PART A

(PART A : TO BE REFFERED BY STUDENTS)

Experiment No.04
A.1 Aim:
To explore Files and directories

a. Python program to append data to existing file and then display the entire file

b. Python program to count number of lines, words and characters in a file.

A.2 Prerequisite:
1. Python basics

A.3 Outcome:
After successful completion of this experiment students will
be able to

. To explore contents of files, directories and text processing with python .

A.4 Theory& Procedure:

Opening and Closing Files
Until now, you have been reading and writing to the standard input and output. Now, we will
see how to use actual data files.
Python provides basic functions and methods necessary to manipulate files by default. You can
do most of the file manipulation using a file object.
The open Function
Before you can read or write a file, you have to open it using Python's built-in open() function.
This function creates a file object, which would be utilized to call other support methods
associated with it.
Syntax
file object = open(file_name [, access_mode][, buffering])
Here are parameter details −
● file_name − The file_name argument is a string value that contains
the name of the file that you want to access.
 ● access_mode − The access_mode determines the mode in which the
file has to be opened, i.e., read, write, append, etc. A complete list of
possible values is given below in the table. This is optional parameter
and the default file access mode is read (r).
● buffering − If the buffering value is set to 0, no buffering takes place.
If the buffering value is 1, line buffering is performed while accessing
a file. If you specify the buffering value as an integer greater than 1,
then buffering action is performed with the indicated buffer size. If
negative, the buffer size is the system default(default behavior).
Here is a list of the different modes of opening a file −

Sr.No. Modes & Description

1 r
Opens a file for reading only. The file pointer is placed at the beginning of the
file. This is the default mode.

2 rb
Opens a file for reading only in binary format. The file pointer is placed at the
beginning of the file. This is the default mode.

3 r+
Opens a file for both reading and writing. The file pointer placed at the beginning
of the file.

4 rb+
Opens a file for both reading and writing in binary format. The file pointer placed
at the beginning of the file.

5 w
Opens a file for writing only. Overwrites the file if the file exists. If the file does
not exist, creates a new file for writing.

6 wb
Opens a file for writing only in binary format. Overwrites the file if the file
exists. If the file does not exist, creates a new file for writing.

7 w+
 Opens a file for both writing and reading. Overwrites the existing file if the file
exists. If the file does not exist, creates a new file for reading and writing.

8 wb+
Opens a file for both writing and reading in binary format. Overwrites the
existing file if the file exists. If the file does not exist, creates a new file for
reading and writing.

9 a
Opens a file for appending. The file pointer is at the end of the file if the file
exists. That is, the file is in the append mode. If the file does not exist, it creates a
new file for writing.

10 ab
Opens a file for appending in binary format. The file pointer is at the end of the
file if the file exists. That is, the file is in the append mode. If the file does not
exist, it creates a new file for writing.

11 a+
Opens a file for both appending and reading. The file pointer is at the end of the
file if the file exists. The file opens in the append mode. If the file does not exist,
it creates a new file for reading and writing.

12 ab+
Opens a file for both appending and reading in binary format. The file pointer is
at the end of the file if the file exists. The file opens in the append mode. If the
file does not exist, it creates a new file for reading and writing.

The file Object Attributes

Once a file is opened and you have one file object, you can get various information related to
that file.
Here is a list of all attributes related to file object −

Sr.No. Attribute & Description

1 file.closed
 Returns true if file is closed, false otherwise.

2 file.mode
Returns access mode with which file was opened.

3 file.name
Returns name of the file.

4 file.softspace
Returns false if space explicitly required with print, true otherwise.

Example

#!/usr/bin/python

# Open a file

fo = open("foo.txt", "wb")

print "Name of the file: ", fo.name

print "Closed or not : ", fo.closed

print "Opening mode : ", fo.mode

print "Softspace flag : ", fo.softspace

This produces the following result −

Name of the file: foo.txt
Closed or not : False
Opening mode : wb
Softspace flag : 0
The close() Method
The close() method of a file object flushes any unwritten information and closes the file object,
after which no more writing can be done.
Python automatically closes a file when the reference object of a file is reassigned to another
file. It is a good practice to use the close() method to close a file.
Syntax
fileObject.close();
Example

#!/usr/bin/python

# Open a file

fo = open("foo.txt", "wb")

print "Name of the file: ", fo.name

# Close opend file

fo.close()

This produces the following result −

Name of the file: foo.txt
Reading and Writing Files
The file object provides a set of access methods to make our lives easier. We would see how to
use read() and write() methods to read and write files.
The write() Method
The write() method writes any string to an open file. It is important to note that Python strings
can have binary data and not just text.
The write() method does not add a newline character ('\n') to the end of the
string −
Syntax
fileObject.write(string);
Here, passed parameter is the content to be written into the opened file.
Example

#!/usr/bin/python
# Open a file

fo = open("foo.txt", "wb")

fo.write( "Python is a great language.\nYeah its great!!\n");

# Close opend file

fo.close()

The above method would create foo.txt file and would write given content in that file and
finally it would close that file. If you would open this file, it would have following content.
Python is a great language.
Yeah its great!!
The read() Method
The read() method reads a string from an open file. It is important to note that Python strings
can have binary data. apart from text data.
Syntax
fileObject.read([count]);
Here, passed parameter is the number of bytes to be read from the opened file. This method
starts reading from the beginning of the file and if count is missing, then it tries to read as much
as possible, maybe until the end of file.
Example
Let's take a file foo.txt, which we created above.

