Hydraulic,
Pneumatic &
Air Filtration
2
Systems Lecture (2)
on
Hydraulic Systems
Components & Functions
2nd Semester
2022 - 2023
Basic Hydraulic Systems
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Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of a hydraulic system
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Basic Hydraulic Systems
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AC Motor
Fig. 2: Hydraulic system operation
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Basic Hydraulic Systems
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The basic design of a hydraulic system and the power flow within it
is shown in Figure 1 and 2. In a hydrostatically driven machine,
powered by an electric motor or an internal combustion engine,
mechanical energy (T1, ω1) is converted into hydraulic energy (Q,
ΔP). The control unit directs the hydraulic energy to the hydrostatic
prime mover through various devices which regulate the pressure,
direction and magnitude of the flow of fluid. The hydrostatic prime
mover converts the hydraulic energy back into mechanical energy; it
can be either rotating (M2, ω2), linear or reciprocating (Fc, vc)
depending on what the output requires.
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Energy Transfer in a Hydraulic System
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In hydraulic systems, mechanical energy is converted into hydraulic
energy, then transported through hydraulics, and afterwards
converted back into mechanical energy. This transfer of energy is
illustrated in Figure 3.
Fig. 3: Transfer of energy in a hydraulic system.
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Hydraulic System Circuit
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Fig. 4: Hydraulic system circuit, schematic, and symbolic drawings.
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Hydraulic System Circuit
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Virtually all hydraulic circuits are essentially the same regardless of the
application. There are six basic components required in a hydraulic
circuit (refer to Figure 3). The function of this system is summarized in
the following:
1. A tank (reservoir) to hold the liquid, which is usually hydraulic oil.
2. An electric motor or other power source supplies the system with the
required mechanical power.
3. The pump converts the input mechanical power to hydraulic power.
4. The energy-carrying liquid is transmitted through the hydraulic
transmission lines: pipes and hoses.
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Hydraulic System Circuit
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5. The hydraulic power is controlled by means of valves of different
types. This circuit includes three different types of valves: a
pressure control valve, a directional control valve, and a flow
control (throttle check) valve.
6. The controlled hydraulic power is communicated to the actuator
to convert the energy of the liquid into mechanical force or
torque to do useful work. Actuators can either be cylinders to
provide linear motion or motors (hydraulic) to provide rotary
motion.
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Basic Hydraulic Systems
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Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Basic Hydraulic Systems
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Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Basic Hydraulic Systems
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Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Basic Hydraulic Systems
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Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Systems on Site
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Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Fluids
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Theoretically, any fluid can be used as the operating medium in hydraulic systems since they
all follow Pascal's Law.
Requirements of Hydraulic Fluids
1. Good lubricity
2. No corrosion of materials
3. Good viscosity-temperature characteristics
4. Good resistance to oxidation and thermal loading
5. low compressibility
6. Minimum foaming
7. high specific gravity
8. Good thermal conductance
9. Fire resistance for special applications
10. Non-toxic
11. cheap
12. Wide availability
13. Low maintenance cost
14. Easy disposal
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Hydraulic Fluids
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Selection of Hydraulic Fluid
Viscosity
1. If the viscosity is too high; Cold starting of the hydraulic system will be difficult, control
will be sluggish and the air separation capacity will be poor.
2. If the viscosity is too low there will be excessive leakage, more wear and severe
overheating of the fluid.
3. The viscosity falls as the temperature rises.
4. The viscosity-pressure behavior of hydraulic fluids is of more importance when operating
pressures are higher.
Pour Point
Pour point is the lowest value of temperature at which the fluid will still flow. In selecting a
hydraulic fluid, remember that the minimum permitted temperature in the hydraulic system
must be at least 8°C above the pour point.
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Hydraulic Fluids
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Selection of Hydraulic Fluid
Foaming
Foaming due to the air bubbles that rise to the surface of the fluid must be kept to a minimum through
careful design of the tank. Although hydraulic fluids contain anti-foaming additives, impurities such as
water, dirt and the products of ageing increase the tendency of the fluid to foam.
Demulsifying Capacity
The demulsifying capacity of a fluid is the time taken by a mixture of fluid and water to separate into its
two components. Any water that penetrates into hydraulic fluid must be removed as quickly as possible
because it has an adverse effect on the viscosity and corrosion protection and causes deposits.
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Hydraulic Fluids
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Selection of Hydraulic Fluid
Resistance to Oxidation
The oxidation stability is the ability of the fluid to resist chemical degradation by reaction with atmospheric
oxygen. The degradation of hydraulic fluids by oxidation can result in significant viscosity increases,
development of corrosive organic acids, and lacquering of critical surfaces by resinous oxidation products.
Corrosion Protection
Hydraulic fluid not only has to prevent the rusting of steel components, it also has to be compatible with
non-ferrous metals and alloys. Hydraulic fluids, which attack lead or bearing materials containing lead,
should not be used
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Hydraulic Fluids
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Types of Hydraulic Fluids
1. Petroleum-base hydraulic oils,
2. Synthetic fluids (Fire-Resistant Fluids),
3. Water glycol fluids (Fire-Resistant Fluids),
4. Oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions (Fire-Resistant Fluids),
5. High water content fluids (HWCF) (Fire-Resistant Fluids),
6. Resistance to Oxidation (Fire-Resistant Fluids).
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Hydraulic Fluids
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Viscosity Grades
The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has established a numerical code system for
grading motor oils according to their viscosity characteristics. SAE viscosity gradings include
the following, from low to high viscosity: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 or 60. The numbers
0, 5, 10, 15 and 25 are suffixed with the letter W, designating they are "winter" (not
"weight") or cold-start viscosity, at lower temperature. The number 20 comes with or
without a W, depending on whether it is being used to denote a cold or hot viscosity grade.
