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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

Semester-6

BCA 603

Multimedia Systems
(According to Purvanchal University Syllabus)

“Full Line By Line Notes”

Date: August 2020

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

Unit – 1
Evolution of Multimedia and its objects –
 Multimedia is a representation of information in an attractive and
interactive manner with the use of a combination of text, audio, video,
graphics and animation.
 In other words we can say that Multimedia is a computerized method of
presenting information combining textual data, audio, visuals (video),
graphics and animations. For examples: E-Mail, Yahoo Messenger, Video
Conferencing, and Multimedia Message Service (MMS).

Formative Evaluation
 There are three major stages or steps that occur in the formative
evaluation of multimedia hardware or software: the development of a
prototype, the pilot text and the field text. A prototype can be a model,
a mock-up or even a paper template representing a sample screen,
lesson, or module of a software program. Prototypes can be conceptual,
allowing for early feedback, or working, allowing for hands-on.

Summative Evaluation
 In summative evaluation, the worth of a program or the overall
effectiveness of the finished multimedia product is judged. In contrast to
formative evaluation, summative evaluation is conducted is delivered.

Scope of Multimedia in Business & Work –

 Multimedia, such as mobile marketing, live-casting and podcasting,
photo, video and file sharing, can spread the word about your company
and help build brand awareness in a very unique and powerful way. This
particular type of social media also has the ability to go viral quickly.

Multimedia for Business Marketing:

Several online communities exist for the purpose of uploading and sharing
photos over the Web, and many small businesses have learned to take

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

advantage of these services to market their products. Here is the most

common photo sharing marketing strategies.

1. Offer real-time incentives. Twitter's Tweet Photo will automatically enable

you to publish photos to your Twitter and Facebook accounts for free via
mobile and Web platforms. Who needs 140 characters to describe your
business when a picture is worth 1,000 words? Tweet pictures of discounted
and new items or offer exclusive incentives.

2. Join like-minded communities. At no cost, Yahoo!operated Flickr provides a

useful platform for photo management and sharing. "The first thing that I tell
people is that Flickr is not just a photo storage place," says Matt McGee,
independent online marketing consultant of the Tri-Cities, Washingtonbased,
Small Business Search Marketing.

Production & Planning of Multimedia

applications –
 Multimedia projects are complex; they often involve the skills and
efforts of multiple teams or people. During the development process, a
project moves through the specialized parts of the team, from story
creation to technical editing, with regular collective review sessions Each
stage is designed to refine the project with attention to the client's
needs, technical requirements and audience preferences.

Planning Meeting to Start the Process:

 A planning meeting is a crucial part of the multimedia development
process; it creates a shared vision for everyone working on the project.
The meeting usually kicks off a project, bringing together the team.
During the meeting, the project manager communicates the major goals
and lays out the milestones. The meeting may include a discussion of the
target audience and how each division can help support the overarching
goal.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

Creative Brief and Script Writing:

 Most multimedia projects have a story behind them. After the initial
meeting, the people in charge of the background story write a script,
creative brief or outline. The text hits the main points of the project and
uses language that appeals to the audience in jargon, tone and style.

Story Boarding to Tie the Elements Together:

 A multimedia project usually includes multiple pieces: audio, video,
imagery, text for voiceovers and on-screen titles. Story boarding ties
everything together; a story board panel for a scene includes a sketch of
the visual elements, the voiceover or title text, and any production
notes. It guides the process, keeps everyone in check and gives structure
to the project.

Designing the Visual Aspects:

 During the design stage, designers take over the visual aspects of the
project to determine how it looks and feels. Using the notes from the
storyboard, they create graphics, design the navigation and give
direction to photographers and videographers regarding the correct
shots. Depending on the project, the design stage might include graphic
design, web design, information design, and photography or image
collection. Design is always done with an eye toward the audience

Multimedia Hardware –
Most of the computers now-a-days come equipped with the hardware
components required to develop/view multimedia applications. Following are
the various categories in which we can define the various types of hardwares
required for multimedia applications.
 Processor The heart of any multimedia computer is its processor. Today
Core 15 or higher processor is recommended for a multimedia
computer.
o CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
o CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
o It stores data, intermediate result and instructions (program).

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

o It controls the operations of all parts of computer.

