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لذلك يبقى, يبقى الدم يحتوي على كمية كافية من األكسجي, حتى بعد حدوث نقل دم مؤكسد من اليسار إلى اليمي:اخملتصر
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congenital heart disease
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is a problem in the structure of the heart that is present at birth.
Complications that can result from heart
defects include heart failure.
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Non & VSD
Cyanotic JUD ! HFo
Cyanotic >
ASD Bisiigj Pos JASD patients
Postnatal Shunts
Deoxygenated- >
Oxygenated
Right-to-left shunts are cyanotic conditions
> Deoxygenated
Oxygenated -
Left-to-right shunts are non-cyanotic conditions
Atrial Septal Defects (ASD)
• is one of several congenital heart defects
• It is more common in female births than in male
• Postnatally, ASDs result in left-to-right shunting and are non-cyanotic conditions.
Two clinically important ASDs are the
secundum and primum types
•Secundum-type ASD is the most
-
common ASD
•It is caused by either an excessive
resorption of the SP or an
②
underdevelopment and reduced size of
the SS or both.
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•This ASD results in variable openings
between the right and left atria in the
central part of the atrial septum
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•If the ASD is small, clinical symptoms
may be delayed as late as age 30
ASD oisir 3S= 48s
In about 20% of cases,(fusion of the septum primum and septum secundum is
2 and a narrow oblique cleft remains between the two atria.
incomplete,
cause
This condition is called probe patency of the oval foramen;Cit does not allow
intracardiac shunting of blood.I
find
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Er Yanotic
• It is the most common of the congenital heart defects ~Non-Eyanotic
• Being more common in males than in females
•The most common VSD is a membranous ventricular septal defect, associated
with the failure of neural crest cells to migrate into the endocardial cushions.
Membraneous septal defects -% .
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• Are the most common heart defect (25% of all congenital heart defects)
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•There is considerable opportunity for a failure of fusion at the location of the
membraneous interventricular septum
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Ventricular septal defect (VSD) e Shunk
• It results in left-to-right shunting of blood through the IV foramen. & 5 j5s 199 .
HI , Cyanosis
•Patients with left-to-right shunting complain of excessive fatigue upon .....
exertion.
S R Shunt
• Left-to-right shunting of blood is noncyanotic exertion & == sid
(3-/11-5- = jjj-Si
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•but causes increased blood flow and pressure to the lungs (pulmonary -
polmonary
-
hypertension). hypertension
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•Pulmonary hypertension causes marked proliferation of the tunica Proliferation of
&
intima
-
and media of pulmonary muscular arteries and arterioles.
uncia
↓ intima Media
•Ultimately, the pulmonary resistance becomes higher than systemic ↓
resistance and causes right-to-left shunting of blood and late cyanosis. ↑ Pulmonary
Resistence
•At this stage, the condition is called Eisenmenger complex 3 ↓
-
Rights left Shunt
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Truncus arteriosus defects
Three classic cyanotic heart abnormalities occur with defects in the development of
the aortico-pulmonary septum and are related to the failure of neural crest cells to
migrate into the truncus arteriosus
> Apseptum
1) Tetralogy of fallot -
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5
> spiral 5 develop
2) Transposition of the great vessels -
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3) Persistent (common) truncus arteriosus -
1- Tetralogy of fallot:
• Is the most common cyanotic congenital heart defect
• Occurs when the AP septum fails to align properly and shifts anteriorly to the right
•Causes right-to-left shunting of blood with resultant cyanosis that is usually present
sometime after birth
• Imaging typically shows a boot-shaped heart tube due to the enlarged right ventricle
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ID - ORA
&
-
-
2- Transposition of the great vessels
• Occurs when the AP septum fails to develop in a spiral fashion
&
-
•Results in the aorta arising from the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk arising from
the left ventricle
• This causes right-to-left shunting of blood with resultant cyanosis
- -
•Transposition is the most common cause of severe cyanosis that persists immediately at
birth
-
&
• Transposition results in producing(two closed circulation loops (
•Infants born alive with this defect usually have other defects (VSD, ASD) that allow mixing
-
of oxygenated blood to sustain life
- . 3199d
3- Persistent (common) truncus arteriosus
• Results when the conotruncal ridges fail to form
• no division of the outflow tract occur
•In such cases, the pulmonary artery arises some distance above the origin of the
-
undivided truncus J
↑
•Since the ridges also participate in formation of the interventricular septum, the persistent
truncus also accompanied by a defective interventricular septum
•The undivided truncus overrides both ventricles and receives blood from both sides
&
-
Thank You
