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Matrix Lesson

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers organized in rows and columns, with operations including addition, scalar multiplication, and multiplication. The document explains matrix notation, the transpose of a matrix, determinants for square matrices, and the inverse of a 2x2 matrix. It also highlights applications of matrices in various fields such as solving linear equations, computer graphics, cryptography, and data science.

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Francis Tolero
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19 views2 pages

Matrix Lesson

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers organized in rows and columns, with operations including addition, scalar multiplication, and multiplication. The document explains matrix notation, the transpose of a matrix, determinants for square matrices, and the inverse of a 2x2 matrix. It also highlights applications of matrices in various fields such as solving linear equations, computer graphics, cryptography, and data science.

Uploaded by

Francis Tolero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Matrix Lesson: Introduction to Matrices

📌 What is a Matrix?

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns.

Example:

A=[1234]A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix}A=[1324]

 This is a 2×2 matrix (2 rows, 2 columns).

 Each number in the matrix is called an element.

🧩 Matrix Notation

A matrix is often denoted as:

A=[aij]A = [a_{ij}]A=[aij]

Where:

 AAA is the name of the matrix.

 aija_{ij}aij is the element in the i-th row and j-th column.

Basic Operations

1. Matrix Addition

Only possible if matrices have the same dimensions.

[1234]+[5678]=[681012]\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} 5 & 6 \\ 7 & 8 \


end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 6 & 8 \\ 10 & 12 \end{bmatrix}[1324]+[5768]=[610812]

2. Scalar Multiplication

Multiply every element by a number (scalar).

3⋅[1−204]=[3−6012]3 \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -2 \\ 0 & 4 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 3 & -6 \\ 0 &


12 \end{bmatrix}3⋅[10−24]=[30−612]

3. Matrix Multiplication

For matrices Am×nA_{m \times n}Am×n and Bn×pB_{n \times p}Bn×p, the result is Cm×pC_{m \times
p}Cm×p.

Example:

[12]⋅[34]=[11]\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 3 \\ 4 \end{bmatrix} = [11][12


]⋅[34]=[11]
(1×3 + 2×4 = 11)

🔄 Transpose of a Matrix

Switch rows and columns:

A=[1234],AT=[1324]A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix}, \quad A^T = \begin{bmatrix} 1 &


3 \\ 2 & 4 \end{bmatrix}A=[1324],AT=[1234]

🧠 Determinant (for square matrices)

For 2×2:

det(A)=ad−bc,A=[abcd]\text{det}(A) = ad - bc, \quad A = \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \


end{bmatrix}det(A)=ad−bc,A=[acbd]

Example:

[2314],det=2×4−3×1=5\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ 1 & 4 \end{bmatrix}, \quad \text{det} = 2×4 - 3×1 = 5[21


34],det=2×4−3×1=5

🔁 Inverse of a Matrix (2×2)

Only if determinant ≠ 0:

A−1=1ad−bc[d−b−ca]A^{-1} = \frac{1}{ad - bc} \begin{bmatrix} d & -b \\ -c & a \end{bmatrix}A−1=ad−bc1


[d−c−ba]

🧰 Applications of Matrices

 Solving systems of linear equations

 Computer graphics

 Cryptography

 Data science and machine learning

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