CHAPTER 19
Magnetism
TOPICS
19.1 Magnets
19.6 Magnetic Torque
19.2 Earth’s Magnetic Field
19.7 Ampere’s Law
19.3 Magnetic Fields
19.8 Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
19.4 Motion of Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
19.9 Magnetic Fields of Current Loops and and Solenoids
19.5 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
Magnetism & Magnet
Magnetism is closely linked with electricity.
• Magnetic fields affect moving charges.
• Moving charges produce magnetic fields.
• Changing magnetic fields can create electric fields.
Magnetism can be induced.
Magnet consist of two poles;
E.g : a piece of iron, is placed
near a strong permanent magnet, • South pole ( S )
it will become magnetized. • North pole (N)
An unmagnetized piece of iron Same poles – repel
can be magnetized by stroking it Different poles - attract
with a magnet.
If a permanent magnet is cut into half repeatedly, it will still have both poles (North & South)
Earth’s Magnetic Field
• The earth’s magnetic field resembles a huge bar magnet
burying deep in the earth’s interior.
• The earth’s geographic north pole corresponds to
the earth magnetic south pole.
• The earth’s geographic south pole corresponds to
the earth magnetic north pole
• The compass needle or the north pole of the permanent
bar magnet used are said to be the “north-seeking” pole
and south pole is the“south-seeking” pole.
The Magnetic Field Line of a Bar Magnet
Iron filings can e used to show the pattern of the magnetic field lines.
Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet Magnetic field lines of Magnetic field lines of
different poles bar magnets same poles bar magnets
Magnetic Field Line of a Bar magnet
Figure (a) Compass is Figure (b) The magnetic
used to show the field lines is drawn
direction of the leaving the north pole &
magnetic field lines. entering the south pole.
• No two lines can cross one another
• The magnetic field line is proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic field
Magnetic Field & Force
• A charged particle, q will experience magnetic force, 𝐅Ԧ when the charge moves with a
constant speed, v in a uniform magnetic field, 𝐁 . The magnitude of the force is given by;
• The magnitude of the force is maximum when the charge moves perpendicular to
the magnetic field lines.
• The magnitude of the force is zero when the charge moves parallel to the magnetic
field lines
• The magnitude of the magnetic field can be obtained;
S.I unit : Tesla (T) or Wb/m2
*magnetic field is a vector quantity
Direction of the Magnetic Field
The direction of the magnetic force,
𝐅Ԧ is always perpendicular to the
plane of 𝐯 & 𝐁
• By using the RHR, the direction of a
positive charge moving in a magnetic
field can be determined.
The direction of the
• For a negative charge, the direction of
magnetic force can be
the force is just opposite to the force
determined using the Right
direction of positive charge obtained
Hand Rule (RHR)
using RHR.
Example 19.2 : A Proton Moving in a Magnetic Field
A proton moves with a speed of 8 x 106 m/s along the x-axis. It enters a region in which there is a
magnetic field of magnitude 2.5 T, directed in an angle of 60° with the x-axis & lying in the xy-plane.
(a) Find the magnitude and direction of the force exerted on proton
Using RHR
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the proton
Identify where the direction of the acceleration?
If the proton is replaced with electron, determine (a) and (b)
Force of a Charged Particle
in a Magnetic Field
A positive charged particle is moving in a uniform magnetic field region. The charge
motion, 𝐯 is perpendicular to the magnetic field that is directed into the page , B𝑖𝑛
• The magnetic force is observed to be directed toward the center of the circle as
the charge moves in a circular motion.
• This force causes a centripetal acceleration, changing the direction of the charge
motion in a magnetic field region.
• Equating the magnetic force to the centripetal force gives;
• Thus, the radius of the circular motion is given by;
r is proportional to the momentum of the particle
r is inversely proportional to the magnetic field &
magnitude of the charge.
**This equation is called cyclotron equation
Force on
Current Carrying Conductor
A wire that carries current will experience a magnetic force when it is placed in a magnetic field region.
*current is a flow of charges
simplify
Leads to
Current & magnetic field
perpendicular to each other
Current & magnetic field is at
certain angle, θ
Force on
Current Carrying Conductor
Figure (b) & (c) show a wire carries current in placed in a uniform
magnetic field directed inward into the page. The wire will bend
either to the right or left depending on the direction of the current in
the wire . If there is no current in the wire, the wire will not bend.
Figure (b) Figure (c)
• The current in the wire is • The current in the wire is
upward downward
• By using RHR, the direction • By using RHR, the direction of
of the magnetic force on the the magnetic force on the wire is
wire is to the left. to the right.
*the wire bends to the left *the wire bends to the right
Example 19.5: A Current-Carrying Wire in Earth’s Magnetic Field
**Sketch the wire, the direction of the current & the direction of the earth’s magnetic field
Solve for the magnitude of the magnetic force on the wire
Using RHR, determine the direction of the magnetic force on the wire
Any loop (s) of any shape will
experienced magnetic torque when the
loop (s) being placed in a magnetic
force. The magnetic torque of the loop
(s) is given by;
Magnetic Torque
= BIAN sin
• The torque is maximum when the The magnetic moment of the coil
plane of the loop is parallel to the is given by;
magnetic field OR the normal of
the loop is perpendicular to the = IAN
magnetic field. ( θ = 90°) • It is always perpendicular to the
plane of the loop(s).
• The torque is zero when the plane
of the loop is perpendicular to the The equation for the magnetic torque
magnetic field OR the normal of can be written as;
the loop is parallel to the magnetic
field. ( θ = 0°) = B sin
• The angle is between the magnetic
• The angle is between the normal to moment and the magnetic field.
the plane and the magnetic field.
