Table of Specifications: New Enhanced TOS

Signals, Spectra, and Signal Processing

Mathematics (8 pts)
❑ Z-transforms
❑ Convolution/Correlation

Electronic Systems and Technologies (10 pts)

❑ Classification and Characteristic of Signals
❑ Sampling Theorem and Aliasing
❑ Difference Equations for FIR and IIR filters
❑ Convolution/Correlation, Z-transforms
❑ Pole-Zero gain filters, Fourier Transforms, Filtering, FIR/IIR
Review Outline
Signals, Spectra and Signal Processing
1. Classification and Characteristic of Signals and Systems
2. LTI Systems
3. Fourier Transforms
4. z-Transforms
5. Difference Equations for FIR and IIR Filter
Quote of the Day

Victory
is always possible for
the person who refuses
to stop fighting.
NAPOLEON HILL
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems

Topic 1
CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
1. This refers to the mathematical representation of a physical phenomenon that
contains some information.
A. system
B. function
C. signal
D. variable
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
2. Which of the following transform tool can be used to convert a continuous
time signal into discrete frequency signal?
A. continuous time Fourier transform
B. continuous time Fourier series
C. discrete time Fourier transform
D. discrete time Fourier series
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
3. Given a CT signal x(t) = sin(2000πt) and uniform sampling rate fs = 4 Hz.
Determine the DT signal x(n).
A. x(n) = sin(500πn)
B. x(n) = sin(25πn)
C. x(n) = sin(250πn)
D. x(n) = sin(50πn)
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
4. This refers to a classification of signal that takes on values from a finite set of
possible values.
A. continuous time signal
B. continuous valued signal
C. discrete time signal
D. discrete valued signal
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
5. This refers to a signal that can be uniquely expressed by an explicit
mathematical expression.
A. random signal
B. energy signal
C. conjugate antisymmetric signal
D. deterministic signal
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
6. This refers to a signal, that when subjected to both time reversal and
amplitude inversion, returns to its original form.
A. symmetric signal
B. conjugate symmetric signal
C. antisymmetric signal
D. causal signal
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
7. Determine the even component of the given signal: x(n) = {-1, 2, 3, -4, 5}.
A. xe(n) = {-3, 3, 0, -3, 3}
B. xe(n) = {2, -1, 3, -1, 2}
C. xe(n) = {-3, 3, 3, -3, 3}
D. xe(n) = {2, -1, 0, -1, 2}
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
8. A signal is said to be _________ if x*(-t) = x(t).
A. symmetric signal
B. conjugate symmetric signal
C. antisymmetric signal
D. causal signal
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
9. A signal is said to be _____ signal if it takes a value of 0 if t < 0.
A. anticausal
B. causal
C. non-causal
D. LTI
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
10. Find the fundamental period of the given signal: x(t) = sin(20t) + cos(50t).
A. 𝜋/2
B. 𝜋/3
C. 𝜋/4
D. 𝜋/5
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
11. Find the fundamental period of the given signal: x(n) = ej(2𝜋/3)n + ej(3𝜋/4)n
A. 6
B. 12
C. 24
D. 10
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
12. The signal x(t) = 2e−t − 6e−2t, t>0 is an energy signal. Its energy is
A. 1.5
B. 3
C. 6
D. 12
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
13. Calculate the power of the given signal: x(t) = Aosin(𝜔ot).
A. Ao2
B. Ao2/2
C. Ao2/4
D. 2Ao2
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
14. Calculate the power of the given signal.
A. 56
B. 40
C. 8
D. 5
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
15. This refers to a collection of devices that operate on input signal x(t) (or
excitation) to produce an output signal y(t) (or response).
A. function
B. formula
C. system
D. transform
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
16. If the output of a system depends only on present values of the input at every
instant of time, the system is said to be:
A. dynamic
B. static
C. linear
D. time invariant
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
17. Classify the given system: y(t) = x(sin(t)).
A. static
B. dynamic
C. both A and B
D. None of these.
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
18. If the output of the system depends only on future values of the input, then
the system is said to be _________.
A. causal
B. non-causal
C. anticausal
D. memoryless
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
19. Classify the given system: y(t) = 5x(t-2).
A. causal
B. non-causal
C. anticausal
D. memoryless
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
20. A system is said to be linear if it follows the law of superposition. The law of
superposition is combination of what two principles?
A. homogeneity and additivity
B. continuity and stability
C. reciprocity and time-invariance
D. modularity and scalability
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
21. Classify the given system: y(t) = x(sin(t)).
A. nonlinear
B. linear
C. causal
D. anticausal
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
22. This refers to the property of a system which makes the behavior of the
system independent of time.
A. causality
B. linearity
C. time invariance
D. additivity
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
23. Classify the given system: y(t) = 5x(t).
A. L, TI, C, S
B. L, TV, C, S
C. L, TV, NC, S
D. NL, TI, C, US
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
24. Classify the given system: y(t) = sin(4t)x(t).
A. L, TI, C, S
B. L, TV, C, S
C. L, TV, NC, S
D. NL, TI, C, US
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
25. Classify the given system: y(n) = log(x(n))
A. L, TI, C, S
B. L, TV, C, S
C. L, TV, NC, S
D. NL, TI, C, US
TOPIC: Classification and Characteristics of Signals and Systems
26. Classify the given system: y(n) = x(n-2) + x(2-n)
A. L, TI, C, S
B. L, TV, C, S
C. L, TV, NC, S
D. NL, TI, C, US
TOPIC: LTI Systems