 Memory and Storage Devices - You need memory for storing various
files used during production, original audio and video clips, edited
pieces and final mined pieces. You also need memory for backup of
your project files.
o Primary Memory- Primary memory holds only those data and
instructions on which computer is currently working. It has
limited capacity and data gets lost when power is switched off. It
is generally made up of semiconductor device. These memories
are not as fast as registers. The data and instructions required to
be processed earlier reside in main memory. It is divided into two
subcategories RAM and ROM.
o Flash Memory- Cache memory is a very high speed
semiconductor memory, which can speed up CPU. It acts as a
buffer between the CPU and main memory. It is used to hold
those parts of data and program which are most frequently used
by CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from disk
to cache memory by operating system, from where CPU can
access them.
o Secondary Memory: This type of memory is also known as
external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory.
These are used for storing Data/Information permanently. CPU
directly does not access these memories; instead they are
accessed via input-output routines. Contents of secondary
memories are first transferred to main memory and then CPU can
access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
 Input Devices - Following are the various types of input devices which
are used in multimedia systems.
o Keyboard- Most common and very popular input device is
keyboard. The keyboard helps in inputting the data to the
computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional
typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for
performing some additional functions. Keyboards are of two sizes
84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now 104 keys or 108 keys keyboard
is also available for Windows and Internet. The keys are
following:

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

Sr. Keys Description

No.

1 Typing These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digits keys
Keys (0-9) which generally give same layout as that of
typewriters.

2 Numeric It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement.

Keypad Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out
in the same configuration used by most adding machine
and calculators.

3 Function The twelve functions keys are present on the keyboard.

Keys These are arranged in a row along the top of the
keyboard. Each function key has unique meaning and is
used for some specific purpose.

4 Control These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes

keys four directional arrow key. Control keys also include
Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down,
Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).

5 Special Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such

Purpose as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and
Keys Print Screen.

o Mouse - Mouse is most popular Pointing device. It is a very

famous cursor-control device. It is a small palm size box with a
round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and
sends corresponding signals to CPU on pressing the buttons.
Generally, it has two buttons called left and right button and
scroll bar is present at the mid. Mouse can be used to control the
position of cursor on screen, but it cannot be used to enter text
into the computer.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

o Joystick - Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move

cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical
ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball
moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four
directions. The function of joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It
is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing
computer games.

o Light Pen - Light pen is a pointing device, which is similar to a pen.

It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the
monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system
placed in a small tube. When light pen's tip is moved over the
monitor screen and pen button is pressed, its photocell sensing
element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding
signal to the CPU.

o Track Ball - Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in

notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball,
which is half inserted and by moving fingers on ball, pointer can
be [Link] the whole device is not moved, a track ball
requires less space than a mouse. A track ball comes in various
shapes like a ball, a button and a square.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

o Scanner - Scanner is an input device, which works more like a

photocopy machine. It is used when some information is
available on a paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disc of
the computer for further manipulation. Scanner captures images
from the source which are then converted into the digital form
that can be stored on the disc. These images can be edited before
they are printed.

o Digitizer - Digitizer is an input device, which converts analog

information into a digital form. Digitizer can convert a signal from
the television camera into a series of numbers that could be
stored in a computer. They can be used by the computer to
create a picture of whatever the camera had been pointed at.
Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet because it
converts graphics and pictorial data into binary inputs. A graphic
tablet as digitizer is used for doing fine works of drawing and
images manipulation applications.

o Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR) - MICR input device is generally

used in banks because of a large number of cheques to be
processed everyday. The bank's code number and cheque
number are printed on the cheques with a special type of ink that
contains particles of magnetic material that are machine
readable. This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

Recognition (MICR). The main advantage of MICR is that it is fast

and less error prone.

o Optical Character Reader (OCR) - OCR is an input device used to

read a printed text. OCR scans text optically character by
character, converts them into a machine readable code and
stores the text on the system memory.

o Bar Code Readers - Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading
bar coded data (data in form of light and dark lines). Bar coded
data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books,
etc. It may be a hand-held scanner or may be embedded in a
stationary [Link] Code Reader scans a bar code image,
converts it into an alphanumeric value, which is then fed to the
computer to which bar code reader is connected.

o Optical Mark Reader (OMR) - OMR is a special type of optical

scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or
pencil. It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be
selected and marked. It is specially used for checking the answer
sheets of examinations having multiple choice questions.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

o Voice Systems - Following are the various types of input devices

which are used in multimedia systems.
 Microphone- Microphone is an input device to input sound
that is then stored in digital form. The microphone is used
for various applications like adding sound to a multimedia
presentation or for mixing music.

