Unit 2
Foundations of individual Behavior [LH 2]
Chapter Outline
• Concept of individual behavior
• Personal Factors,
• Environmental Factors,
• Organizational Systems and Resources,
• Models of Individual Behavior.
Behaviour
• the way in which one acts or conducts oneself,
especially towards others
• the way in which an individual behaves in
response to a particular situation or stimulus.
• Behaviour is the function of environment in person i.e.
B = f(P, E) where, B stands for behaviour, f for function, P
for person and E for environment.
Behaviour is the range of actions and mannerisms made by
individuals, organisms, systems, or artificial entities in
conjunction with themselves or their environment, which
includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the
(inanimate) physical environment.
Foundation of Behaviour
Person related factors Person related factors
Personal biographical factors Psychological factors
• Sex, • Personality,
• Age, • Perception,
• Academic qualification, • Attitude,
• Experience, • Values and learning,
• Skills and abilities, • Beliefs,
• Marital status, • Thinking pattern
• Number of dependents,
• Creativity,
• Emotional intelligence and
• Identity
Foundation of Behaviour
Environment related Environment related
factors factors
Environmental factors Organizational system and
• Economic environment, resources
• Political situations & • Physical facilities,
system, • Organizational structure,
• Cultural values, • Organizational design,
• Social norms,
• Social value system. • Leadership style,
• Reward system,
• Communication culture
MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR
1. Theory X and Theory Y model
• Theory X assumes that employees wish to be lazy at
work and refuse responsibility.
• employees tend to be irresponsible, dissatisfied, less
productive, and reluctant towards change.
• Need close supervision, strong rules & regulation,
dictatorial leadership.
• Theory Y assumes that employees are intrinsically
active and creative to accomplish the job more
effectively.
• Employees perceive their job normal and
naturally relaxing.
2. Economic and Self-actualising Model
• Economic model postulates that employees get
motivation through the economic rewards from the
job.
• employees need to be controlled and motivated by
means of economic rewards comparable or above
the market rate.
• Self-actualising model proposes that employees
get job satisfaction and motivation through
advancement opportunities rather than only the
economic rewards.
• If employees realize that their career, living
standard, and getting social value; they become
more capable then they will be satisfied and
motivated.
• Economic model conceptualizes human beings
as economic in orientation. This model
advocates the use of economic rewards and
incentives for enhancing the productivity.
• In contrast to this self-actualizing model states
that human beings are motivated by the
opportunity to grow and develop not just by
economic rewards. This model assumes that
human beings have the cravings to fulfil their
self-actualization need and therefore, they
strive to accomplish their goals.
3. Behavioristic and Humanistic model
• Behavioristic model states that human beings
can only be described in terms of their
behaviors. For this purpose of describing an
individual, only observable behaviour is
considered.
• Humanistic model states that individuals are
philosophical not scientific.
3. Behavioristic and Humanistic model
• Behavioristic model postulates that all behaviors are
either produced by a response to certain stimuli in
the environment, or a consequence of that
individual's history, including especially
reinforcement and punishment, together with the
individual's current motivational state and
controlling stimuli.
• Humanistic model assumes that the employees are
self sufficient to analyze the situation and make
decision. Employees can surmount i.e. overcome any
obstacles through conscious reasoning.
• Each employee uniquely behaves as s/he interprets
the situation differently.
4. Rational and Emotional model
• Rational model assumes that individual is
rational entity to make the decisions.
• Before making decisions, decision maker
analyzes the information at the reaches to the
conclusion.
• Emotional model on the other hand, assumes that
individual behaviors are consequences of their
emotions.
• As guided by emotions of individual, their decisions
may not be consistent and rational.
• Individual may be irrational because of constant
conflict among their Id, and Ego and the Super-ego.
• RM : individual is perceived as highly rational being.
Whenever, comes across with some problem, the
individual is expected to collect all relevant
information, analyze it and then take a final decision.
Thus, this model assumes human beings as serious,
deliberative and computational.
• In contrast emotional model assumes human beings
to be more emotional which are guided by their
emotions. This model states that individual decision
making is derived by the dominant emotions.
5. MARS model
• MARS stands for motivation, ability, role perception
and situational factors.
• This model proposes that the employee
performance is the function of motivation, ability,
role perception mediated by situational factors i.e.
EP = f(M, A, R, S).
• Motivation
• Ability Employee Performance
• Role perception
Situational
factors
Group Discussion (GD : 2.1)
Many researchers claim that people carry the
behavioural foundations by their birth. But, at the
workplace setting, it is very common that people
perform their behaviour on the basis of workplace
setting i.e. employee relation behaviour, impression of
the manager or other colleagues, reward management
system, etc. Though it is difficult to change the
values, beliefs, attitude, etc., employees show their
behaviour differently as they feel and eternalize the
environmental factors. On this regard, managers
need to focus on external factors to set the behaviour
of employees. Comment it.
References
• https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/mgmtp13/chapt
er/organisational-behaviour-models/
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/individual_an
d_group_behavior/mars_model_individual_be
havior.htm#:~:text=MARS%20model%20of%2
0individual%20behavior%20is%20a%20model
%20that%20seeks,Role%20Perception%20and
%20Situational%20Factors.
