MODULE 2

1. What is a list? Explain the methods used to insert and delete items from the list.

Answer:
A list in Python is an ordered, mutable collection of elements enclosed in square brackets [].

Methods to Insert Items:

1. append(x) – Adds x at the end.

lst = [1, 2, 3]

lst.append(4) # [1, 2, 3, 4]

2. insert(i, x) – Inserts x at index i.

lst.insert(1, 5) # [1, 5, 2, 3, 4]

3. extend(iterable) – Adds multiple elements.

lst.extend([6, 7]) # [1, 5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7]

Methods to Delete Items:

1. remove(x) – Removes first occurrence of x.

lst.remove(2) # [1, 5, 3, 4, 6, 7]

2. pop([i]) – Removes and returns item at index i (default last).

lst.pop(1) # Removes 5 → [1, 3, 4, 6, 7]

3. del statement – Deletes an element or slice.

del lst[0] # [3, 4, 6, 7]

4. clear() – Empties the list.

lst.clear() # []

2. Methods of List Data Type in Python

Answer:

(i) Adding Values to a List

lst = [1, 2]

lst.append(3) # [1, 2, 3]

lst.insert(1, 4) # [1, 4, 2, 3]
lst.extend([5, 6]) # [1, 4, 2, 3, 5, 6]

(ii) Removing Values from a List

lst.remove(4) # [1, 2, 3, 5, 6]

lst.pop() # Removes 6 → [1, 2, 3, 5]

del lst[0] # [2, 3, 5]

(iii) Finding a Value in a List

index = lst.index(3) # Returns 1

if 5 in lst: # Checks existence

print("Found")

(iv) Sorting the Values in a List

lst.sort() # [2, 3, 5]

lst.sort(reverse=True) # [5, 3, 2]

3. Negative Indexing, Slicing & List Methods

Answer:

(a) Negative Indexing

Accesses elements from the end (-1 is last element).

lst = [10, 20, 30]

print(lst[-1]) # 30

(b) Slicing

Extracts a sublist [start:stop:step].

print(lst[1:3]) # [20, 30]

(c) index(x)

Finds the first occurrence of x.

print(lst.index(20)) # 1

(d) append(x)

Adds x to the end.

lst.append(40) # [10, 20, 30, 40]

Removes first occurrence of x.

lst.remove(20) # [10, 30, 40]

(f) pop([i])

Removes and returns element at i.

lst.pop(1) # 30 → [10, 40]

(g) insert(i, x)

Inserts x at index i.

lst.insert(0, 5) # [5, 10, 40]

(h) sort()

Sorts the list.

lst.sort() # [5, 10, 40]

4. List Methods: len(), sum(), max(), min()

Answer:

lst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(len(lst)) # 5 (length)

print(sum(lst)) # 15 (sum)

print(max(lst)) # 5 (maximum)

print(min(lst)) # 1 (minimum)

5. Different Ways to Delete Elements from a List

Answer:

lst = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

# (1) del statement

del lst[1] # [10, 30, 40, 50]

lst.remove(30) # [10, 40, 50]

# (3) pop()

lst.pop() # [10, 40]

# (4) clear()

lst.clear() # []

6. copy.copy() vs copy.deepcopy()

Answer:

 copy.copy() creates a shallow copy (nested objects are referenced).

 copy.deepcopy() creates a deep copy (nested objects are also copied).

Example:

lst1 = [1, [2, 3]]

lst2 = copy.copy(lst1) # Shallow copy

lst3 = copy.deepcopy(lst1) # Deep copy

lst1[1][0] = 99

print(lst2) # [1, [99, 3]] (affected)

print(lst3) # [1, [2, 3]] (unaffected)

7. in and not in Operators in List

Answer:
Checks if an element exists in a list.

lst = [1, 2, 3]

print(2 in lst) # True

print(4 not in lst) # True

Answer:

 List is ordered, mutable, and allows duplicates.

 Dictionary is unordered, mutable, and stores key:value pairs.

Program:

cities = {"Mumbai": 20, "Delhi": 18, "Bangalore": 12}

max_city = max(cities, key=cities.get)

print("Most populous city:", max_city)

9. Tuple vs List & Conversion

Answer:

 Tuple is immutable (()), List is mutable ([]).

 tuple() converts a list to a tuple.

lst = [1, 2, 3]

tup = tuple(lst) # (1, 2, 3)

10. set() and setdefault() in Dictionary

Answer:

 set() creates a set (unique elements).

 setdefault(k, d) returns v for key k, else inserts k with default d.

Example:

d = {"a": 1}

print(d.setdefault("b", 2)) # 2 → d = {"a":1, "b":2}

11. Dictionary Methods

Answer:

d = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
print(d.get("a")) #1

print(d.items()) # dict_items([('a', 1), ('b', 2)])

print(d.keys()) # dict_keys(['a', 'b'])

print(d.values()) # dict_values([1, 2])

12. Different Ways to Delete from List

(Same as Q5)

13. String Slicing Outputs

Answer:

S = "Hello World"

print(S[1:5]) # 'ello'

print(S[:5]) # 'Hello'

print(S[3:-1]) # 'lo Worl'

print(S[:]) # 'Hello World'

14. Dictionary & For Loop Traversal

Answer:
A dictionary stores key:value pairs and is unordered.

Example:

d = {"a": 1, "b": 2}

for key in d:

print(key, d[key])

15. Remove Odd Numbers from List

Program:

lst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

lst = [x for x in lst if x % 2 == 0]

16. List Indexing & Slicing

Answer:

a = ['hello', 'how', [1,2,3], [[10,20,30]]]

print(a[ : : ]) # ['hello', 'how', [1,2,3], [[10,20,30]]]

print(a[-3][0]) # 'how' (a[-3] = 'how' → 'h')

print(a[2][ : -1]) # [1, 2]

print(a[0][ : : -1]) # 'olleh'

17. Delete Key from Dictionary

Program:

d = {"a": 1, "b": 2}

del d["a"]

print(d) # {'b': 2}

18. Reverse Each Word in String

Program:

s = "hello how are you"

words = s.split()

reversed_words = [word[::-1] for word in words]

print(" ".join(reversed_words)) # "olleh woh era uoy"

19. Reverse Sentence in String

Program:

s = "hello how are you"

print(s[::-1]) # "uoy era woh olleh"

Program:

lst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

even = len([x for x in lst if x % 2 == 0])

odd = len(lst) - even

print("Even:", even, "Odd:", odd)

21. Frequency of Digits

Program:

num = input("Enter a number: ")

freq = {}

for d in num:

freq[d] = freq.get(d, 0) + 1

for k, v in freq.items():

print(f"Digit {k}: {v} times")

22. Count Words, Digits, Uppercase, Lowercase

Program

s = input("Enter a sentence: ")

words = len(s.split())

digits = sum(c.isdigit() for c in s)

upper = sum(c.isupper() for c in s)

lower = sum(c.islower() for c in s)

print(f"Words: {words}, Digits: {digits}, Uppercase: {upper}, Lowercase: {lower}")

23. Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation

Program:

import statistics
data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

mean = statistics.mean(data)

variance = statistics.variance(data)

stdev = statistics.stdev(data)

print(f"Mean: {mean}, Variance: {variance}, Std Dev: {stdev}")

24. Longest Word in Sentence

Program:

s = input("Enter a sentence: ")

words = s.split()

longest = max(words, key=len)

print("Longest word:", longest)

25. Blank Tic-Tac-Toe Board

Program:

def print_board():

for i in range(3):

print(" | ".join([" "]*3))

if i < 2:

print("-" * 9)

print_board()