 Speaker- Speaker is an output device to produce sound

which is stored in digital form. The speaker is used for
various applications like adding sound to a multimedia
presentation or for movies displays etc.

o Digital Camera - Digital camera is an input device to input images

that is then stored in digital form. The digital camera is used for
various applications like adding images to a multimedia
presentation or for personal purposes.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

o Digital Video Camera - Digital Video camera is an input device to

input images/video that is then stored in digital form. The digital
video camera is used for various applications like adding videos
to a multimedia presentation or for personal purposes.

 Output Devices - Following are few of the important output devices,

which are used in Computer Systems:
o Monitors - Monitor commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU)
is the main output device of a computer. It forms images from
tiny dots, called pixels, that are arranged in a rectangular form.
The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of the
pixels. There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors:
 Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor- In the CRT, display is
made up of small picture elements called pixels for short.
The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity or
resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form
whole character, such as the letter 'e' in the word help. A
finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at
once. The screen can be divided into a series of character
boxes - fixed location on the screen where a standard
character can be placed. Most screens are capable of
displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines
vertically.

 Flat-Panel Display Monitor- The flat-panel display refers to

a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight
and power requirement compared to the CRT. You can
hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists. Current

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

uses for flat-panel displays include calculators, video

games, monitors, laptop computer, graphics display. The
flat-panel displays are divided into two categories:
 Emissive Displays- The emissive displays are devices
that convert electrical energy into light. Examples
are plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).
 Non-Emissive Displays- The Non-emissive displays
use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from
some other source into graphics patterns. Example is
LCD (Liquid-Crystal Device)

 Printers - Printer is the most important output device, which is used to

print information on paper.
o Dot Matrix Printer- In the market, one of the most popular
printers is Dot Matrix Printer because of their ease of printing
features and economical price. Each character printed is in form
of pattern of Dot's and head consists of a Matrix of Pins of size
(5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which comes out to form a character that
is why it is called Dot Matrix Printer.

o Daisy Wheel- Head is lying on a wheel and Pins corresponding to

characters are like petals of Daisy (flower name) that is why it is
called Daisy Wheel Printer. These printers are generally used for
word-processing in offices which require a few letters to be send
here and there with very nice quality representation.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

o Line Printers- Line printers are printers, which print one line at a
time.

o Laser Printers- These are non-impact page printers. They use

laser lights to produce the dots needed to form the characters to
be printed on a page.

o Inkjet Printers- Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers

based on a relatively new technology. They print characters by
spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers produce
high quality output with presentable features. They make less
noise because no hammering is done and these have many styles
of printing modes available. Colour printing is also possible. Some
models of Inkjet printers can produce multiple copies of printing
also.

 Screen Image Projector - Screen image projector or simply projector is

an output device used to project information from a computer on a

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

large screen so that a group of people can see it simultaneously. A

presenter first makes a PowerPoint presentation on the computer. Now
a screen image projector is plugged to a computer system and
presenter can make a presentation to a group of people by projecting
the information on a large screen. Projector makes the presentation
more understandable.

 Speakers and Sound Card - Computers need both a sound card and
speakers to hear audio, such as music, speech and sound effects. Most
motherboards provide an on-board sound card. This built-in-sound card
is fine for the most purposes. The basic functions of a sound card are
that it converts digital sound signals to analog for speakers making it
louder or softer.

Memory and Storage devices –

 The storage devices are one of the most important components of
the computer system. They are the data storage devices that are used
to store the data. The computer has many types of data storage
devices. Some of them can be classified as the removable data Storage
Devices and the others as the non removable data Storage Devices.
 The memory is of two types; one is the primary memory and the
other one is the secondary memory. The primary memory is the
volatile memory and the secondary memory is the non volatile
memory.
 The volatile memory is the kind of the memory that is erasable and
the non volatile memory is the one where in the contents cannot be
erased.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

The secondary memory is used to store the data permanently in

the computer.
 The secondary storage devices are usually as follows: hard disk drives
– this is the most common type of storage device. The other ones
include the floppy disk drives, the CD ROM, and the DVD ROM. The
flash memory, the USB data card etc.