Topic 2
LTI SYSTEMS
TOPIC: LTI Systems
27. Which of the following is the expression for the convolution for a continuous
time system?
∞
A. ‫׬‬−∞ x τ h τ−t dτ
∞
B. ‫׬‬−∞ x τ x τ−t dτ
∞
C. ‫׬‬−∞ x τ x t−τ dτ
∞
D. ‫׬‬−∞ x τ h t−τ dτ
TOPIC: LTI Systems
28. Solve for the convolution: x(t) = sin(t)u(t) and h(t) = cos(t)u(t).
t
A. y(t) = sin(t)
2
B. y(t) = tcos(t)
t
C. y(t) = cos(t)
2
D. y(t) = tsin(t)
TOPIC: LTI Systems
29. Solve for the convolution: x(t) = e-2tu(t) and h(t) = e-3tu(t-3).
A. (e-2t – e-3t)u(t-3)
B. (e-2(t+1.5) – e-3t)u(t-3)
C. (e-2(t+3) – e-3t)u(t-3)
D. (e-2t – e-3(t-3))u(t-3)
TOPIC: LTI Systems
30. Solve for the discrete-time convolution of: x(n) = 2nu(n) and h(n) = 3nu(n)
A. y(n) = − 2n+1 −3n+1 u(n)

B. y(n) = − 2n −3n−1 u(n)

C. y(n) = − 2n−1 −3n u(n)

D. y(n) = − 2n −3n u(n)
TOPIC: LTI Systems
31. Solve for the discrete-time convolution given the finite-length sequence: x(n)
= {1, 2, 4}and h(n) = {1, 4, 3, 8}
A. y(n) = {1, 6, 15, 30, 28, 32}
B. y(n) = {1, 6, 10, 15, 30, 24}
C. y(n) = {1, 3, 4, 5}
D. y(n) = {1, 6, 2, 10}
TOPIC: LTI Systems
32. Which of the following is the expression for the autocorrelation for a
continuous time real signal, x(t)?
∞
A. ‫׬‬−∞ x τ h τ−t dτ
∞
B. ‫׬‬−∞ x τ x τ−t dτ
∞
C. ‫׬‬−∞ x τ x t−τ dτ
∞
D. ‫׬‬−∞ x τ h t−τ dτ
TOPIC: LTI Systems
33. Solve for the cross-correlation of x(t) = e-3tu(t) and y(t) = e2tu(-t).
A. rxy(t) = (1 – e-t)u(t)
B. rxy(t) = (1 – e-2t + e3t)u(t)
C. rxy(t) = (1 – e-2t)u(t)
D. rxy(t) = (e-2t – e-3t)u(t)
TOPIC: LTI Systems
34. Solve for the autocorrelation of the given discrete-time sequence: x(n) = {1, 2,
3}
A. rxx(n) = {1, 4, 10, 12, 9}
B. rxx(n) = {-3, -8, -14, -8, -3}
C. rxx(n) = {-1, -4, -10, -12, -9}
D. rxx(n) = {3, 8, 14, 8, 3}
TOPIC: Fourier Transforms

Topic 3
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
TOPIC: Fourier Transforms
The continuous time Fourier transform can be mathematically
expressed as:
∞
X ω = න x t e−jωt dt
−∞
this is also called as Fourier analysis equation.

For the inverse Fourier transform,

1 ∞
x t = න X ω ejωt dt
2π −∞
this is also called as Fourier synthesis equation.
TOPIC: Fourier Transforms
35. Which of the following does not belong to the Dirichlet conditions necessary
for the existence of a Fourier series of a given function?
A. The function must have a finite number of maxima and minima.
B. The function must have a finite number of discontinuities in the given time
interval.
C. The function must be absolutely integrable in the given time interval.
D. The function must be continuous and differentiable everywhere in the given
time interval.
TOPIC: Fourier Transforms
Fourier Transform Pairs
TOPIC: Fourier Transforms
36. Solve for the Fourier transform of the given function: x(t) = 5 from t = -2 to t =
2 and 0 otherwise.
A. 5sin(2ω)/ω
B. 10sin(2ω)/ω
C. j10sin(2ω)/ω
D. j5sin(2ω)/ω
TOPIC: Fourier Transforms
37. Solve for the inverse Fourier transform of the given function: F(ω) = 6/(9 + ω2).
A. e-2|t|
B. e3|t|
C. e-|2t|
D. e-3|t|
TOPIC: Fourier Transforms
Fourier Transform Properties
TOPIC: Fourier Transforms
Fourier Transform Properties
TOPIC: Fourier Transforms
38. Find the Fourier transform of x(t) = e3tu(-t).
A. 1/(jω + 3)
B. 3/(jω + 3)
C. 1/(3 - jω)
D. 3/(3 - jω)
TOPIC: Fourier Transforms
39. Determine the inverse Fourier transform of e-|ω|.
A. π-1/(1 + t2)
B. π(1 + t2)
C. π/(1 + t2)
D. π-1(1 + t2)
TOPIC: Fourier Transforms
40. The Fourier transform of a conjugate symmetric function is always
A. imaginary
B. real
C. conjugate antisymmetric
D. conjugate symmetric
TOPIC: z-Transforms

