Republic of the Philippines

ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

MARK MANSHIP AND COMBAT SHOOTING

Specific Objectives:
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. Explain the legal and technical definitions of firearms;
2. Differentiate smooth-bore and rifled-bore firearms;
3. Identify the kinds of firearms according to caliber of Projectile propelled;
4. Enumerate the kinds of machine gun;
5. Explain the kinds of firearms according to loading, Firing, and location of loading
mechanisms;
6. Name the major parts of 9mm, caliber .45, m16 and Shotgun;
7. Identify and explain the two groups of firearms;
8. Explain the legal and technical definition of Ammunition;
9. Pinpoint and explain the parts of an ammunition; 10. Identify the types of cartridge case
according to type of Firearms and location of primer;
11. Differentiate the shapes of cartridge cases;
12. Define what a bullet is and its types according to bullet Heads;
13. Identify the parts of a shotgun cartridge; and
14. Define and explain the kinds of gunpowder.

BRIEF HISTORY OF FIREARM

The first gunpowder weapon in the world was a flamethrower which is depicted in

the tenth-century banner from northwest China.

In 1132, Chinese soldiers used the fire-lance, a type of spear with a flamethrower attached to its
head, at a siege of de’an against the Jurchens.

Cannons were only useful for the defense of a castle, as demonstrated in the battle

of Breteuil in 1356, when the besieged English used cannon to destroy an attacking

French assault tower.

By the end of the 14th century, cannons were only powerful enough to knock in

roofs and therefore could not penetrate castle walls. However, a major change

occurred between 1420-1430, when artillery became much more powerful and could

now batter strongholds and fortresses quite efficiently.

Gunpowder use in artillery had spread from China and India as far as Europe by

1500. Cannons as well as small firearms were being used by this time and as a result

warfare changed dramatically during this period. Gunpowder weapons now had

widespread used in battle from this point on.

FIREARM - One of the most important equipment of a police officer, the police

officer during his tour of duty as he protect the citizens will use a firearm in-order to

protect himself and the citizens he serve.

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

Marksmanship – is the skillfull art of shooting a firearm (revolver or semi

automatic pistol ) and hitting a target at a given range or known distance.

Shooting – is the act of causing a gun to fire at a target the act or process of firing

guns or other projectile weapons such as bows or crossbows .

Combat Shooting – is a modern martial art that focuses on the use of handgun as a

defensive weapon for self defense or for military and police use. Like most martial

arts, combat shooting is practiced both for defense and for sport.

CHAPTER 1 FIREARMS AND AMMUNITIONS

Lesson I: DEFINITIONS OF FIREARM
A. Legal Definition
Firearm includes rifles,muskets, carbines. shotguns, pistols, revolvers, and all other
deadly weapons from which bullets, balls, shots, shells or other missiles maybe discharged by
means of gunpowder or other explosives. Firearm also includes air rifles and air pistols not
classified as toys under the provision of E.O.No.712 dated 28 July 1981.
The barrel of any firearm is considered a"complete firearm" for all purposes hereof (Sec.
877, Revised Administrative Code).

B. Technical Definition
Firearm is an instrument used for the propulsion of projectiles by means of the expansive force
of gases coming from burning gunpowder (FBI manual on firearms identification).

C. Other Definitions
Firearm is any pistol or revolver with a barrel les than 12 inches or any rifle with a barrel
less han 15 inches, any shotgun with a barrel less than 24 inches, or any other weapon which is
designed to expel a projectile(s) by the action of an explosive (Uniform firearmact of
Pennsylvania).
Firéarm means any weapon, by whatever name known, which is designed to expel a
projectile(s) by the action of an explosive and firearm muffler or firearm silencer, or any part or
parts of such weapon(Federal firearms acts of the US).

Lesson 2: Kinds of Firearms According To Gun Barrel Internal Construction

1. Smooth-bore Firearms are firearms that have no rifling (lands and grooves) inside the gun
barrel. Examples: shotguns, liberator and musket.
2. Rifled-bore Firearms are firearms that have rifling inside the gun barrel. Examples: pistols,
revolvers and other weapons.

Kinds of Firearms According to Caliber of Projectiles Propelled

1. Artillery includes firearms that propel projectiles one (1) inch and more in
diameter.Examples: cannons, mortars, bazookas.
2. Small arms are firearms that propel projectiles less than one (1) inch in diameter. Examples:
machine guns, shoulder arms, and hand guns.