Communication Devices –
 A communication device is a hardware device capable of transmitting an
analog or digital signal over the telephone, other communication wire,
or wirelessly.
 A classic example of a communication device is a computer modem,
which converts a computer's digital information to an analog signal for
transmission over a telephone line. Similarly, a modem receives analog
signals, and converts them to digital, for processing by the computer.
 This process is called modulation/demodulation, from which the modem
gets its name.
Other examples of communication devices include a NIC (network interface
card), Wi-Fi devices, and access points.

Multimedia Software –
Following are the various categories of Multimedia software
 Device Driver Software- These softwares are used to install and
configure the multimedia peripherals.
 Media Players- Media players are applications that can play one or
more kind of multimedia file format.
 Media Conversion Tools- These tools are used for encoding / decoding
multimedia contexts and for converting one file format to another.
 Multimedia Editing Tools- These tools are used for creating and editing
digital multimedia data.
 Multimedia Authoring Tools- These tools are used for combing
different kinds of media formats and deliver them as multimedia
contents.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

Unit – 2
Production & Planning of Multimedia building
blocks –
The ability to access information stored as different media depends on the
availability of standard data formats that is understand by most applications in
use. Proprietary formats are typically more compact compared with open
standard formats.

Although three are many proprietary formats for each media type, they are
often not suitable for use in defining multimedia building blocks since the
ability to access the information contained in those data files depend very
much on the availability of filters for the respective applications.

1. Text Data Formats:

Text remains as the most basic data format in use today. Text formats can be
divided into two areas:

 Charset Encoding:

Refers to formatting of individual characters. Characters have the following

features:

 Encoding Method: ASCII (7/8 bit), UNICODE (16 bit).

 Attributes: Font, Size, Width, Color, and Style.

 Document Encoding

Text documents are made up of sequences of characters used to represent

information. Document encoding formats vary in sophistication:

 Plain text: End-of-line using CR (Mac), LF (UNIX), CR/LF (DOS/Win).

Formatting assumes fixed character widths and is given as is in the
document.
 TeX, Rich Text Format (RTF), SGML and Derivatives (HTML, XML, etc.).

 Text Data Size

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

Plain text encoding for a data stream with X characters ASCII encoding: X
characters, each 1 byte= X bytes. UNICODE encoding: X characters, each 2
bytes =2X bytes.

2. Graphics Data Format:

Graphics data can be divided into two types:

 Raster Graphics

Raster Graphics format captures attributes of an image such as:

 Resolution & pixel density (dpi)

 Quantization
 Color space (RGB, YUV, grayscale, palletized, etc.).

 Vector Graphics

Vector Graphics are resolution independent can be scaled to any size as they
are mathematical description of images. Typically used for line-art and other
synthetic image.

Text Sound (MIDI)-

 Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) is a technical protocol that
governs the interaction of digital instruments with computers and with
each other. Instead of a direct musical sound representation, MIDI
provides the information on how a musical sound is made with the help
of MIDI commands.
 The protocol not only provides compactness but also provides ease in
manipulation and modification of notes, along with a flexible choice of
instruments.

Digital Audio-
 Digital audio is a technology that is used to record, store, manipulate,
generate and reproduce sound using audio signals that have been
encoded in digital form.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

 It also refers to the sequence of discreet samples that are taken from an
analog audio waveform. Instead of a continuous sinusoidal wave, digital
audio is composed of discreet points which represent the amplitude of
the waveform approximately.
 The more samples taken, the better the representation, and hence
impacts the quality of the digital audio. Most modern multimedia
devices can only process digital audio, and in the case of cell phones
requiring analog audio input, they still convert it to digital before
transmission.

