TCP / IP, part 1
Introduction
TCP/IP is the first set of protocols used in Internet
Allows computers to communicate / share resources across a
network.
Work on TCP/IP started in the 1970s.
⋅ Funded by US Military.
⋅ Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA).
⋅ Network protocols of ARPANET were upgraded.
TCP/IP and the Internet
The modern Internet sits on top of the TCP/IP technology.
⋅ Used as a standard.
⋅ Bridges the gap between non-compatible platforms.
⋅ All computers connected to the Internet understand
TCP/IP.
Network Layering in TCP/IP
In 1978, International Standards Organization (ISO) proposed
a 7-layer reference model for network services and protocols.
⋅ Known as the OSI model;
⋅ TCP/IP does not strictly follow this 7- layer model.
⋅ TCP/IP follows a simplified 4-layer model.
Why Layering ?
To provide well-defined interfaces between adjacent layers.
⋅ A change in one layer does not affect the other layers.
⋅ Interface must remain the same.
Allows a structured development of network software.
Application
The 7-layer OSI Model
Presentation
Host to
Session host
Transport
Network
Data link Point to
point
Physical
The Simplified 4-layer Model
Application Runs on top of layers 1, 2 and 3
Transport End-to-end message transfer
Network Packet delivery across Internet
Datalink Frame transmission over link
Data Flow in 4-layer Model
Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Network Network
Data link Data link Data link Data link
Repeater,
Host Router Host
Bridge or Hub
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Refers to a family of protocols.
The protocols are built on top of connectionless technology.
⋅ Data sent from one node to another as a sequence of
datagrams.
⋅ Each datagram sent independently.
⋅ The datagrams corresponding to the same message may
follow different routes.
⋅ Variable delay, arrival order at destination.
TCP/IP Family Members
Application FTP TFTP SMTP SNMP DNS User Apps
Transport TCP UDP
Network IP ICMP IGMP ARP RARP
Data link Data link and physical (e.g. Ethernet)
Typical User App User App
Scenario
TCP UDP
IP
Data link and physical
What does IP do?
IP transports datagrams (packets) from the source node to the
destination node.
⋅ Responsible for routing the packets.
⋅ Breaks a packet into smaller packets, if required.
⋅ Unreliable service.
⋅ A packet may be lost in transit
⋅ Packets may arrive out of order.
⋅ Duplicate packets may be generated.
What does TCP do?
TCP provides a connection-oriented, reliable service for
sending messages.
⋅ Split a message into packets.
⋅ Reassemble packets at destination.
⋅ Resend packets that were lost in transit
Interface with IP:
⋅ Each packet forwarded to IP for delivery.
⋅ Error control is done by TCP.
What does UDP do?
UDP provides a connectionless, unreliable service for sending
datagrams (packets).
⋅ Messages small enough to fit in a packet (e.g., DNS query).
⋅ Simpler (and faster) than TCP.
⋅ Never split data into multiple packets.
⋅ Does not care about error control.
Interface with IP:
⋅ Each UDP packet sent to IP for delivery.
Addresses in TCP/IP
Datalink layer/ Physical layer
⋅ Physical address (48-bit)
Network Layer
⋅ Internet address (IP address) 32-bit
Application layer
⋅ Port address (port number), 16-bit