Types of Machine Gun

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

1. Recoil-operated. A type of machine gun devised with a recoil spring that is responsible in
forcing the breechblock move forward causing another cartridge to be loaded only after the
breechblock moves rearward and empty shell is extracted upon firing.

2. Gas-operated. A type of machine gun equipped with

gas at the anterior portion of the barrel. The picture
belowis a Vickers .303,a gas operated machine gun as
shown in the picture.

Kinds of Firearm According to Loading Mechanism

1. Bolt Action Rifle. This is a type of firearm action in
which the weapon's bolt is operated manually by the
opening and closing of the breech (barrel) with a small
handle, most commonly placed on the right-hand side
of the weapon (for right-handed users). As the handle is
operated, the bolt is unlocked, the breech is opened, the
spent cartridge case is withdrawn and ejected, the firing
pin is cocked (this occurs either on the opening or
closing of the bolt, depending on design), and finally a
new round/cartridge (if available) is placed into the
breech and the bolt is closed. Bolt action firearms are
most often rifles, but there are also bolt-action shotguns
and a few handguns.

2. Lever ActionRifle. This is a type of

firearm action which uses a lever located
around the trigger guard area (often
including the trigger guard itself) to load
fresh cartridges into the chamber of the
barrel when the lever is worked.

3. Slide/Pump Action Rifle

(Trombone).Loading takes place
by back and forth manipulation of
the under forearm of the gun as
shown in the picture.

4. Automatic Rifle. After the first shot

is fired, automatic loading or feeding of
the chamber takes place.
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

Kinds of Firearms According to Firing Mechanism

1. Single Shot is a firearm that releases single projectile when trigger is squeezed.
2. Repeating is a firearm that automatically reloads and ready for next firing
3. Semi-automatic is a firearm that can be set into semi- automatic and is capable of releasing
projectiles when trigger is pressed.
4. Automatic is a firearm that can release projectiles in a single press of trigger.

Kinds of Firearms According to Loading Mechanism

1. Muzzle Loading Mechanism is a firearm wherein loading of ammunition is done in the
muzzle of the firearm.
2. Breech Loading Mechanism is a firearm wherein loading is done in the breech of the
firearm.

Lesson III: TWO GROUPS OF FIREARMS

1. Long Arms or Shoulder Arms
a. Rifle. Any firearm having the interior of its barrel rifled,that is, engraved with spiral
grooves so as to give spin to a projectile as it is fired. The term rifle is most generally applied to
a military or sporting weapon firedfrom the shoulder (Rifle(2008) Microsoft Encarta 2013).
Examples: M16, Garrand, M14.

b. Musket (obsolete). A long-barreled gun fired from the shoulder with a smoothbore
barrel that lacks the interior spiral grooves, known as rifling which is seen in modern firearms.
Muskets fire a ball-shaped bullet, called round, instead of the tapered bullet fired by modern
guns
c. Shotgun. Ahandheld, shoulder-supported smoothbore weapon designed primarily to
discharge multiple projectiles (small round pellets/shots) each time it is fired. Examples: Gauge
10,12,16,20, and 28.
d. Carbine. A light, short-barreled rifle, Caliber.30. The carbine is essentially the same
as the rifle, but has a shorter barrel (not more than 22 inches). It is generally, a smaller caliber,
and has a more limited range. Examples: M-1, M1A1, M-2, M-3.

2. Short Arms or Handguns

a. Pistol. A short barreled handgun designed to fire a single projectile through a rifled-bore for
every press of the trigger. It is usually applied to semi-automatic loading. Pistols include Cal. 45,
9MM, Cal. 380, Cal. 32, etc.
b. Revolver. A hand firearm equipped with a rotating cylinder, serving as magazine and
successively places a cartridge into position for firing. Examples: Cal. 22, Cal.38, Cal.357,
Magnum 44, Magnum 50, etc.