Audio file formats-

Audio format defines the quality and loss of audio data. Based on application
different type of audio format are used. Audio formats are broadly divided into
three parts:
1. Uncompressed Format
2. Lossy Compressed format
3. Lossless Compressed Format
1. Uncompressed Audio Format:
 PCM –
It stands for Pulse-Code Modulation. It represents raw analog audio
signals in digital form. To convert analog signal into digital signal it has to
be recorded at a particular interval. Hence it has sampling rate and bit
rate (bits used to represent each sample).
 WAV –
It stands for Waveform Audio File Format, it was developed by Microsoft
and IBM in 1991. It is just a Windows container for audio formats. That
means that a WAV file can contain compressed audio. Most WAV files
contain uncompressed audio in PCM format. It is just a wrapper. It is
compatible with both Windows and Mac.
 AIFF –
It stands for Audio Interchange File Format. It was developed by Apple for
Mac systems in 1988. Like WAV files, AIFF files can contain multiple kinds
of audio. It contain uncompressed audio in PCM format. It is just a
wrapper for the PCM encoding. It is compatible with both Windows and
Mac.
2. Lossy Compressed Fomat:
It is a form of compression that loses data during the compression process. But

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

difference in quality no noticeable to hear.

 MP3 –
It stands for MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3. It was released in 1993 and became
popular. It is most popular audio format for music files. Main aim of MP3
is to remove all those sounds which not hearable or less noticeable by
humans ears. Hence making size of music file small. MP3 is like universal
format which is compatible almost every device.
 AAC –
It stands for Advanced Audio Coding. It was developed in 1997 after
[Link] compression algorithm used by AAC is much more complex and
advanced than MP3, so when compared a particular audio file in MP3 and
AAC formats at the same bitrate, the AAC one will generally have better
sound quality. It is the standard audio compression method used by
YouTube, Android, iOS, iTunes, and PlayStations.
 WMA –
It stands for Windows Media Audio. It was released in [Link] was
designed to remove some of the flaws of MP3 compression method. In
terms of quality it is better than MP3. But is not widely used.
3. Lossless compression:
This method reduces file size without any loss in quality. But is not as good as
lossy compression as the size of file compressed to lossy compression is 2 and
3 times more.
 FLAC –
It stands for Free Lossless Audio Codec. It can compress a source file by up
to 50% without losing data. It is most popular in its category and is open-
source.
 ALAC –
It stands for Apple Lossless Audio Codec. It was launched in 2004 and
became free after 2011. It was developed by Apple.
 WMA –
It stands for Windows Media Audio. But it is least efficient in term of
compression and is not open-source. It has limited hardware support.
MIDI under Windows environment-
 In windows, system sounds are WAV files, and they reside in the
Windows/Media subdirectory. Available system event sounds include
[Link], [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link],
[Link], and the Microsoft [Link] which plays when Windows
starts up.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

Unit – III
Macromedia Products-
Educational Products:

 Educational multimedia products can have an impact on learning that is

greater than that of a lecture or talk. Some people argue that they
inhibit a person’s creative thoughts, as they are focused on many senses
at the same time. These products should be seen as a helpful
supplementary resource, instead of a substitute for the interaction
between a teacher and a student.

Interactive CD-ROMs:

 Multimedia resources have been used in classrooms for a number of

years. One of the first multimedia CD-ROMs was Microsoft’s
encyclopaedia, Encarta®. This resource let student’s access text, video
clips and audio from significant instances in history.

Multimedia Presentations:

 Microsoft PowerPoint® allows users to create slides with interactive

elements (e.g. animations, web links, and movies). PowerPoint® can be
used effectively to add a visual interest to talks, but there is an issue that
many people choose the default templates for their presentation,
resulting in many similar displays. Presentation software is the most
widely used multimedia application.

Computer Based Training:

 Computer based training (CBT) uses multimedia to assist user in learning

about a topic, or teaching skills to others in the workplace. Someone can
receive training on the operation of machinery, or office procedures
from CBF. An advantage of CBT over other types of training is that users
can retrace their steps as many times as they want, to reaffirm their
understanding.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

Entertainment products:

 Entertainment drives advancements in computing, and multimedia is an

example of this. Games have become one of the most popular
applications of multimedia. Early games consisted of either 2-
dimensional platform games or computerised copies of board games.

Multimedia games:

 Today, games have entered a 3rd dimension, where the user can control
the camera angle as well, as well as the characters direction and speed.
These types of games can have dramatic and use realistic sound effects,
and can have complex puzzles that require solving and can immerse the
player in a real-world environment. As gaming consoles become more
sophisticated, the realism of their graphics increase.