The document SAE J300 defines the viscometrics related to these grades.
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Fluids
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Viscosity Grades
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps
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Hydraulic pumps convert the mechanical energy transmitted by its prime mover
(electric motor, internal combustion engine) into hydraulic working energy. When a
hydraulic pump operates, it performs two functions. First, its mechanical action
creates a vacuum at the pump inlet which allows atmospheric pressure to force liquid
from the reservoir into the inlet line to the pump. Second, its mechanical action
delivers this liquid to the pump outlet and forces it into the hydraulic system. A pump
produces liquid movement or flow: it does not generate pressure. It produces the flow
necessary for the development of pressure, which is a function of resistance to fluid
flow in the system. For example, the pressure of the fluid at the pump outlet is zero
for a pump not connected to a system (load). Further, for a pump delivering into a
system, the pressure will rise only to the level necessary to overcome the resistance
of the load.
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps
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The type of pump used in an industrial hydraulic system is a positive displacement
pump. There are many types of positive displacement pumps. For this reason, we
must be selective and concentrate on the most popular. These are vane, gear, and
piston pumps. All pumps may be classified as either positive displacement or non-
positive displacement, (Fig. 2.1). Most pumps used in hydraulic systems are positive
displacement.
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps
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Hydraulic pumps convert the mechanical energy transmitted by its prime mover
(electric motor, internal combustion engine) into hydraulic working energy. When a
hydraulic pump operates, it performs two functions. First, its mechanical action
creates a vacuum at the pump inlet which allows atmospheric pressure to force liquid
from the reservoir into the inlet line to the pump. Second, its mechanical action
delivers this liquid to the pump outlet and forces it into the hydraulic system. A pump
produces liquid movement or flow: it does not generate pressure. It produces the flow
necessary for the development of pressure, which is a function of resistance to fluid
flow in the system. For example, the pressure of the fluid at the pump outlet is zero
for a pump not connected to a system (load). Further, for a pump delivering into a
system, the pressure will rise only to the level necessary to overcome the resistance
of the load.
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Nonpositive Displacement Pumps
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The common advantages nonpositive displacement pumps,
1. Low production cost,
2. Simplicity of operation, Used to pump large
3. High reliability, volumes of fluids at
4. Low maintenance factors, relatively low pressures
5. Low noise level,
6. Ability to pump nearly all fluids without damage to internal parts.
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Positive displacement pumps transfer a constant amount of fluid for each cycle of operation.
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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External Gear Pump
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Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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External Gear Pump
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Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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External Gear Pump
Main features
1. Simple in design
2. Inexpensive to manufacture and
maintain
3. Wide range of speeds
4. Wide temperature/viscosity range
Important parameters
1. Displacement volume: 0.2 to 200
cm3
2. Max. pressure: up to 300 bar (size
dependant)
3. Range of speeds: 500 to 6000 rpm
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Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Internal Gear Pump
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Internal Gear Pump
Main features
1. Very low noise level
Important parameters
1. Displacement volume: 3 to 250 cm3
2. Max. pressure: up to 300 bar (size dependant)
3. Range of speeds: 500 to 3000 rpm (size
dependant)
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Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Internal Gear Pump
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Screw Pump
Main features
1. Very low noise level
Important parameters
1. Displacement volume: 15 to 3500 cm3
2. Max. pressure: up to 200 bar
3. Range of speeds: 1000 to 3500 rpm
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Screw Pump
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Single Chamber Vane Pump
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Single Chamber Vane Pump
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Single Chamber Vane Pump
Main features
1. Very low noise level
Important parameters
1. Displacement volume: 5 to 100 cm3
2. Max. pressure: up to 100 bar
3. Range of speeds: 1000 to 2000 rpm
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Single Chamber Vane Pump
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Single Chamber Vane Pump
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Variable Displacement Single Chamber Vane Pump
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Fixed Displacement Swash Plate Piston Pumps
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Fixed Displacement Swash Plate Piston Pumps
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Swash Plate Piston Pumps
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Swash Plate Piston Pumps
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Swash Plate Piston Pumps
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Bent Axis Piston Pumps
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Bent Axis Piston Pumps
Important parameters
1. Normal pressure: up to 400 bar
2. Max. pressure: up to 450 bar
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Bent Axis Piston Pumps
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Variable Displacement Piston Pumps
Swash Plate Piston Pump Bent Axis Piston Pump
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Hydraulic Pumps - Positive Displacement Pumps
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Variable displacement Piston Pumps
Swash Plate Piston Pump Bent Axis Piston Pump
Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Standard Pumps Symbols
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Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Standard Pumps Symbols
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Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Standard Pumps Symbols
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Lecture (2) – Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Air Filtration Systems
Standard Pumps Symbols
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HW #1
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1. List ten hydraulic applications and ten pneumatic applications and
explain the advantages and limitations of them.
2. Compare among of electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic systems
and explain the main components of hydraulic systems.
3. What are the requirements of hydraulic fluids?
4. What are the two major obstacles to good system performance
and why?
• Improper oil viscosity and low system pressure.
• Fluid contamination and heat.
5. What are the main components of basic hydraulic system?
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