THE CALIBER.45 M1911A1

The Caliber.45 M1911A1 which is popularly called as Caliber.45 is one of the handguns that is
mostly used today because of its advantages to the law enforcer or user. In order for you to know
some of the information about a caliber.45, refer to the matrix below.
1. System operation Short recoil
2. Length 8.578 inches
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

3. Weight of empty magazine 2.4 pounds

4. Weight of full magazine 3 pounds
5. Length of barrel 5.03 inches
6. Caliber 0.45 inches
7. Rifling 6 grooves and lands
8. Muzzle Velocity 830 feet
9. Muzzle energy 17,000 lbs/in2
10. Maximum effective range 50 meters
11. Maximum range 1500 meters
12. Front sight Blade, integral with slide
13. Rear sight Notched bar, devotailed to slide
14. Sight radius 6481 inches
15. Safety features Manual safety lever, grip safety,, half cock
position
16. Basic load 14 rounds
17. Trigger pull 5 - 6.5 pounds

MAJOR GROUPS AND ASSEMBLIES OF CAL, 45

A. Slide Group B. Magazine Assembly C. Receiver Group

MAJOR GROUPS AND ASSEMBLIES OF CALIBER.45

1. Barrel Assembly
a. Breech end b.Muzzle end c. Воrе d. Rifling (lands and grooves) e. Chamber
f. Interlocking ribs g. Barrel lug h. Barrel link i.Barrel link pin

2. Slide Assembly
a. Front sight g. Extractor m. interlocking lugs
b. Top strap h. Firing pin
c. Ejection port i. Firing pin stop
d. Rear sight j. Serrations
e. Breechblock k. trademark
f. Breach face l. model

3. Frame or Receiver Assembly

1. Ejector 10. Front strap
2. Hammer 11. magazine well
3.Spur 12. right/leftside stock
4. Grip safety 13. trigger
5. Thumb safety 14. trigger guard
6.Disconnector 15. model
7. Backstrap 16. plunger
8. Butt 17. serial numer
9. Lanyard loop

Cycle Operation of Cal.45

1. Feeding 2. Chambering 3. Locking 4. Firing
5. Unlocking 6. Extracting 7. Ejecting 8. Cocking

THE 9MM PISTOL

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

Caliber 9mm pistols are of different

kinds. In the Philippines,9mm pistols are
issued to members of the Philippine
National Police (PNP. The 9mm Berretta
was officially issued before for the PNP
members. Glock 9mm pistols were also
issued to the members of the PNP during
the time of President Gloria M. Arroyo and
President Corazon C. Aquino.

9mm Pistol is a semi-automatic and

double-action pistol. It is more lethal, lighter, and safer than its predecessors. It replaces the
M1911A1 .45 caliber pistol and the.38 caliber revolver. It can be fired in either double or single
action mode and can be unloaded without activating the trigger while the safety is in the "on"
position. 9mm has a 15-round magazine, and may be fired without a magazine inserted. This
weapon can have the hammer lowered from the cocked, "ready to fire," position to the uncocked
position without activating the trigger by placing the thumb safety on the "on" position

General Data of 9mm

1. Primary function Semiautomatic pistol
2. Builder Bereta and beretta USA
3. length 8.54 inches (21.69 centimeters)
4. width 1.50 inches (3.91 centimeters)
5. height 5.51 inches (14 centimeters)
6. Barrel length 4.92 inches (12.5 centimeters)
7. Weight fully loaded 2.55 pounds (1.16 kilograms)
8. Bore diameter 9mm (approximately .355 inches
9. Maximum effective range 152.5 feet (50 meters)
10. Magazine capacity 15 rounds
11. Muzzle velocity 1200 feet (365 meters) per second

How to Load and Fire a 9mm Pistol

1. Press button on the side of the hand grip to eject magazine;
2. Insert ammo one at a time, with the rounded side forward, until magazine is full;
3. Re-insert magazine by pushing upward into hand grip until you hear a clicking noise
indicating that the magazine has been locked in place;
4. Disengage the safety by pushing down on safety lever at the top rear of the gun;
5. Pull back slide on top of the barrel to load bullet into the firing chamber;
6. Aim down the sight of the target;
7. Place pointing finger onto trigger when you're sure you have a target and you are ready
to shoot; and
8. Pull trigger once for each shot you fire.

Disassembly and Assembly

(PSBRC module II. Police tactical responses)
General. Disassembly and assembly operation should be carried out by the user for
routine maintenance of the pistol. Disassembling or assembling of any parts is not recommended
and will void all warranties. It should be carried out on a clean surface and all the disassembled
parts should be arranged in the order of their removal.
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

Caution. Before disassembling the pistol,check that it has no magazine and has no live
ammunition.