Basic drawing techniques-

When drawing, the following drawing instruments are available: point, line,
area, and the tonal values (light and dark). These drawing instruments are used
to create a drawing using the appropriate drawing technique and the
appropriate drawing tool. The most common drawing tools are graphite pencil,
ink pen, charcoal and crayons. On this page you can learn more about the
different drawing techniques:

 The line
 Hatching
 Smudging
 Washes
 Combined techniques
 Graffito

Point and line - basis of each drawing:

 Point and line are the basic drawing instruments. The line marks the
outline of a motif. It is used as a basic technique for drawing, to
represent the boundaries and the outline of objects. With it, contrasts

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

can be depicted and pointed out. In addition you can also use the point
as a drawing instrument.

The most important techniques in drawing:

 The hatching is a classic drawing technique which makes it possible to
draw and form the surfaces of a motif. Various effects can be achieved
with the hatching technique. A good spatial effect results from the
hatching, as well as different tonal values can be realized. If all
gradations of a single Color are used, a plastically representation of the
motif is created.

Advance animation techniques-

3D Animation technique:

 Frame rate is the number of frames used in an animation and how fast
they will run.
 Student can lengthen or shorten an animation by adding Frames.
 Students can make adjustments to key frame for editing purposes.
 Student can set the frame rate and number of frames.
o 24 frames per second are used for editing motion-picture film.
o 25 frames per second are used for editing PAL.
o 30 (29.97) frames per second is used for editing NTSC video.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

Unit – IV
Digital Audio concept-
 Digital audio is a technology that is used to record, store, manipulate,
generate and reproduce sound using audio signals that have been
encoded in digital form.
 It also refers to the sequence of discreet samples that are taken from an
analog audio waveform. Instead of a continuous sinusoidal wave, digital
audio is composed of discreet points which represent the amplitude of
the waveform approximately.

Sampling Variables-
 Variable sampling is used for measurement of hardness, tensile strength,
resistance and other physical properties of the desired sample. The
variables used for measurement are on a continuous scale and the limits
for rejection are clearly demarcated for the entire range.
 The sample which is tested from the complete lot is said to be its
representative.

Loss Less compression of sound-

 Lossless formats use compression algorithms that preserve audio data so
the audio is exactly the same as the original source. This contrasts with
lossy audio formats such as AAC, MP3, and WMA, which compress audio
using algorithms that discard data.

Examples of popular lossless formats used for storing music include:

 FLAC
 WAV
 ALAC
 WMA Lossless

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

Lossy compression & Silence compression-

 Lossless compression as their name implies, involve no loss of
information. If data have been losslessly compressed, the original data
can be recovered exactly from the compressed data. Lossless
compression is generally used for applications that cannot tolerate any
difference between the original and reconstructed data.
 Silence compression provides a way to squeeze redundancy out of
sound files. The silence compression scheme is essential for efficient
communication systems. It allows significant reduction of transmission
bandwidth during a period of silence.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

Unit – V
Multimedia monitor bitmaps-
 Bitmap (BMP) is an image file format that can be used to create and
store computer graphics. A bitmap file displays a small dots in a pattern
that, when viewed from afar, creates an overall image. A bitmap image
is a grid made of rows and columns where a specific cell is given a value
that fills it in or leaves it blank, thus creating an image out of the data.

Explains Bitmap:

 To create a bitmap, an image is broken into the smallest possible units

(pixels) and then the Color information of each pixel (Color depth) is
stored in bits that are mapped out in rows and columns. The complexity
of a bitmap image can be increased by varying the Color intensity of
each dot or by increasing the number of rows and columns used to
create the image.

Vector drawing-
 Vector graphics is the creation of digital images through a sequence of
commands or mathematical statements that place lines and shapes in a
given two-dimensional or three dimensional space.
 In physics, a vector is a representation of both a quantity and a direction
at the same time. In vector graphics, the file that results from a graphic
artist's work is created and saved as a sequence of vector statements.

Lossy graphic compression-

 Lossy compression refers to compression in which some of the data
from the original file (JPEG) is lost. The process is irreversible, once you
convert to lossy, you can’t go back.

Lossy advantages and disadvantages

Advantages: Very small file sizes and lots of tools, plugins, and software
support it.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

Disadvantages: Quality degrades with higher ratio of compression. Can’t get

original back after compressing.

Image file formatic animations Image Standards-

 There are three image formats in constant use on the net — GIF, JPG
and PNG. Each is suited to a specific type of image, and matching your
image to the correct format should result in a small, fast-loading graphic.
Saving and exporting into these formats will require a decent image
editor.
 When choosing the format for your image, you should always be
conscious of both the image’s quality and file size.

