Renewable Energy sources
OECE14 / OECS15
Module 1
Introduction to Renewable Energy Sources
Lecture by
Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues college of Engineering
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Course Outcomes
Course
Description
Outcomes (CO)
CO1 Describe the need for renewable energy and its potential for the
development of a sustainable environment.
CO2 Analyze different solar collectors using geometrical parameters and
photovoltaics for generation of solar energy.
CO3 Identify and analyze various wind turbine energy harnessment
techniques.
CO4 Design biogas plant for harnessing energy from organic waste.
CO5 Describe significance of hydrogen energy to fulfill present and future
energy needs.
CO6 Describe the operating principle of geothermal energy and ocean
energy and their role in sustainable development.
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Syllabus
Module Content
1 Introduction to Renewable Energy Sources and Solar Radiation
2 Solar Thermal Energy
3 Solar Photovoltaic Energy
4 Wind Energy
5 Energy from Biomass and Hydrogen Energy
6 Geothermal Energy, Energy from the ocean, and Energy Management and
Economics
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Reference Books
1. G.D. Rai “Non-conventional Energy Sources”, 6thEdition, Khanna Publishers,
ISBN: 978-81-7409-073-7
2. R. K. Rajput “Non-conventional Energy Sources and Utilisation”, 2nd Edition, S.
Chand. 2012
3. J W Twidell & Anthony D. Weir “Renewable Energy Sources”, 3rd Edition
2015,ELBS Pub, ISBN: : 978-1-315-76641-6
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Human and Energy
Human has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance
and wellbeing ever since he came on the earth, a few million years ago.
Primitive man required energy primarily in the form of food. He derived this
by eating plants or animals which he hunted. Subsequently, he discovered fire
and his energy needs increased as he started to make use of wood and other
biomass to supply the energy needs for cooking as well as for keeping himself
warm.
With the passage of time man started to cultivate land for agriculture. He
added a new dimension to the use of energy by domesticating and training
animals to work for him.
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Human and Energy
In 1700 with discovery of steam engine use of coal increased.
In 1870 with invention of IC engine, other non-renewable sources of energy
like oil and natural gas increased.
With further demand for energy, man began to harness the wind for sailing
ships and for driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water
wheels.
Till this time, it would not be wrong to say that the sun was supplying all the
energy needs of man either directly or indirectly and that man was using only
renewable sources of energy.
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Classification of Energy Sources
1. Classification Based on Usability
a) Primary Sources: These sources are obtained from environment. Example: fossil fuels,
solar energy, hydro energy and tidal energy.
b) Secondary Sources: These resources do not occur in nature but are derived from primary
energy resources. Example: electricity and steam.
2. Classification Based on Tradition
a) Conventional: The sources of energy which have been in use for a long time, e.g.,
coal, petroleum, natural gas and water power.
b) Non-conventional: The resources which are yet in the process of development over
the past few years. It includes solar, wind, tidal, biogas, and biomass, geothermal.
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Classification of Energy Sources
3. Classification Based on Long Term Availability
a) Renewable: These sources are being continuously produced in nature and are
inexhaustible. Examples: Wood, wind energy, biomass, biogas, solar energy etc.
b) Non Renewable: These are finite and exhaustible. Examples: Coal, petroleum etc.
4. Classification Based on Commercial Application
a) Commercial Sources: The commercial energy has great economic value. They pollute
the environment badly. These types of energy sources are limited in nature. High capital
investment is required in their purification. It is used in urban as well as rural areas.
Coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy.
b)Non Commercial Sources: The non-commercial energy is cheaper. This is pure and
keeps the environment clean. Abundant in nature. It can be used in raw form. It is
dominantly used in rural areas. Cow dung, charcoal, firewood and agricultural waste.
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Coal
Coal has many important uses worldwide. The most significant uses of coal
are in electricity generation, steel production, and cement manufacturing.