Disassembling the Pistol

1. With the unloaded pistol, move safety to the "fire' position and manually move the
hammer to the cocked position;
2. Push the slide slightly to the rear until the mark at the end of the slide is just above the
mark on the frame;
3. While holding the pistol in that position, remove the slide catch lever by pushing the pin
of the lever on the opposite side of the frame;
4. Pull the slide from the frame;
5. Remove the recoil spring assembly from its housing under the barrel;
6. Remove the barrel from the slide.

Assembling the Pistol

1. Insert the barrel into the slide to its innermost locked position;
2. Insert the recoil spring assembly by manually pressing down towards the barrel, making
it sure that it is securely fit into the bottom lug of the barrel;
3. Make sure that the hammer is in cocked position;
4. Mount the slide on the frame and push it to the rear until the marks are in line, one
above the other, then insert the slide catch pin until it snaps into place;
5. Check correct pistol operation by cocking it;and
6. Check trigger and hammer operation and verify that safety is functioning properly and
safely

Inspecting the Pistol

According to Agliam (2010),there are varied ways to check or inspect a pistol as shown
in the following tests:

1.)Safety Lock Test

a. Do not actuate the trigger until the weapon has been cleared.
b. With the pistol unloaded, cock the hammer and press the safety upward into the safe
(locked) position. Before starting an inspection, be sure to clear the weapon. Grasp the
grip as the grip safety is depressed then squeeze the trigger tightly 3 or 4 times.
c. If the hammer fails, let a gunsmith handle the problem.

2) Grip Safety Test

a. With the pistol unloaded, cock the hammer,and without depressing the grip safety, point
the pistol downward and pull the trigger 3 or 4 times.
b. If the hammer falls because the grip safety is depressed by its own weight, consult a
gunsmith.

3) Half-cock Position Test

a. With the pistol unloaded, draw back the hammer until the sear engages the half-cock
position, notch, then squeeze the trigger. If the hammer falls, see a gunsmith.
b. Draw the hammer back nearly to the full cock position. Do not squeeze the trigger, then
let the thumb slip off hammer. The hammer should fall only to the half cock notch.

4. Disconnector Test
This test should be conducted only for the purpose of testing, otherwise repetition of this
procedure may cause damage to the hammer and sear. This prevents the firing of more than one
shot with each squeeze of the trigger.
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

a. With the pistol unloaded, cock the hammer, push the slide group l 1/4 inch to the rear
and hold in that position while squeezing the trigger. Let slide group go forward,
maintaining pressure on the trigger. If the hammer falls, see a gunsmith.
b. Apply pressure on the trigger and then pull it. The hammer should then fall. If the
hammer does not fall, see a gunsmith. Check for a faulty disconnector which would
prevent the hammer from falling. The disconnector should prevent the release of the
hammer unless the slide group is in forward position.

THE CALIBER.38
The Caliber .38is still in use today as one of the firearms issued to the members of the
Philippine National Police. This firearm belongs to the group of firearms called revolver. It is
vital to know the operational cycle of this revolver, Look at the illustration below and memorize
its parts.

Group or Assemblies of Caliber .38

A. Barrel Assembly
1. Breech end - point of entry of the bullet 5. Front sight
2. Muzzle end - point of exit of bullet 6. make
3. Bore 7. model
4. Rifling (land and grooves)
B. Cylinder Assembly
1. Chambers 5. Cylinder grooves
2. Extractor 6. Yoke
3. Extractor rod 7. Cylinder locking notches ( touch hole)
4. Ratchet
C. Frame or Receiver Assembly
1. Top strap 10. Butt
2. Rear sight 11. Front strap
3. Breech face 12. Trigger guard
4. Hammer 13. Trigger
5. Spur 14. Cylinder lock
6. Thumb latch 15. Right side stock
7. Side plate 16. Left side stock
8. Back strap 17. Trademark
9. Firing pin 18. Serial number