Topic 4
z-Transforms
TOPIC: z-Transforms
41. The z-transform is a signal analysis technique utilized for examining discrete-
time signals. It transforms discrete-time signals into their complex frequency domain
representation. The variable z is equal to
A. ejΩ
B. e-jΩ
C. rejΩ
D. re-jΩ
TOPIC: z-Transforms
z-Transform Pairs
TOPIC: z-Transforms
42. Solve for the z-transform of u(n).
z
A. X(z) =
z−1
B. X(z) = z-1
z
C. X(z) = −
z−1
D. X(z) = 1
TOPIC: z-Transforms
n n
1 1
43. Solve for the z-transform of x(n) = u n − u(−n−1).
3 2
z z
A. X z =− −
z− 1 z−1
3 2
z z
B. X z =− +
z− 1 z−1
3 2
z z
C. X z = −
z− 1 z−1
3 2
z z
D. X z = +
z− 1 z−1
3 2
TOPIC: z-Transforms
z-Transform Pairs
TOPIC: z-Transforms
44. Solve for the z-transform of x(n) = n2u(n).
𝑧 −1
A. , |z|>1
1−𝑧 −1 2
𝑧
B. , 𝑧 <1
𝑧+1 2
1+𝑧 −1 𝑧 −1
C. , 𝑧 <1
1+𝑧 3
1+𝑧 −1 𝑧 −1
D. , 𝑧 >1
1−𝑧 −1 3
TOPIC: z-Transforms
45. Solve for the z-transform of x(n) = 3nu(-n-4).
1 𝑧4
A. − , 𝑧 < 3
27 𝑧−3
1 𝑧4
B. , 𝑧 >3
27 𝑧−3
𝑧4
C. − , 𝑧 <3
𝑧−3
𝑧4
D. , 𝑧 >3
𝑧−3
TOPIC: z-Transforms
46. Find the z-transform of x(n) = {1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1}.
A. z-2 + z3 + 2, 0 < |z| < ∞
B. z2 + z-3 + 1, 0 < |z| < ∞
C. z2 + z-3 + 1, 0 < |z| ≤ ∞
D. z-2 + z3 + 2, 0 ≤ |z| < ∞
TOPIC: z-Transforms
47. A causal signal has a z-transform given by:
3 −1
2− z
H z = 2
1
1−2z−1 1+ z−1
2
Solve for h(n).
A. x(n) = (2n + (1/2)n)u(n)
B. x(n) = (2n + (-1/2)n)u(n)
C. x(n) = (2n - (-1/2)n)u(n)
D. x(n) = ((-2)n + (-1/2)n)u(n)
TOPIC: z-Transforms
2−3z−1
H z = 2
1−2z−1 1+1z−1
2
TOPIC: Difference Equation for FIR and IIR Filters

Topic 5
DIFFERENCE EQUATION FOR FIR AND IIR FILTERS
TOPIC: Difference Equation for FIR and IIR Filters
Digital Filters
A digital filter may be described by the difference equation:

𝑦 𝑛 + 𝐴1 𝑦 𝑛 − 1 + ⋯ 𝐴𝑁 𝑦 𝑛 − 𝑁 = 𝐵0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝐵1 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + ⋯ + 𝐵𝑀 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑀]
TOPIC: Difference Equation for FIR and IIR Filters
48. This refers to a type of digital filter whose present output depends on its own
past values y[n−k] and on the past and present values of the input.
A. infinite impulse response (IIR) filter
B. finite impulse response (FIR) filter
C. moving average filter
D. non-recursive filter
TOPIC: Difference Equation for FIR and IIR Filters
49. Determine the difference equation corresponding to the digital filter shown in the
figure.
A. y(n) + 1/6 y(n-1) + 1/6 y(n-2) = 4x(n)
B. y(n) – 1/6 y(n-1) – 1/3 y(n-2) = 4x(n)
C. y(n) + 1/6 y(n-1) + 1/3 y(n-2) = 4x(n)
D. y(n) – 1/6 y(n-1) – 1/6 y(n-2) = 4x(n)
TOPIC: Difference Equation for FIR and IIR Filters
50. Find y(n) given the IIR filter shown if x(n) = 0.4nu(n) with y(-1) = 10. Assume
that the system is causal.
A. y(n) = -2(0.4)n + 9(0.6)n
B. y(n) = -1.5(0.4)n + 3(0.6)n
C. y(n) = 2(0.4)n - 9(0.6)n
D. y(n) = 1.5(0.4)n - 9(0.6)n
End of Lecture
THANK YOU!