JPEG compression-
 JPEG is an image compression standard which was developed by "Joint
Photographic Experts Group". In 1992, it was accepted as an
international standard. JPEG is a lossy image compression method. JPEG
compression uses the DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) method for
coding transformation. It allows a trade-off between storage size and
the degree of compression can be adjusted.

Zig Zag coding-

 Zig Zag code is a type of introduced. They are defined by partitioning the
input data into segments of fixed size, and adding sequence of check bits
to the data, where each check bit is the of the bits in a single segment
and of the previous check bit in the sequence.

Video representation-
 In this sub-section we discuss the video representation for both
compressed and uncompressed data. We first explore the additional
dimensionality of video data and frame-rates with their associated
redundancy in uncompressed data. Then, we discuss the compressed
data representation and the techniques of reducing the various types of
redundancies, and how that can be utilized for shot-detection.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

1) Uncompressed Video Data

 The video sequence contains groups of successive frames. They are

designed so that when they are played back, the human eye perceives
continuous motion of objects within the video and no flickers are
recognized due to the change from one frame to another.
 The film industry uses a frame-rate of 24 frames/sec for films. But the
most two common TV standard formats are PAL and NTSC. The frame
rate in those two standards is either 25 frames/sec, for PAL TV standard
or 30 frames/sec for the NTSC TV standard.
 In case of the videos that are converted from films, some care need to
be taken, especially due to the different frame-rates involved in the
different standards. A machine, called telecine, is usually used in that
conversion that involves the 2:2 pull-down or 3:2 pull-down process for
PAL or NTSC respectively.

2) Compressed Video Data

 Video compression aims to reduce the redundancy exist in video data,

with minimum visual effect on the video. This is useful in multimedia
storage and transmission, among others. The compression can be
applied on one or more of the video dimensions; spatial and/or
temporal. Each of them is described, with focus on the MPEG standards

Colors-
 Colors are composed of the primary Colors- red, green and blue, 24-bit
Colors are sometimes stored as 3 sets of 8 bits. This is referred to as rgb
encoding. Another techniques, especially for 8-bitcolor, is to choose a
palette. That is, a set of Colors is chosen to be used for the picture.

Video compression-
 Video Compression is the term used to define a method for reducing the
data used to encode digital video content. This reduction in data
translates to benefits such as smaller storage requirements and lower
transmission bandwidth requirements, for a clip of video content.

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

Video compression may be lossy, in which case the image quality is reduced
compared to the original image. For lossy compression, the goal is to develop
compression techniques that are efficient and result in perceptually lossless
quality. In effect, even though the compressed video is different from the
original uncompressed video, the differences are not easily visible to the
human eye.

MPEG standards-
 Stands for "Moving Picture Experts Group." MPEG is an organization that
develops standards for encoding digital audio and video. It works with
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the
International Electro technical Commission (IEC) to ensure media
compression standards are widely adopted and universally available.

The MPEG organization has produced a number of digital media standards

since its inception in 1998. Examples include:

 MPEG-1 – Audio/video standards designed for digital storage media

(such as an MP3 file)
 MPEG-2 – Standards for digital television and DVD video
 MPEG-4 – Multimedia standards for the computers, mobile devices, and
the web
 MPEG-7 – Standards for the description and search of multimedia
content
 MPEG-MAR – A mixed reality and augmented reality reference model
 MPEG-DASH – Standards that provide solutions for streaming
multimedia data over HTTP (such as servers and CDNs)

Recent development in Multimedia-

 Multimedia and networking technologies have significantly impacted on
our daily activities. Multimedia environments have the vision of
enhancing our everyday environment and interaction through sensing,
computing, and communication capabilities.
 It focuses on Indexing of Large-Scale Multimedia Signals, Multimedia and
Big Data, Multimedia Applications in Cloud Computing, Secure

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Multimedia System Notes For BCA VBSPU C Created by D.P. Mishra

Multimedia Transmission, and Secure Multi-party Computation for Big

Multimedia.
 Latest multimedia research includes in medical image processing, digital
library, remote surveillance, network resource management, mobile
communications, emerging technologies such as wireless sensor and
mesh networks, and innovative applications in learning, business,
games, archaeology and art.

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