THE U.S. RIFLE 5.56MM M16A1

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

The US Rifle 5.56MM M16A1is

widely known as M16 rifle. This is one of
the oldest and widely used firearms of the
then Integrated National Police-INP,now
PNP and Armed Forces of the Philippines
(AFP). Until today, it is one of the common
firearms used by almost all law enforcement
agencies in the Philippines. The M16 Rifle is
characterized to be magazine fed, gas
operated, shoulder weapon, air cooled, and
can be set to semi-automatic or automatic
fire.
In 1916, the US air force purchased the AR-15 renaming it as the M16. Six years later,
the army adopted it because it was found to be effective under the close conditions of jungle
warfare in Vietnam.
After the U.S. troops in Europe were issued the M16, a series of trials ensued that ended
with the decision in 1980 to adopt a standard 5.56mm NATO cartridge. This fired a brass-
jacketed projectile that, having a heavier lead core and steel nose, was lethal at longer ranges
than the original AR-15 bullet. The M16A2 was rifled to fire this round, and other NATOarmies
switched over.West Germany introduced the G41, a 5.56mm version of the G3, and Belgium
replaced the FAL with the FNC.
The British and French armies developed new assault rifles with compact bullpup'
designs, in which the bolt, receiver, and magazine were behind the handgrip and trigger and
much of the shoulder stock was occupied by the operating mechanism.

Groups/ Assemblies of M16 Rifle

A. Upper Receiver Group
1. Flash suppressor 8. Carrying handle
2. Barrel 9. Charging handle
3. Bayonet Stud 10. Rear sight
4. Front Sight 11. Forward Assist
5. Upper Sling Swivel 12. Bolt assembly
6. Hand guard 13. Bust cover
7. Sling Spring

B. Lower Receiver Group

1. Rubber recall pack 6. Trigger
2. Trigger Guard 7. Magazine release button
3. Pivot take down pin 8. hammer
4. Stock 9. Selector level
5. Pistol grip 10. lower sling swivel

General Data of M16 Rifle

1) Weights
a. Rifle without magazine 6.5 pounds
b. Empty magazine (aluminum) 0.2 pounds
c. Full magazine (20 rounds) 0.7 pounds
d. Firing weight (fully loaded with sling) 7.6 pounds

2) Lengths
a. Rifle with flash suppressor 39 inches
b. Barrel with flash suppressor 21 inches
c. Barrel without flash suppressor 20 inches
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

3) Operational
a. Muzzle velocity 3,150 ft/sec
b. Cycle rate of fire 700-800 rounds/min

4) Maximum Rate of Fire

a. Semi-automatic 45-65 rounds/min
b. Automatic 150-200 rounds/min
C. Maximum range 2,653 meters
d. Maximum effective range 460 meters

Cycle of Operation of M16

1. Firing occurs when the firing pin strikes the primer of the cartridge.
2. Unlocking is the unsealing of the breach of the barrel.
3. Extracting is the removing of the empty cartridge from the chamber.
4. Ejecting is the removing of the empty cartridge from the weapon.
5. Cocking is the returning of the firing mechanism to cock position.
6. Feeding occurs when cartridge is placed in the receiver.
7. Chambering is the placing of the cartridge in the chamber.
8. Locking is the sealing of the cartridge in the chamber

Disassembly and Assembly of M16/AR15 Rifle

Disassembly
1. Ensure that the weapon is unloaded and cleared. Remove the magazine by pressing the
magazine, released on the side of the weapon and watch the magazine fall clear of the
magazine well.
2. Grasp the charging handle at the rear of the receiver and draw it forcefully rearward.
Visually inspect the chamber to ensure that it is clear.
3. Locate the retaining pin on the side of the receiver above the pistol grip of the weapon.
Press this firmly with the tip of a bullet or other hard, small diameter object. The upper
receiver of the weapon will swing free at this point, connected only at the forward
retaining pin.
4. Remove the charging handle and bolt-carrier group (BCG) from the upper receiver at
this time. Press forward the retaining pin free if a complete disassembly is required for
cleaning
5. Lay the upper and lower receivers and the charging handle aside. Inspect the BCG for
visible damage and cracking.
6. Remove the bolt retaining cotter-pin from the side of the BCG. This is the small square-
head pin that is visible in the cut-out detent below the gas tube vent.
7. Remove the bolt and firing pin from the BCG. Avoid further disassembly at the
operator level.

Assembly
1. Replace the firing pin and bolt in the BCG. Replace the bolt retaining cotter-pin and
ensure that it is free to move in the BCG.
2. Place the charging handle partway into the upper receiver and slide the BCG in before
pushing the complete assembly forward to a locked position.
3. Replace the upper receiver group onto the lower receiver and re-install the retaining
pins. Place the weapon on its safety switch and ensure that the trigger works properly
during the performance of a standard function check of the M16/AR15.