#!/usr/bin/python

# Open a file

fo = open("foo.txt", "r+")

str = fo.read(10);

print "Read String is : ", str

# Close opend file

fo.close()

This produces the following result −

Read String is : Python is
File Positions
The tell() method tells you the current position within the file; in other words, the next read or
write will occur at that many bytes from the beginning of the file.
The seek(offset[, from]) method changes the current file position. The offset argument indicates
the number of bytes to be moved. The from argument specifies the reference position from
where the bytes are to be moved.
If from is set to 0, it means use the beginning of the file as the reference position and 1 means
use the current position as the reference position and if it is set to 2 then the end of the file
would be taken as the reference position.
Example
Let us take a file foo.txt, which we created above.

#!/usr/bin/python

# Open a file

fo = open("foo.txt", "r+")

str = fo.read(10);

print "Read String is : ", str

# Check current position

position = fo.tell();

print "Current file position : ", position

# Reposition pointer at the beginning once again

position = fo.seek(0, 0);

str = fo.read(10);

print "Again read String is : ", str

# Close opend file

fo.close()

This produces the following result −

Read String is : Python is
Current file position : 10
Again read String is : Python is
Renaming and Deleting Files
Python os module provides methods that help you perform file-processing operations, such as
renaming and deleting files.
To use this module you need to import it first and then you can call any related functions.
The rename() Method
The rename() method takes two arguments, the current filename and the new filename.
Syntax
os.rename(current_file_name, new_file_name)
Example
Following is the example to rename an existing file test1.txt −

#!/usr/bin/python

import os

# Rename a file from test1.txt to test2.txt

os.rename( "test1.txt", "test2.txt" )

The remove() Method

You can use the remove() method to delete files by supplying the name of the file to be deleted
as the argument.
Syntax
os.remove(file_name)
Example
Following is the example to delete an existing file test2.txt −

#!/usr/bin/python

import os

# Delete file test2.txt

os.remove("text2.txt")

Directories in Python
All files are contained within various directories, and Python has no problem handling these
too. The os module has several methods that help you create, remove, and change directories.
The mkdir() Method
You can use the mkdir() method of the os module to create directories in the current directory.
You need to supply an argument to this method which contains the name of the directory to be
created.
Syntax
os.mkdir("newdir")
Example
Following is the example to create a directory test in the current directory −

#!/usr/bin/python

import os

# Create a directory "test"

os.mkdir("test")

The chdir() Method

You can use the chdir() method to change the current directory. The chdir() method takes an
argument, which is the name of the directory that you want to make the current directory.
Syntax
os.chdir("newdir")
Example
Following is the example to go into "/home/newdir" directory −

#!/usr/bin/python

import os

# Changing a directory to "/home/newdir"

os.chdir("/home/newdir")

The getcwd() Method

The getcwd() method displays the current working directory.
Syntax
os.getcwd()
Example
Following is the example to give current directory −

#!/usr/bin/python

import os

# This would give location of the current directory

os.getcwd()

The rmdir() Method

The rmdir() method deletes the directory, which is passed as an argument in the method.
Before removing a directory, all the contents in it should be removed.
Syntax
os.rmdir('dirname')
Example
Following is the example to remove "/tmp/test" directory. It is required to give fully qualified
name of the directory, otherwise it would search for that directory in the current directory.

#!/usr/bin/python
import os

# This would remove "/tmp/test" directory.

os.rmdir( "/tmp/test" )

File & Directory Related Methods

There are three important sources, which provide a wide range of utility
methods to handle and manipulate files & directories on Windows and Unix
operating systems. They are as follows −
● File Object Methods: The file object provides functions to manipulate files.
● OS Object Methods: This provides methods to process files as well as directories.

PART B
(PART B : TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENTS)

(Students must submit the soft copy as per following segments within two
hours of the practical. The soft copy must be uploaded on the Blackboard
or emailed to the concerned lab in charge faculties at the end of the
practical in case the there is no Black board access available)

Roll No.:- C33 Name:- Ashish Bhosale

Class :- SE(C) Batch :- C2

Date of Experiment: 6-2-24 Date of Submission: 7-2-24

Grade :

B.1 Document created by the student:

Part:- A
def append_to_file(file_name, data):

try:

with open(file_name, 'a') as file:

file.write(data + '\n')

print("Data appended successfully.")

 except Exception as e:

print("Error appending data:", str(e))

def display_file_content(file_name):

try:

with open(file_name, 'r') as file:

content = file.read()

print("File Content:")

print(content)

except Exception as e:

print("Error displaying file content:", str(e))

file_name = 'C33.txt'

data_to_append = input("Enter data to append to the file:")

append_to_file(file_name, data_to_append)

display_file_content(file_name)

Part:- B
def count_file_stats(file_name):
 with open(file_name, 'r') as file:

lines = file.readlines()

num_lines = len(lines)

num_words = sum(len(line.split()) for line in lines)

num_chars = sum(len(line) for line in lines)

return num_lines, num_words, num_chars

file_name = 'C33.txt'

lines, words, characters = count_file_stats(file_name)

print("Number of lines:", lines)

print("Number of words:", words)

print("Number of characters:", characters)

B.3 Observations and learning:

Appending data to a file and then displaying its contents showcases file handling

B.4 Conclusion:

We can display the data in existing file and can insert the new data in it and display
it with number of lines and characters
B.5 Question of Curiosity

1. Check if the record is present in the file using its id in Python .

ANS:-

2. Count the total number of uppercase characters in a file in Python

ANS:-

3. Python program to read first N character from each line

ANS:-