It has been estimated that there are over 847 billion tons of proven coal
reserve worldwide. This means that there is enough coal to last us around
118 years at rate of production (2011).
In contrast, proven oil and gas reserves are equivalent to around 46 and 59
years at current production levels respectively.
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Coal
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Non-Renewable Energy Sources
India’s scenario
The coal reserves in India up to depth of 1200 meters have been estimated by
the geological survey of India is 285.86 billion tones as on 1st April, 2011.
Coal deposits are chiefly located in Jharkhand, Odessa, Chhattisgarh, West
Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
The coal production all over India during the year 2018 was 716 million tones
~ 10% of world’s production.
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Oil
World's proven oil reserves in 2012 were estimated to be about 1324 billion
barrels.
The most of the world's oil reserves (56%) are in the Middle East.
Oil accounts for about 36% of India’s total energy consumption.
Oil began to be used in significant quantities around 1900 and that there
was an almost steady increase in its production all through and even during
the world wars.
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Oil
The production increased at the average rate of over 7% per year from 1945
to 1973 and reached a value of 19.96 billion barrels in 1973. Thereafter
with the beginning of the oil crisis, the annual production fluctuated up and
down for 12 years from 1973 to 1985 before starting to increase more or
less steadily from 1985 onwards.
India’s scenario
India is the third largest consumer of crude oil (4.44 million barrels per day),
accountable for 5% share in the total world oil consumption in the year
2016.
Crude oil production during 2017-18 was 1.08 million barrels per day.
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Oil
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Natural Gas
Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting
primarily of methane.
It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are
exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over
millions of years. The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun
is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas.
In 2018 global natural gas production was 3937 billion cubic metres. US
contributes around 20% in the total production of natural gas.
Accounts for about 8.9% of energy consumption in the country.
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Natural Gas
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Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Hydro-Electric Power
Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water
driving a water turbine and generator. Hydroelectricity accounted for 16.6%
of global electricity consumption in the year 2015.
Hydroelectric power is produced in 150 countries with the Asia-Pacific region
generated 32% of global hydropower in 2010.
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Hydro-
Electric
Power
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Hydro-Electric Power
Out of the total power generation installed capacity in India of 356 GW
(March, 2019), hydro power contributes about 12.6%, i.e. 44 GW.
Only 15% hydro-electric power generation is harnessed out the actual
potential in India.
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Non-Renewable Energy Sources
Nuclear Power
Nuclear power is developed by fission reactions of nuclear fuel in nuclear
reactor. Common nuclear fuel used is uranium.
Nuclear energy now provides about 10% of the world's electricity from about
450 power reactors. The world's resources of uranium are estimated to be 8.8
Mt.
As on March 2019, India had 5.7 GW of installed electricity generation
capacity using nuclear fuels. Nuclear power plants generated 2.75% of the
total electricity produced in India.
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Google classroom code
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Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Nuclear Power
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Nuclear Power
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Nuclear Power
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Nuclear Power
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Need for Renewable Energy Sources
Energy requirement in India is expected to increase by 200% from the year
2015 to 2030.
Industrial sector is the most electricity consuming sector with the
accountability as 40% in the total electricity consumption.
The domestic sector is the second leading electricity consuming sector
which has shown an increased proportion from 9.36% (423 GWh) to
24.20% (273550 GWh) in the total electricity consumption from the year
1947 to 2018.
Per capita CO2 emission was 1.2 tons in 2012, and is expected to be 2.7 to
3.5 tons by the year 2040. 43
© Dr. Vasim A. Shaikh
Need for Renewable Energy Sources
A scenario analysis estimates that India could easily experience an increase
in building energy consumption and CO2 emissions of around 700% by
2050, compared to 2005 levels.
According to the United States Energy Information Administration (EIA)
department, by the year 2035 energy consumption growth in India will be
far more than in countries like China, the United States, and Russia.
44
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Any Questions
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