Tips & Warnings

 Republic of the Philippines
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

1. All of the individual weapons in the M16/AR15 family are disassembled and
reassembled in the same manner.
2. Do not disassemble vour M16/AR15 beyond the level described. In accordance with
U.S. Army field manual "FM 3-22.9 Rifle Marksmanship," this is the only allowed
disassembly at the operator level. Any further disassembly should be restricted to
approved and trained armorers.
3. Firearms can be inherently hazardous tools. Please observe all applicable safety
rulesand regulations. Contact the NRA for assistance locate a Firearms Safety Instructor
in your area.

Lesson IV: THE SHOTGUN

A shotgun is also known as a scattergun
and peppergun, or historically as a fowling
piece. Shotgun is a firearm that is usually
designed to be fired from the shoulder, which
uses the energy of a fixed shell to fire a number
of small spherical pellets called shot, or a solid
projectile called a shotgun slug. Shotguns come
in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from 5.5 mm
(.22 inch) bore up to 5 cm (2.0 in) bore,and in a
range of firearm operating mechanisms,including breech loading, single-barreled, double or
combination gun, pump-action, bolt-, and lever- action, semi-automatic,and even fully automatic
variants.

A shotgun is generally a smoothbore firearm, which means that the inside of the barrel is
not rifled. Preceding smoothbore firearms, such as the musket, were widely used by armies in the
18th century. The direct ancestor to the shotgun,the blunderbuss, was also used in a similar
variety of roles from self-defense to riot control. It was often used by cavalry troops due to its
generally shorter length and ease of use, as well as by coachmen for its substantial power.

Lesson V: Laws on Firearms in the Philippines

1. Presidential Decree No. 1866 otherwise known as "Firearm law of the Philippines"
was issued on June 29, 1973 when it was signed into law by former President Ferdinand
E. Marcos.
2. Republic Act No. 8294 otherwise known as "An act amending some provisions of PD
no. 1866 entitled "Codifying the laws on illegal/unlawful possession, manufacture,
dealing in, acquisition or disposition of firearms, ammunition or explosives or
instruments used in the manufacture of firearms, ammunition and explosives, and
imposing stiffer penalties for certain violation thereof, was approved on June 6,1997.
3. Republic Act No.10591 is entitled as the "Act providing for a comprehensive law on
firearms and ammunition and providing penalties for violations thereof." It was signed
into law on May 29,2013 by President Benigno S. Aquino III. This law originated from
Senate bill no. 3397 and House Bill no.5484. (See appendices for the whole text of this
law with its IRR)

Manner of Carrying Firearms

(PSBRC Module II. Police Tactical Responses)
1. The sidearm carried by a person in uniform shall be placed in a holster securely
attached to the belt. The exceptions:
a. Military pilots in flying uniform.
b.Crew of armored vehicle who may carry their firearm in shoulder holster.
2. Uniformed personnel carrying firearm without holster is prohibited.
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ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

3. Law enforcement personnel in civilian clothes who are authorized to carry firearm
outside residence shall ensure that their firearm is concealed unless in actual use for a
legitimate purpose.
4. The practice of flagrantly displaying a firearm by tucking it at the waist while in
uniform or civilian clothes is prohibited
5. Only the firearm specifically described in the permit shall be carried by the person
named therein.

Lesson VI: AMMUNITION

Ammunition is also called Cartridge or Round. Ammunition is also composed of a
bullet,cartridge case/shell/casing, primer and gunpowder. Without one of these parts, there is no
ammunition to talk about. The understanding of many individuals, "bullet" refers to a live
ammunition, is wrong.This must then be corrected by educators teaching subjects related to
firearms. Students under these subjects may also help in the corrective measures.

Definitions of Ammunition
Legal Meaning
Ammunition refers to loaded shell for rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns, revolvers and
pistols from which a ball, bullet, shot, shell or other missile may be fired by means of gunpowder
or other explosives (National Internal Revenue Code, Chapter VII, Sec. 290 and Revised
Administrative Code, Sec. 877).
Technical Meaning.
Ammunition refers to a group of cartridges or to a single unit cartridge- meaning a
complete unfired unit consisting of a bullet, cartridge case, gunpowder and primer.

Cartridge Case
Cartridge case is also called as bullet case/casing/hell. It is a tubular metallic container
of the gunpowder.

