,

a Boolean or an Object:
throw "Too big"; // throw a text
throw 500; // throw a number

Note: If you use throw together with try and catch, you can control program ow and
generate custom error messages.

fl
Example(Throw)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>JavaScript try catch</h2>
<p>Please input a number between 5 and 10:</p>
<input id="demo" type="text">
<button type="button" onclick="myFunction()">Test Input</button>
<p id="p01"></p>
<script>
function myFunction() {
const message = document.getElementById("p01");
message.innerHTML = "";
let x = document.getElementById("demo").value;
try {
if(x.trim() == "") throw "empty";
if(isNaN(x)) throw "not a number";
x = Number(x);
if(x < 5) throw "too low";
if(x > 10) throw "too high";
}
catch(err) {
message.innerHTML = "Input is " + err;
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

45
The finally Statement

The nally statement lets you execute code, after try and catch, regardless
of the result:

Syntax
try {
Block of code to try
}
catch(err) {
Block of code to handle errors
}
nally {
Block of code to be executed regardless of the try / catch result
}

46
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Example (finally)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>JavaScript nally Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>JavaScript try...catch... nally Example</h1>
<button onclick="testErrorHandling()">Click to Test Error</button>
<p id="error-message"></p>
<script>
function testErrorHandling() {
try {
// Simulating an error
let result = 10 / unknownVariable; // `unknownVariable` is not de ned
} catch (error) {
// Handling the error
document.getElementById("error-message").innerText = "Error: " + error.message;
} nally {
// Always executes
console.log("Finally block executed!");
alert("Finally block executed!");
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

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WAD LECTURE9and10

Uploaded by

WAD LECTURE9and10

Uploaded by

Web Application Development

Ammar Ahmad Khan

Very often when you write code, you want to perform

In JavaScript we have the following conditional

if (hour < 18) {

The result of greeting will be:

The result of greeting will be:

When JavaScript reaches a break keyword, it breaks out of

This will stop the execution inside the switch block.

It is not necessary to break the last case in a switch block.

Different Kinds of Loops

The for statement creates a loop with 3 optional expressions:

while (i < 10) {

A JavaScript function is a block of code designed to

The code inside the function will execute when

• When an event occurs (when a user clicks a

// Function is called, the return value will end up in x

Reference Link: https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_functions.asp

In JavaScript we have multiple types of functions:

<h2>1. Regular Function</h2>

<p>An **anonymous function** is a function without a name. It is often

In JavaScript, the this keyword refers to an object.

When used in an object method, this refers to the object.

In HTML event handlers, this refers to the HTML

If you have parameters, you pass them inside the parentheses:

Arrow Function With Parameters:

Arrow Function Without Parentheses:

<p>An **arrow function** is a shorter syntax for writing functions

function greet(name, callback) {

• HTML events are "things" that happen to HTML elements.

Here are some examples of HTML events:

With single quotes:

• In the following example, an onclick attribute (with code), is added to

<button onclick="this.innerHTML=Date()">The time is?</button>

Here is a list of some common HTML events:

Reference Link: W3Schools JavaScript Reference HTML DOM Events.

Reference Link: https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_es6.asp

Throw, and Try...Catch...Finally

• The try statement de nes a code block to run (to try).

The try statement allows you to de ne a block of code to be tested for

The JavaScript statements try and catch come in pairs:

• The throw statement allows you to create a custom error.

The exception can be a JavaScript String, a Number,

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<p>An anonymous function is a function without a name. It is often

<p>An arrow function is a shorter syntax for writing functions