Parts of a Cartridge Case

1. Rim is an external flange that is machined,cast, molded, stamped or pressed around the
bottom of a cartridge. The rim may serve a number of purposes. The most common
being as the place for the extractor to engage.
2. Primer Pocket holds primer securely in central position.It provides a means to prevent
the escape of the gas to the rear of the cartridge. It also provides a solid support for
primer anvils, without which, the latter could not be fired.
3. Vent or Flash Hole is in the web or bottom of the primer pocket through which the
primer flash provides ignition to the powder charge. It is the "opening or with canal' that
connects the priming mixture gunpowder.
4. Head and Body constitute the corks that plug the breech of the barrel against the
escape of the gas.
5. Neck is the part of the cartridge case that is occupied by the bullet.
6. Cannelures are the serrated grooves that are sometimes found rolled into the necks and
bodies of the cases at the location of the bases of the bullet to prevent the bullet from
being pushed backor loosened.
7. Crimp is the part of the mouth of a case that is turned in upon the bullet. It aids in
holding the bullet in place and it offers resistance to the movement of the bullet out of
the neck which affects the burning of the gunpowder.
8. Base is the bttom portion of the case which holds the primer containing the priming
mixture and the shel head containing the head stamp, caliber and the year of
manufacture.
9. Shoulder is the portion which supports the neck.
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

10. Extracting Groove is the circular groove near the base of the shell designed for the
automatic withdrawal of the case after each firing

Types of Cartridge Case According to Type of Firearms

1. Revolver cartridges
2. Pistol cartridges
3. Rifle cartridges
4. Shotgun cartridges

Types of Cartridge Case According to Location of Primer

1. Needle-fire cartridges (obsolete)
2. Pin-fire cartridges (obsolete)
3. Rim-fire cartridges
4. Center-fire cartridges

Types of Cartridge Case According to Shape

The types of cartridge case according to shape include Straight shell which is used for
handguns. Tapered shell which is used for rifles, but it is now obsolete and Bottleneck shell
which is used for rifles such as M16, M14 etc. They are illustrated as follows.

A.

STRAIGHT

B. TAPERED C. BOTTLENECK

Types of Cartridge Case According to Rim

The types of cartridge case according to rim includes rimmed, semi-rimmed and rimless.
Rimmed shell has protruding rim at the base which is used by revolvers. The rim diameter is
bigger than the shell body diameter. Semi- rimmed shell has slightly protruding rim which is also
used for handguns, The rim diameter is also bigger than the shell body. Rimless shell has the
same measurement as to the diameter of the rim and body of shell. They are illustrated below.
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

The Bullet
Bullet is the projectile propelled through the barrel of a firearm by means of the
expansive force of gases coming from burning gunpowder (Agliam, R., 2009).

A bullet is a projectile propelled by a firearm, sling or air gun. Bullets do not normally
contain explosives but damage the intended target by impact and penetration. The word "bullet"
is sometimes colloquially used to refer to ammunition in general or to a cartridge, which is a
combination of the bullet, case/shell, powder, and primer. This use of bullet, when cartridge' is
intended, leads to confusion when the components of a cartridge are discussed or intended.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BULLET HEADS

The Shotgun Cartridge

A shotgun shell or shotshell is a self-contained cartridge loaded with lead shot or a
shotgun slug which is designed to be fired from a shotgun. Most shotgun shells are designed to
be fired from a smoothbore barrel, but dedicated shotguns with rifled barrels may take a number
of different rounds. A rifled barrel increases the accuracy of slugs, but makesit unsuitable for
firing shot, as it imparts a spin to the shot cup, causing a centrifugal force that makes the shot
form a hollow "O" shape in flight.

Shot Shell Anatomy

1. Rim
2. Brass head
3. Shell case
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

4.Wad
5. Shots
6. Primer
7. Gunpowder

Shotgun Modern Cartridge as Alternative Shotgun

Cartridge
I. Primer
2. Gunpowder
3. Wad
4. Slug casing (for Sabot shell only)
5. Slug (for Sabot shell only)
6. Flechette (for flechette shell only)

The Gunpowder
Gunpowder is also called "propellant/powder charge." When gunpowder is ignited by
the primer flash, it is converted to heated gas under high pressure and propels the bullet or shots
charge through the barrel and to the target. It may come in two forms such as black powder and
smokeless powder. Gunpowder is a substance that burns very rapidly, releasing gases that act as
a propellant in firearms. Both forms of gunpowder are low explosives. As it burns, a subsonic
deflagration wave is produced rather than the supersonic detonation wave which is produced
by high explosives produce. As aresult, pressures generated inside a gun are sufficient to
propel a bullet, but not sufficient to destroy the barrel.

References:
https://www.bing.com/images/search?
view=detailV2&ccid=PX8vCfP6&id=AB87529DD0C0D80F3282C280E490AB874AF52EFF&t
hid=OIP.PX8vCfP6JIkmgGUgn4lqigHaGl&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fc8.alamy.com
%2Fcomp%2F2GJNWNE%2Fsecond-world-war-machine-gun-
2GJNWNE.jpg&exph=1157&expw=1300&q=recoil+operated+machine+gun&simid=60799999
5222646052&form=IRPRST&ck=6CCC90D836EB78B98670FB093574F279&selectedindex=2
&itb=0&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0&pivotparams=insightsToken
%3Dccid_HG5VxZwI*cp_87B52CDAFEE33A63BDBBF642E17A6342*mid_A663626D39A9
8C60D4F32F9D30A2AB96ABEED65D*simid_607998423267821790*thid_OIP.HG5VxZwIB
kU9o6LOBQyH4gHaFc&vt=0&sim=11&iss=VSI
https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=cO8otXN
%2B&id=74DB610CF288764409E2604C8EA5777B192C6639&thid=OIP.cO8otXN-
sJhKbYIRNRthJgHaHK&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.iwm.org.uk
%2Fciim5%2F247%2F408%2Flarge_000000.jpg&exph=773&expw=800&q=model+303+vicke
rs+machine+gun&simid=608040840337629918&FORM=IRPRST&ck=CF1EBB5BE7C168521
4FD74C951223DDB&selectedIndex=1&itb=0&cw=1222&ch=578&ajaxhist=0&ajaxserp=0
https://www.bing.com/images/search?
view=detailV2&ccid=5myl5Daj&id=910ADC3BC6E6BD8F591D4B146D65E2A20A652A22&
thid=OIP.5myl5DajKIlKL95dZFT4AAHaGX&mediaurl=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.pewpewtactical.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F01%2FSavage-Model-
110-
1536x1321.jpg&exph=1321&expw=1536&q=bolt+action+rifle&simid=60803919968025177
Quiz 1.
Identify the different kinds of firearms.
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

1. _____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________

4._____________________________ 5. __________________________

Quiz 2.
1. Pistols and revolvers are handguns. What are their differences and similarities?
2. Lands and grooves are located inside a rifled-bore barrel. Lands and grooves are called
rifling. Are these important? Why?
3. Caliber maybe explained in many ways. How will you determine caliber if the given is
firearm, bullet, shell and/or ammunition?
4. What is the importance of the rim of ammunition?
5. What is the purpose of cannelures on the bullet and/or shell?
6. What are the differences and advantages of the types of cartridges according to the location
of primer?
7. What are the purposes/advantages of the different bullet heads?
8. Explain the process on how ammunition explodes from the time of squeezing the trigger.

Activities
1. Pistol Exercises 1,2 and 3. After the instructor's
demonstrations on pistol exercises, the students will do return demonstrations on pistol exercises.
The class shall be divided into four for purposes of grading.
2. Magazine Loading. The facilitator shall demonstrate how live ammunitions are loaded in the
magazines of pistols and rifles. Every student is required to do loading ammunition in pistol and
rifle magazine.
3. Loading and Unloading. Loading and unloading of pistols and rifle with magazine. Part of
the activity is loading and unloading of revolvers. Chambering will be demonstrated and be
subjected to return demonstration by the students
 Republic of the Philippines
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
MAIN CAMPUS
(formerly North Luzon Philippines State College)
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur

School of Criminal Justice Education (SCJE)

4. Disassembly and Re-assembly. The firearms to be disassembled and re-assembled include

Caliber 9mm. Caliber. 45 and M16 rifle.
5 Proper Carries of Firearms. After the demonstration of the facilitator, the students will do
return demonstrations on the proper carrying of firearms.
6. Educational Videos. Marksmanship-related videos will be played for the students. At the end
of each video presentation,the students shall be required to write lessons gained from the
educational videos.
7. Parts of Ammunition. Following the demonstration of the facilitator, the students will
undertake return demonstrations of the parts of short and long firearms' ammunition.